学前儿童父母的教养压力与严厉管教的关系

目的:考察学前儿童父母的教养压力与严厉管教的关系.方法:以683名学前儿童的父亲和母亲为被试,以父母教养压力问卷简表(PSI/SF)和亲子冲突解决策略量表(CTSPC)作为研究工具分别测查学前儿童父母的教养压力和严厉管教.结果:①男孩母亲比女孩母亲报告更大的教养压力,但男孩父亲和女孩父亲报告的教养压力之间无显著差异;不同年龄的学前儿童父亲或母亲报告的教养压力均无显著差异;与父亲相比,母亲报告的教养压力更大.②除3岁儿童母亲的心理攻击显著低于4岁和5岁的儿童母亲外,父亲和母亲的严厉管教均不存在显著的儿童性别差异和年龄差异.③父亲和母亲的教养压力与其对儿童实施的严厉管教之间存在显著正相关,其中与心理攻击的相关程度最高,与虐待相关程度最低.④多元回归分析发现,母亲教养压力中的困难儿童维度是其三种严厉管教方式的较为稳定的预测因素,父亲教养压力中的教养困难维度是其心理攻击和体罚的较为稳定的预测因素.结论:父亲和母亲的教养压力与其对学前儿童实施的严厉管教之间存在密切关系,且这种关系强度随严厉管教严重性的增强而减弱.父母教养压力的不同维度对其严厉管教具有不同的预测作用.     

城乡儿童父母教养方式的比较

目的:针对城乡儿童父母教养方式的比较研究,为儿童心理教育及心理发展提供依据。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)以班级为单位进行团体施测。结果:城乡比较父亲的教养方式在过分干涉和拒绝否认方面差异非常显著(t=4.02~4.16,P0.001);母亲的教养方式在过度保护和拒绝否认的方面差异显著(t=2.47~3.06,P0.05)。比较父母对不同性别子女的教养方式,父亲对于男生采取的惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认和过度保护的教养方式显著高于女生(t=3.82~4.22,P0.001);母亲对于男生采取的过度保护、拒绝否认和严厉惩罚也显著的高于女生(t=2.45~4.61,P0.05)。结论:父母的教养方式对儿童的身心发展有决定性影响。     

大学生的父母教养方式特点分析

目的:探讨中国大学生的父母教养方式特点.方法:采用自编一般情况调查表及修订的父母教养方式问卷(PBI).对906名湖南高校大学生进行测评.结果:①父亲与母亲的教养方式有显著差异,同时又有显著相关.②不同子女性别在父母关爱因子上得分有显著差异,独生子女与非独生子女在母亲关爱和父亲控制及鼓励自主上得分有显著差异.不同家长文化程度以及家庭经济情况的大学生在父母教养方式的关爱因子上得分有显著差异.结论:大学生的父母教养方式不同并与父母文化程度、子女性别等因素密切相关.     

大学生自我同一性与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的:探讨当前大学生自我同一性状况及其与父母教养方式的关系。方法:采用自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)和修订的父母教养方式问卷(PBI),对330名大学生进行测评。结果:①父亲与母亲的教养方式在子女性别上存在差异,女生在母亲关爱得分上显著高于男生,男生在母亲控制和父亲控制得分上显著高于女生。②母亲关爱、父亲关爱和母亲鼓励自主、父亲鼓励自主与子女的自我同一性获得有显著正相关,与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著负相关;父亲控制、母亲控制与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著正相关。结论:大学生的自我同一性状态与父母教养方式密切相关,父母的关爱、鼓励自主有利于子女同一性获得。     

大学生完美主义与父母教养方式、亲子依恋的关系

目的:探讨大学生完美主义与父母教养方式、亲子依恋的关系.方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版(APS-R-CR),父母权威问卷(PAQ)和父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)对538名大学生进行测试.结果:①完美主义高标准维度在父母婚姻状况上差异显著,父母婚姻关系正常大学生的得分显著高于离异家庭大学生的得分.②母亲专制和母亲权威的教养类型,与母亲信任的亲子依恋能显著地正向预测完美主义的高标准;母亲专制和母亲放任的教养类型,与父亲疏离的亲子依恋对完美主义的差异有显著的预测作用.结论:大学生的完美主义与不同类型的父母教养方式,亲子依恋有关.     

8~12岁男孩的支配性与睾酮水平和父母教养的关系

目的:探讨8~12岁男孩的支配性特质与睾酮水平、父母教养方式的关系。方法:从山西某两所小学1569例小学生中,通过智力测验选取得分分布接近总体的男孩170例,使用儿童人格问卷及父母教养方式评价量表测量支配性和父母教养方式,酶免疫法测定唾液睾酮水平,共获得有效唾液样本与问卷154例(8岁组49例,10岁组49例,12岁组56例),每组男孩的智力测验分数呈正态分布。结果:相关分析发现各年龄组中睾酮水平与儿童人格问卷的支配性得分的相关系数均无统计学意义(8岁组,r=0.15,P0.05;10岁组,r=-0.04,P0.05;12岁组,r=-0.13,P0.05)。12岁组中,儿童人格问卷的支配性得分与父母教养方式评价量表的母亲惩罚严厉和母亲拒绝否认得分呈正相关(r=0.33、0.31,均P0.05);男孩睾酮水平与母亲拒绝否认得分呈负相关(r=-0.33,P0.05)。结论:8~12岁男孩的支配性特质与睾酮水平可能没有相关,但可能与母亲的专制教养行为(惩罚严厉、拒绝否认)有关,专制教养行为越多,支配性特质可能越强。     

"难管教儿童"的心理健康与父母教养方式

目的:探讨难管教儿童的心理健康及其父母教养方式.方法:随机抽取长沙某特殊训练营学校的难管教儿童120名和普通中学生105名,用EMBU来评估父母教养方式,用SCL-90来评估难管教儿童的心理健康水平.结果:难管教儿童的心理健康水平显著低于常模.普通中学生父母教养方式的情感温暖的得分显著高于难管教儿童:而普通中学生的父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、父亲过度保护、母亲干涉保护、母亲拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉的得分显著低于难管教儿童.结论:难管教儿童心理健康水平较低,其父母较多使用消极的教养方式,较少的使用积极教养方式.     

不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点研究

目的探讨不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EM BU)和竞争态度量表对228名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生在良性竞争态度及竞争态度总均分上性别差异显著;②良性竞争态度高低分组在父母亲情感温暖维度和父亲过分干涉维度差异显著;过度竞争态度高低分组在父母亲的拒绝否认维度、过度保护维度以及母亲的惩罚严厉维度上差异显著。结论父母教养方式与大学生竞争态度之间存在一定的联系。     

父母教养压力与儿童内化问题行为的关系:父母体罚的中介作用

目的:探讨父母体罚在父母教养压力与儿童内化问题行为之间的中介作用。方法:采用中文版的父母教养压力问卷、亲子冲突解决策略量表和儿童行为核查表对311名学前儿童的父母双亲进行测查。结果:(1)男孩的父母比女孩的父母体验到更高水平的教养压力,母亲比父亲体验到更高水平的育儿压力,而父亲比母亲报告了更高水平的亲子互动失调;(2)父亲和母亲教养压力与其各自的体罚行为呈显著正相关,父亲和母亲教养压力与儿童内化问题行为的大多数症状呈显著正相关;(3)母亲体罚在母亲教养压力与儿童内化问题行为之间起中介作用。结论:母亲教养压力既能直接影响的儿童内化问题行为,也能通过母亲体罚间接影响儿童内化问题行为。     

父母教养方式与亲子关系：基于主客体互倚模型的分析

目的：探讨父母教养方式与亲子关系之间的关系。方法：采用教养方式和亲子关系量表对545名学前儿童的父母进行问卷调查。结果：(1)父母权威教养均显著正向预测各自的亲子亲密、负向预测各自的亲子冲突,对配偶的亲子关系影响不显著;(2)父亲专制教养显著负向预测自己和配偶的亲子亲密、正向预测自己和配偶的亲子冲突,母亲专制教养显著负向预测自己的亲子亲密、正向预测自己和配偶的亲子冲突;(3)女孩而非男孩的母亲权威教养负向预测父子冲突;男孩的父亲专制教养对亲子亲密的消极影响显著高于女孩。结论：学前儿童父母的权威教养与亲子关系间为主体效应,专制教养与亲子关系间为主客体效应,且母亲权威教养对父子冲突、父亲专制教养对父子亲密的预测关系存在显著的儿童性别差异。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.