儿童自动思维量表在小学生中的信度和效度

目的:检验儿童自动思维量表在中国小学生样本中的信度和效度。方法:通过方便取样,对深圳市某小学811名小学生进行测查,进行验证性因素分析考察中文版儿童自动思维量表(Children’s automatic thoughts scale,CATS)的结构效度。1个月后对其中129人重测。以儿童抑郁量表,儿童焦虑量表和长处与困难问卷为工具考察中文版CATS的校标效度。结果:验证性因素分析显示,问卷的结构效度拟合度良好(χ~2/df=3.3475,GFI=0.97,NFI=0.957,RMR=0.059),总量表内部一致性系数为0.924,各分量表内部一致性系数为0.781~0.824;重测信度系数为0.602,校标效度较好。结论:中文版CATS在中国小学生群体中具有良好的信度和效度,可用于评估小学生的负性自动思维水平。     

亲密关系经历量表在我国青少年中的信、效度检验

目的:本研究旨在检验亲密关系经历量表中文版在我国青少年中的信度和效度。方法:研究首先分层抽样选取了561名11-17岁的中国青少年(平均年龄13.94岁,标准差1.53)进行测试,在所有样本中抽取80人间隔4周实施重测,同时测查了中文版社交焦虑量表和自尊量表。结果:依恋焦虑维度的内部一致性系数为0.914,重测信度为0.755;依恋回避维度的内部一致性系数为0.871,重测信度为0.721。探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的结果支持了亲密关系经历量表中文版在我国青少年中的二因素模型。依恋焦虑得分与社交焦虑得分正相关,与自尊得分负相关;依恋回避得分与社交焦虑得分负相关,与自尊得分正相关。结论:亲密关系经历量表中文版在我国青少年中具有较好的信、效度。     

囤积量表修订版在中国大学生中的修订

目的:在中国大学生中修订囤积量表修订版(Saving Inventory-Revised,SI-R)并检验该量表的信效度。方法:采用双盲翻译获得的中文版SI-R对2100名大学生施测,收回有效问卷1979份。进行因素分析以检验其结构效度,用帕多瓦量表、流调中心抑郁量表和Zung焦虑自评量表来检验聚合效度和区分效度,并检验其内部一致性。3-4周后随机抽取229名大学生进行重测,以检验其重测信度。结果:①验证性因素分析表明中文版SI-R不符合原三因素模型;②探索性因素分析后得到两个因子:过分获得-难以丢弃、堆积;③SI-R总量表的Cronabachα系数为0.893,过分获得-难以丢弃分量表和堆积分量表的α系数分别为0.829和0.830;4周后的总量表重测信度为0.561,过分获得-难丢弃分量表和堆积分量表重测信度分别为0.533和0.545;④SI-R总量表与强迫症状、焦虑和抑郁的相关系数分别为0.431、0.355和0.343(P<0.01)。结论:中文版SI-R具有较好的信效度,可以在中国文化下应用。     

DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表中文版的初步修订

目的:研究DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表(DSM-5 Level 2-Anxiety-Child Age 11-17)中文版的效度和信度。方法:使用DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表中文版、Spence儿童焦虑量表(SCAS)和儿童抑郁量表(CDI)对四川省某市1013名中学生[男生322名,女生690名,性别缺失1名,平均年龄(15±1)岁]进行施测,并选取43名被试1个月后进行DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表的重测。结果:探索性因素分析表明其存在"一般性焦虑"和"情境性焦虑"2个因子;DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表总分与SCAS、CDI得分均呈正相关(r=0.65、0.56,均P0.01)。DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表中文版的内部一致性系数为0.90,2个因子的α系数分别为0.89、0.73。各条目与总分的相关系数为0.54～0.78,各因子与总分的相关系数分别为0.90、0.83(均P0.01)。总量表重测信度为0.78,2个因子的重测相关系数分别为0.63、0.67;结论:DSM-5儿童少年焦虑量表中文版具有良好的信效度。     

多维状态无聊量表中文版在中国大学生中的应用

目的:在中国大学生群体中修订多维状态无聊量表(the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale,MSBS)中文版并检验其信效度。方法:采用中文版MSBS调查了1668名大学生,收回有效问卷1545份,以检验其结构效度、内部一致性信度和分半信度。另用大学生无聊倾向量表、流调中心抑郁量表、状态孤独量表、状态焦虑量表在218名大学生中检验效标关联效度。1个月后随机抽取172名大学生进行重测,检验其重测信度。结果:中文版MSBS包括注意缺乏、时间知觉、低唤醒、高唤醒和脱离5个分量表,共24个条目,其因素建构得到探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的支持;5个分量表的内部一致性信度在0.67~0.81之间,分半信度在0.50~0.72之间,重测信度在0.50~0.56之间;5个分量表都具有较好的效标关联效度;中国大学生的状态无聊具有性别差异。结论:MSBS中文版在中国大学生群体中具有良好的适用性。     

强迫量表修订版在中国大学生中应用的信效度

目的:引进强迫量表修订版(OCI-R)并检验其信效度。方法:采用经双盲翻译的严格程序获得的中文版OCI-R对2100名大学生进行测试,收回有效问卷1937份。4周后随机抽取229名大学生进行重测。结果:①验证性因素分析表明中文版OCI-R符合原六因素模型(χ2/df=7.368,CFI=0.939,TLI=0.923,RMSEA=0.057,RMR=0.038);②OCI-R总量表的Cronabachα系数为0.895,各分量表的α系数在0.593~0.826之间;4周间隔的重测信度在0.309~0.644之间;③OCI-R总分与强迫症状、抑郁和焦虑的相关系数分别为0.557、0.426和0.456(均P<0.01)。结论:中文版OCI-R具有良好的信效度,可在中国文化下应用。     

真实性量表在我国青少年中的信效度检验

目的:检验真实性量表(Authenticity Scale)在中国青少年群体中的信效度。方法:用真实性量表中文版对1475名青少年进行测试。被试均同时完成主观幸福感、自尊、人生意义感及抑郁-焦虑-压力量表(DASS)的指标测量。五个月后对初测样本随机抽取168人进行重测。结果:探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果支持了真实性量表的三因素模型;真实性总分及其三个维度(自我疏离、接受外部影响、真实的生活)的内部一致性系数分别为0.775、0.817、0.764、0.679,重测信度分别为0.738、0.622、0.634、0.698;相关分析发现,真实性总分及其子维度之一(真实的生活)与情感幸福、生活满意度、自尊、人生意义感呈显著正相关,与DASS总分及其各分量表抑郁、焦虑、压力呈显著负相关;而真实性的另两个子维度(自我疏离、接受外部影响)与情感幸福、生活满意度、自尊、人生意义感呈显著负相关,与DASS总分及其各分量表抑郁、焦虑、压力呈显显著正相关。结论:中文版真实性量表在我国青少年群体中具有良好的信效度,可以作为开展我国青少年真实性相关研究的适宜工具。     

共同冗思问卷在中学生中应用的效度和信度

目的:在中学生群体中引入共同冗思问卷,探讨该问卷在中国文化背景下的因素结构,并检验其效度和信度。方法:选取哈尔滨中学生644名(样本1)用于条目分析和探索性因素分析,另选取中学生300名(样本2),用于验证性因素分析、聚合效度、区分效度、组合信度以及内部一致性信度检验。在样本1中选取260人施测流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、强迫冥想和反思分量表、亲密袒露与交流分量表、状态焦虑量表(S-AI)检验效标效度。间隔5周后,在样本2中随机选取100人进行重测。结果:探索性因素分析得到理解性、相互鼓励谈论、关注消极感受三个因子,累积解释问卷总变异量的53.75%。验证性因素分析显示因素模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=1.975,CFI=0.901,TLI=0.890,IFI=0.902,RMSEA=0.064,RMR=0.056)。效标效度检验显示,修订后的中文版CRQ与抑郁、强迫冥想、反思、亲密袒露与交流得分均呈显著正相关(r=0.18,0.18,0.17,0.25,均P0.01)。问卷总的内部一致性系数为0.93,重测信度为0.78,三个因子的内部一致性系数和组合信度分别为0.91,0.85,0.73和0.91,0.85,0.73。结论:修订后的共同冗思问卷中文版在中学生样本中具有良好的信效度,可以作为测量和评估中国中学生与同性朋友共同冗思的工具。     

多维强迫量表在中国大学生中的修订

目的:将多维强迫量表(DOCS)引入中国,检验其在中国大学生中的因素结构及信效度。方法:通过方便取样对1787名大学生进行测查;严格按照双盲方法对DOCS进行翻译;选用强迫量表修订版、焦虑自评量表以及流调中心用抑郁量表作为效度量表。结果:验证性因素分析发现原有四因素模型不能良好拟合;经探索性因素分析得到五个因素,分别为"对称"、"不可接受的想法"、"责任感"、"污染"及"症状占用时间",共解释总变异的63.15%;总量表内部一致性系数为0.906,各分量表内部一致性系数为0.639到0.839;重测信度系数为0.908,效标效度较好。结论:DOCS原四因素模型在中国大学生样本中不适用,五因素的结果符合心理测量学的标准,但需要扩大样本和增加临床样本进一步检验。     

MASC中文版信效度的分析及与西方样本的比较

目的:建立儿童青少年多维度焦虑量表(MASC)中文版,并分析其信、效度。方法:1538名中学生完成了MASC-C量表。结果:MASC-C中文版的Cronbach’s!系数为0.91;重测信度为0.84;各分量表α系数在0.64～0.86之间;条目间平均相关系数在0.17～0.34之间;验证性因子分析的指标:GFI0.96,CFI0.95,NNFI0.94,RMSEA为0.06,四个因子内部标准路径系数为0.44～0.82,因子间标准路径数0.58～0.73。均符合测量学要求。结论:MASC-C中文版具有良好的信、效度。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.