回避应对在完美主义和抑郁间的中介效应研究

目的:在考虑完美主义的积极成分的调节效应的情况下,探讨回避应对在完美主义的消极成分和抑郁间的中介效应.方法:采用近乎完美量表中文修订版、应付方式问卷和Beck抑郁问卷对454名大学生进行集体施测.结果:在整合模型中高标准调节了差异和回避应对的关系,回避应对部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系.结论:在控制了高标准对差异和回避应对的调节效应后,回避应对仍然部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系.     

成人依恋对强迫症状的影响:消极完美主义的中介效应

目的:探讨消极完美主义在成人依恋和强迫症状之间的中介效应。方法:采用亲密关系经历量表、Frost多维完美主义量表和大学生强迫症状调查问卷对322名大学生进行测验。结果:依恋焦虑、依恋回避与消极完美主义呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.001;r=0.14,P0.05),与强迫症状呈显著正相关(r=0.37,P0.001;r=0.15,P0.01);消极完美主义与强迫症状呈显著正相关(r=0.57,P0.001)。消极完美主义在依恋焦虑和强迫症状间起部分中介作用,在依恋回避和强迫症状间起完全中介作用。结论:消极完美主义在成人依恋和强迫症状间起中介作用。     

自尊在完美主义和抑郁间的中介效应研究

目的:在考虑完美主义的积极成分对消极成分与抑郁间关系调节效应的情况下,探讨自尊在完美主义的消极成分与抑郁间的中介效应。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版、自尊量表和Beck抑郁问卷对488名大学生进行集体施测,用SPSS 12.0和Lisrel 8.70进行数据分析。结果:在整合模型中高标准调节了差异和抑郁间的关系,自尊部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系。结论:在控制了高标准对差异和抑郁间关系的调节效应的情况下,自尊仍然部分中介差异和抑郁间的关系。     

应对策略在大学生依恋与负性情绪中的中介作用

目的:考查应对策略在依恋与负性情绪中的中介作用。方法:采用ECR依恋量表、应对方式量表、抑郁和焦虑量表,对800名大学生进行了问卷调查。结果:①依恋的焦虑维度与焦虑、抑郁情绪和解决问题、自责、幻想、退避等应对策略呈显著相关;依恋的回避维度与焦虑、抑郁情绪和自责、求助、退避、合理化等应对策略呈显著相关。②应对策略中的求助维度在依恋的回避维度和抑郁的负性情绪间存在较弱的部分中介作用;应对策略中的自责、幻想和退避维度在依恋的焦虑维度和两种负性情绪间均存在部分中介作用,其中自责和幻想所起到的部分中介作用较为明显。结论:消极的自我模型会导致个体通过消极的应对策略(如自责、幻想和退避)来面对压力,从而产生更多的负性情绪。     

无条件自我接纳在大学生完美主义与抑郁间的中介作用

目的:本研究旨在探讨大学生完美主义、无条件自我接纳与抑郁之间的关系。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版(APS-R-CR),无条件自我接纳问卷(USAQ),Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)对678名大学生进行测试。结果:①完美主义高标准维度与抑郁情绪无显著相关;完美主义差异维度可正向预测抑郁情绪。②有条件自我接纳可部分中介完美主义差异维度与抑郁的关系。结论:有条件自我接纳在大学生完美主义与抑郁间起部分中介作用,培养适应不良完美主义者的高水平无条件自我接纳非常重要。     

日常生活琐事在完美主义与抑郁之间的中介效应研究

目的:在考虑完美主义的积极成分对消极成分和抑郁间关系调节效应的情况下,探讨人际琐事和成就琐事在完美主义的消极成分和抑郁间的中介效应.方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版、大学生应激源量表和Beck抑郁问卷对454名大学生分两次进行集体施测,测试间隔7周.用SPSS19.0和Lisrel8.70进行数据分析.结果:在整合模型中高标准调节了差异和琐事间的关系,人际琐事和成就琐事部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系.高标准直接预测了成就琐事,而没有直接预测人际琐事.结论:高标准与成就琐事相互作用从而预测抑郁,虽然差异与抑郁存在相关,但并未发现支持其作为特殊易感性因素的证据.     

大学生完美主义与成人依恋的关系研究

目的探讨大学生完美主义与成人依恋的关系。方法采用李同归等人修订的亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版和杨宏飞修订的Frost多维完美主义量表(FMPS)中文版对423名大学生进行问卷调查。结果 1成人依恋回避维度在性别上存在差异(t=4.679,P0.05),完美主义个人标准、怀疑行动维度在性别上存在差异(t=4.637,P0.05;t=7.414,P0.01);2自评成绩不同的大学生在完美主义的个人标准和关注错误2个维度上存在显著差异(t=0.0001,P0.001;t=0.001,P0.01);3消极完美主义与成人依恋回避、焦虑维度存在显著的正相关(r=0.104,P0.05;r=0.243,P0.01)。结论大学生成人依恋焦虑因素与消极完美主义相关。     

大学生幽默风格在成人依恋与抑郁间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生幽默风格在成人依恋与抑郁间的中介作用。方法:采用亲密关系经历量表、幽默风格量表、贝克抑郁量表第2版对414名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果:除依恋回避与自贬型幽默相关不显著外,依恋焦虑、依恋回避与非适应性幽默风格、抑郁显著正相关Ps<0.01),与适应性幽默风格显著负相关(Ps<0.01);抑郁与非适应性幽默风格显著正相关(Ps<0.01),与适应性幽默风格显著负相关(Ps<0.01);自强型、嘲讽型、自贬型幽默在依恋焦虑与抑郁间起部分中介作用,自强型幽默在依恋回避与抑郁间起部分中介作用。结论:依恋焦虑、依恋回避既可以直接影响大学生抑郁,又可以通过幽默风格对抑郁产生间接影响。     

情侣依恋与个体抑郁的关系:冲突的中介作用

目的考察大学生情侣依恋、冲突与抑郁之间的关系。方法采用亲密关系经历量表、冲突量表和抑郁量表,运用相关分析以及回归分析。结果①依恋回避与依恋焦虑是相互独立的维度(r=0.05,P>0.05);②依恋回避对个体抑郁没有预测作用(Beta=0.11,P>0.05);③冲突在依恋焦虑与抑郁间起着部分中介效应作用(△R2=0.04,P<0.01)。结论依恋焦虑既可直接对抑郁有显著的预测作用,也可通过冲突对抑郁有预测作用。     

完美主义、应激和抑郁的关系研究

目的:探究完美主义、应激和抑郁间的关系。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版、中国大学生应激量表和Beck抑郁问卷对454名大学生集体施测,用SPSS19.0和Lisrel 8.70进行数据分析。结果:在整合模型中,差异完全中介了主要生活事件和抑郁的关系,日常生活琐事部分中介了差异和抑郁的关系。结论:研究整合了素质-应激模型和应激生成模型,发现主要生活事件和完美主义对个体出现抑郁症状有显著影响,而日常生活琐事对抑郁症状的迁延有重要作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.