心理症状阳性者的初始沙盘特征研究

目的:以沙盘游戏为工具探讨心理症状阳性者的内心世界,总结心理症状阳性者的初始沙盘特征.方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)筛选出心理症状阳性的73名大学生为实验组,36名非阳性大学生为对照组,采用沙盘作品编码表对初始沙盘作品进行信息编码.结果:①在沙具的使用情况方面:心理症状阳性组武器类沙具的使用显著多于对照组,人物、建筑物、交通工具、植物、生活用品类沙具的使用显著少于对照组;②在沙盘作品描述性特征方面:心理症状阳性组在对沙的态度、有无蓝色露底、是否使用桥、自我感觉是否满意、自我像是否在其中、场景类型上与对照组比较呈显著性差异;③在沙盘主题特征方面:阳性组显著多出现混乱、空洞、分裂、限制、忽视、受伤、威胁、妨碍8个创伤主题,显著少出现整合、流动、深入、抚育、能量5个治愈主题.结论:心理症状阳性者在沙具使用情况、描述性特征、沙盘主题特征等维度有特征表现,初始沙盘具有临床心理评估的功能和价值.     

有焦虑症状大学生的初始沙盘特征

目的:以沙盘游戏为工具探讨有焦虑症状的大学生的内心世界,总结焦虑症状阳性人群的初始沙盘特征.方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)为工具,在某医学院筛选出焦虑因子≥3分的36人为有焦虑症状组,以任一因子分均＜2分的36人为对照组,两组72人均参与沙盘游戏实验.采用沙盘作品编码表对沙盘游戏作品进行信息编码.结果:在沙具使用频率方面,有焦虑症状者使用现实人物(19.4％vs.80.6％)、男人(41.7％ vs.77.8％)、女人(38.9％ vs.75％)、鲜花(33.3％ vs.63.9％)、草(33.3％ vs.80.6％)、树木(27.8％ vs.72.2％)、居民房屋(38.9％ vs.72.2％)、商业建筑(5.6％vs.27.8％)、食物果实(11.1％ vs.41.7％)、湖(30.6％ vs.63.9％)、河流(11.1％ vs.47.2％)、桥(30.6％ vs.61.1％)的比例均少于对照组(均P＜0.05).在沙盘游戏操作过程中,有焦虑症状者对沙的态度以不碰触为主(61.1％ vs.22.2％),沙盘作品布局不平衡(52.8％vs.2.8％)、沙具摆设单一视角(47.2％ vs.11.1％)、沙盘单一色调(36.1％ vs.13.9％)、对自己的沙盘作品不满意(41.7％vs.2.8％)、缺乏自我像(50％vs.8.3％)、出现抽象场景(33.3％vs.2.8％)的比例均高于对照组(均P＜0.05).沙盘主题特征回归分析显示,忽视和威胁两个创伤性主题与焦虑症状相关(β=34.76,31.55;均P＜0.05).结论:本研究提示,有焦虑症状的大学生在初始沙盘的沙具使用频率、沙盘操作过程、沙盘主题特征维度中有特征性表现,沙盘游戏可作为焦虑症状阳性人群临床心理评估与治疗的工具.     

躯体化症状人群的初始沙盘特征研究

目的:探讨躯体化症状人群的内心世界,总结其初始沙盘特征。方法:采用症状自评量表筛选出躯体化症状阳性的30名大学生为实验组,36名非阳性大学生为对照组,两组参与沙盘游戏,采用沙盘作品编码表对初始沙盘作品进行信息编码。结果:躯体化症状人群在总数、建筑物、植物类沙具的使用显著少于对照组;沙盘空间领域利用除中下领域外其他8个领域的使用均显著少于对照组;多出现混乱、空洞、分裂、限制、忽视、受伤、威胁、妨碍8个创伤主题,少出现整合、流动、能量3个治愈主题。结论:躯体化症状人群在沙具使用情况、沙盘空间领域使用、沙盘主题特征等维度有特征表现。初始沙盘具有临床心理评估的功能和价值。     

强迫症状人群的初始沙盘特征

目的:探讨强迫症状人群的内心世界,总结其初始沙盘特征。方法:某医学院在校学生,采用症状自评量表筛选出强迫症状人群33人为强迫症状组,36名为非强迫症状者为对照组,两组均参与沙盘游戏。采用沙盘作品编码表对沙盘游戏作品进行信息编码。结果:(1)在沙具的使用情况方面,强迫症状组武器类、其他类沙具的使用多于对照组[(1.30±1.28)vs.(0.11±0.32),(0.18±0.47)vs.(0.00±0.00);P=0.056,0.022],而交通工具、建筑物、植物、生活用品类沙具的使用少于对照组[(0.73±1.18)vs.(1.61±2.16),(1.15±1.50)vs.(2.39±1.68),(4.82±5.96)vs.(9.72±6.67),(0.76±1.03)vs.(1.75±2.01);均P0.05];(2)在沙盘主题特征方面,与对照组相比,强迫症状组多出现空洞、分裂、忽视、受伤、威胁、倒置6个创伤主题(51.5%vs.0%,42.4%vs.0%,30.3%vs.2.8%,27.3%vs.0%,45.5%vs.5.6%,12.1%vs.0%,均P0.05),少出现流动、抚育、能量3个治愈主题(6.1%vs.50%,6.1%vs.27.8%,33.3%vs.58.3%,均P0.05)。结论:强迫症状人群在初始沙盘中的有特征性表现,初始沙盘可能具有临床心理评估的功能和价值。     

不同类型社会退缩幼儿的初始沙盘特征分析

目的:探讨不同类型社会退缩幼儿的初始沙盘特征。方法:对筛选出的47名害羞退缩型幼儿、35名主动退缩型幼儿、20名被动退缩型幼儿以及45名普通幼儿的初始沙盘进行分析。结果:害羞退缩型幼儿人物沙具使用少,家庭场景数少,空洞、分裂、陷入主题的呈现和变化、对话、其他主题的缺失对评估害羞退缩型幼儿有重要的意义。主动退缩型幼儿多选择深入持久接触沙,人物沙具和桥的使用少,战斗场景少,创伤主题最少,空洞、陷入主题的呈现和残缺、攻击、变化、对话、其他主题的缺失对评估主动退缩型幼儿有重要的意义。被动退缩型幼儿创造过程动态多见,多呈现战斗场景沙盘,武器沙具使用多,人物沙具和生活用品类沙具的使用少,创伤主题最多,空洞、陷入主题的呈现和变化、规则、对话、其他主题的缺失对评估被动退缩型幼儿有重要的意义。结论:不同类型社会退缩幼儿在初始沙盘中有特征性表现,初始沙盘在幼儿社会退缩类型分型评估中具有特殊作用。     

社区服刑人员初始沙盘的特征分析

目的：探讨社区服刑人员的内心世界,总结初始沙盘的特征。方法：随机抽取社区服刑人员30名为实验组,招募30名非社区服刑人员为对照组,利用沙盘作品编码表进行编码。结果：社区服刑人员的武器类沙具使用多于对照组（t＝2．354,P＜0．05）,沙具总数、人物、建筑物、交通工具、植物、生活用品、自然元素、其他显著少于对照组（t＝－4．555,－5．875,－2．281,－2．202,－5．262,－3．137,－9．161,－2．782;P均＜0．05）;多混乱、空洞、分裂、限制、受伤、威胁和妨碍的创伤主题（χ2＝4．043,12．000,7．680,5．455,5．455,4．320,8．523;P均＜0．05）,少流动、深入、抚育、趋中的治愈主题（χ2＝4．800,40．43,4．320,11．429;P均＜0．05）;多使用桥、少见蓝色底面、自我像较少、主题场景多为家（χ2＝4．286,8．079,10．335,11．236;P均＜0．05）。结论：社区服刑人员的初始沙盘具有临床评估功能。     

地震中丧亲学生的沙盘特点

目的:分析地震后学生沙盘的特点,为制定治疗方案提供参考依据.方法:以灾区某安置点学校自愿参加沙盘游戏治疗的29名丧亲学生所做沙盘为实验组,以广州某小学16名自愿参加沙盘游戏的普通学生作沙盘为对照组,分析29名地震丧亲的学生沙画沙具使用的特点,沙盘创伤与治愈主题的表达情况特点.结果:(1)各种动物、家居建筑、人物人体类的沙具使用率高于95%;(2)丧亲组学生在沙盘游戏中表现创伤主题比例高于对照组[混乱(41.4% vs.0.0%)、限制(48.3% vs.6.2%)、忽视(37.9% vs.6.2%)、倒置(37.9% vs.6.2%)、受伤(48.3% vs.12.5%)、妨碍(44.8% vs.0.0%)、,均P<0.01].丧亲学生中,男孩比例在受伤、威胁上高于女孩[(80.0% vs.28.6%)、(66.7% vs.42.9%), P<0.05],而在忽视、倒置上低于女孩[(20.0% vs.57.1%)、(20.0% vs.57.1%),P<0.05];(3)丧亲学生在沙盘游戏中治愈主题比例低于对照组[旅程(41.4vs.75.0%)、深入(31.0% vs.75.0%)、培育(31.0% vs.81.3%)、变化(20.7% vs.56.3%)、整合(27.6% vs.68.8%)、诞生(0.0% vs.50.0%),均P<0.05].结论:沙盘游戏能揭示地震丧亲学生的心理问题.     

沙盘游戏改善读写困难儿童情绪行为问题的个案研究

目的:探讨沙盘游戏对于改善读写困难儿童的情绪行为问题的效果。方法:采用个案研究法,对一例读写困难儿童的情绪行为问题进行沙盘游戏干预,共实施34次沙盘游戏,包括31次个体沙盘和3次亲子沙盘。结果:沙盘游戏的干预过程可以分为问题呈现、冲突斗争、转化成长和问题解决4个阶段;随着干预阶段的推进,沙盘作品的创伤主题越来越少,治愈主题越来越多;玩具数量及种类呈现出由贫乏单一转向丰富多样的变化趋势;Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)的评估结果也有了显著的改变,总分由干预前的86分减少为干预后的47分。结论:沙盘游戏对改善读写困难儿童的情绪行为问题是有效的,并且这一效果具有持续的作用。     

边缘型人格障碍患者初始沙盘的典型特征

目的:以沙盘游戏为工具探讨边缘型人格障碍(borderline personality disorder, BPD)患者独特的内心世界,并尝试总结其初始沙盘具有诊断意义的特点.方法:某师范大学新生经人格障碍诊断问卷(DQ-4+)筛查和DSM-Ⅲ-R人格障碍临床定式检测(SCID-II)确诊,且自愿参加沙盘治疗的BPD大学生56例,另招募愿意参与本研究的非BPD大学生30名,对他们的初始沙盘作品进行多维度的对照研究.结果:(1)BPD组和非BPD组在初始沙盘的整体特征上存在差异,其中BPD组分裂项目的例数多于非BPD组(35.7%vs.0.0%,P<0.01),在整合上少于非BPD组(26.8%vs.66.7%,P<0.01);(2)在细节主题上,BPD组的创伤主题得分高于非BPD组[(2.5±1.1)vs.(1.3±0.9),P<0.01],而治愈主题得分低于非BPD组[(0.9±0.9)vs.(1.8±1.0), P<0.01],其中创伤主题中主要是隔离、威胁和限制的例数BPD组多于非BPD组(40.1%vs.20.0%,25.0%vs.6.7%,28.6%vs.10.0%;Ps<0.05),而治愈主题中主要是联结、新生和对话的例数BPD组少于非BPD组(7.1%vs.26.7%,23.2%vs.33.3%,12.5%vs.40.0%;Ps<0.05);(3)在沙具的非常规使用或摆放上,奇异呈现和边界问题两项BPD组的例数多于非BPD组(25.0%vs.3.3%,12.5%vs.0.0%;Ps<0.05).结论:BPD患者的初始沙盘中最典型的特征是分裂、奇异呈现和边界问题,经常出现的创伤性主题是隔离、限制和威胁;BPD的病理特点和防御机制可以在沙盘中很清晰地表现出来.     

医学生情绪智力培养的团体沙盘特点

目的 分析医学生情绪智力培养前后的团体沙盘特点,以沙盘游戏为工具考察医学生情绪智力培养的效果.方法 随机抽取首都医科大学临床专业一个班37名学生为研究对象接受10次情绪智力团体心理干预,以接受7次以上干预且参加前后2次团体沙盘为入组标准,共25名被试入组.采用大学生情绪智力问卷施测,并对前后2次团体沙盘进行创伤-治愈沙...     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008