护士职业承诺与职业压力的相关研究

目的探讨护士职业承诺与职业压力源的相关性。方法采用一般资料问卷、护士职业承诺量表、护士工作压力源量表,对唐山市2个医院的100名护士进行问卷调查。结果①不同工作年限的护士职业承诺与职业压力的在继续承诺(F=9.274,P<0.001)、护理工作及专业方面的问题(F=5.975,P<0.01)2个维度方面差异有统计学意义;②不同婚姻状态的护士在继续承诺(t=-4.307,P<0.001)、护理工作及专业方面的问题(t=-2.619,P<0.05)、工作量及时间分配问题(t=-2.666,P<0.01)维度差异有统计学意义;③不同医院护士在职业承诺方面,规范承诺(t=-2.047,P<0.05)维度存在差异,在职业压力方面,护理工作及专业方面的问题(t=-2.120,P<0.05)维度存在差异;④护士的职业承诺与职业压力源成负相关(P<0.01)。结论护士的职业承诺程度高,护士的职业压力水平低。应从护士职业承诺与职业压力的关系考虑制定策略提高护士的职业承诺程度,降低护士的职业压力。     

护士职业承诺及其与职业压力的相关性

目的:探讨护士职业承诺的特点及其与职业压力的相关性,为护理管理者提供指导信息。方法:通过职业承诺问卷及中国护士压力源量表对上海市2所医院的158名护士进行问卷调查。结果:(1)护士整体职业承诺较高(3.02±0.67),其中,情感承诺相对较低,经济代价承诺相对较高;护士存在中等以上职业压力(3.06±0.68);(2)护士职业承诺的性别差异不显著(t=0.3,P0.05);独生子女的机会承诺得分显著高于非独生子女机会承诺(t=2.61,P0.01);三班倒护士在规范承诺方面较非三班倒护士低(t=-2.01,P0.05);护龄越高其情感承诺、规范承诺及职业承诺均分越高(F=3.94,P0.05);(3)职业承诺与职业压力呈显著负相关(r=-0.38,P0.01)。结论:管理人员应提高护士情感承诺,降低护士职业压力,从而提高护士职业承诺度,促进护理队伍稳定发展。     

初级军官职业承诺问卷的编制

目的:编制初级军官职业承诺问卷,检验其信度和效度.方法:建构初级军官职业承诺五维模型,依照该模型编制初级军官职业承诺问卷.用新编问卷测试829名初级军官,80名初级军官完成初测10天后进行重测,所有被试同时完成离职倾向测试.结果:新编问卷最终由4个因子组成.Cronbachα系数为0.651-0.873,重测信度系数为0.720-0.912;总分与各维度分的相关系数为0.439-0.830 (P＜0.001);在四维模型中,x2/df小于3,CFI、GFI、NNFI均大于0.90,RMRSEA小于0.08,且各项拟合指标均优于其它4个模型;除代价承诺外,各维度分及总分均与离职倾向问卷得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.515～-0.317,P＜0.001).结论:初级军官职业承诺问卷结构合理,具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于初级军官的职业管理、心理训练和选拔实践.     

高职生主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素

目的了解高职生主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素。方法采用主观幸福感量表对714名高职生的主观幸福感进行问卷调查。结果边疆地区高职生的主观幸福感高于发达地区的高职生,存在显著差异(t=-12.311,P<0.001);生活满意度、积极情感方面,不同生源(F=32.142,13.42;P<0.001)、专业(F=5.288,P<0.01;F=9.497,P<0.001)、年级(F=15.536,4.868;P<0.001)及父母职业(F=32.19,5.605;P<0.001)差异显著;消极情感方面,不同性别(t=2.789,P<0.01)、生源(F=3.589,P<0.05)及父母职业(F=3.503,P<0.001)差异显著。结论高职生的主观幸福感状况良好,但程度不强,且存在较大的个体差异。     

新疆地区警察职业院校学生人格特征与职业承诺的关系

目的了解新疆地区警察职业院校学生的职业承诺水平以及职业承诺与人格特征的关系,为提高在校学生的职业承诺水平提供科学的依据。方法采用自编的预备警官职业承诺问卷和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷对新疆地区警察职业院校693名学生进行调查。结果自编的预备警官职业承诺问卷由3个维度构成,问卷的总体信度为0.749、各因素与项目总分间的相关系数在0.594~0.755之间(P0.01),说明该问卷的信、效度较好;预备警官职业承诺总体水平较高,具体承诺水平表现为职业情感承诺较高,职业继续承诺次之、职业规范承诺最低;预备警官在卡特尔16种人格测试中,在兴奋性、敢为性和恃强性3个因子上的得分较高;人格特征中的敏感性因子对职业承诺总分有负向预测作用(t=-1.973,P0.05);自律性因子对继续承诺有负向预测作用(t=-3.057,P0.01);乐群性(t=2.685,P0.01)和稳定性(t=2.468,P0.01)两个因子对情感承诺有正向预测作用,聪慧性因子对情感承诺有负向预测作用(t=-2.676,P0.01);稳定性(t=3.854,P0.001)和聪慧性(t=2.100,P0.05)两个因子对规范承诺有正向预测作用。结论人格特征对职业承诺有一定的预测力。     

大学生职业决策自我效能与人格特征的关系

目的探讨大学毕业生职业决策自我效能与人格特征的关系。方法运用职业决策自我效能量表和艾森克人格问卷对220名毕业生施测。结果①大学生职业决策自我效能的性别差异不显著(t=1.51,P>0.05),但学历差异显著(t=4.13,P<0.01);②人格特征中仅有精神质在性别(t=3.26,P<0.01)和学历(t=5.65,P<0.01)上存在显著差异;③职业决策高效能组和低效能组的精神质(t=4.71,P<0.01)、外倾性(t=4.77,P<0.01)、情绪性(t=2.66,P<0.01)和掩饰性(t=2.12,P<0.05)均具有显著差异;④逐步回归分析表明,精神质和外倾性对职业决策自我效能具有重要的预测作用。结论大学生的人格特征对其职业决策自我效能具有较大影响。     

心理咨询门诊来访者EPQ结果分析

目的了解心理咨询门诊来访者EPQ的评分情况。方法对107例心理咨询来访者进行EPQ测试,按《修订艾森克个性问卷手册》规定的标准分进行分组,以SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果①男性来访者的N分显著高于全国常模(t=7.818,P<0.001),女性来访者的N分显著高于全国常模(t=7.902,P<0.001);②男性20～(岁)组E分显著低于全国常模(t=3.098,P<0.01)、男性50～(岁)组E分显著低于全国常模(t=8.073,P<0.05),女性50～(岁)组E分显著高于全国常模(t=2.490,P<0.05);③男性20～(岁)组、30～(岁)组、40～(岁)组的N分显著高于全国常模(t=3.306,4.652,7.581;P<0.01),女性16～(岁)组、20～(岁)组、30～(岁)组、40～(岁)组的N分显著高于全国常模(t=18.567,3.334,7.665,4.229;P<0.01);④男性20～(岁)组的P分显著高于全国常模(t=2.145,P<0.05),女性20～(岁)组的P分显著高于全国常模(t=3.165,P<0.01),女性50～(岁)组的P分显著低于全国常模(t=7.085,P<0.001);⑤男性职业是工人及自由职业者的N分显著高于全国常模(t=5.351,5.476;P<0.001);女性职业是工人、职员、自由职业者的N分显著高于全国常模(t=5.552,P<0.001;t=4.038,P<0.01;t=5.181,P<0.001);⑥男性患焦虑症的E分显著低于全国常模(t=3.969,P<0.01),女性患精神障碍的E分显著低于全国常模(t=2.524,P<0.05);男性患抑郁症、焦虑症、精神障碍的N分显著高于全国常模(t=4.112,P<0.01;t=4.800,P<0.001;t=3.254,P<0.05)。女性患抑郁症、其他疾病的N分显著高于全国常模(t=8.306,P<0.001;t=6.571,P<0.01);⑦107例来访者中,有典型内向及内向倾向者占30.8%,典型外向及外向倾向者占25.3%,典型情绪不稳及情绪不稳倾向占65.4%,典型精神质占15.9%;⑧在内、外向情绪不稳43例中,内向不稳占65.1%。内向不稳组中,20～(岁)组、30～(岁)组共占82.1%,诊断是抑郁症、焦虑症者占71.4%。结论 EPQ量表较好地反映了来访者的个性,根据EPQ的具体结果,可帮助心理咨询师有针对性地对来访者进行心理咨询。     

内地民族初中生心理健康状况和结构特征调查研究

目的探析内地民族初中生心理健康状况及特征。方法采用中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS)对215名内地民族初中生进行测试。结果①内地民族初中女生焦虑和抑郁显著高于男生(t=6.10,6.73;P<0.05);②不同年级的内地民族初中生心理健康10个方面均差异显著(F=3.9～7.9,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001),多重比较结果显示了八年级得分均显著高于七年级和九年级;③内地民族初中生心理健康各因子得分普遍显著高于城市初中生与流动学生(t=2.3～9.31,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001)但低于山区初中生(t=2.21～5.91,P<0.05或P<0.001);④各因子呈中等以上显著相关(r=0.41～0.79,P<0.001),因素分析抽取了1个因子。结论内地民族初中生心理健康问题明显且心理健康结构复杂、变化剧烈,女生比男生问题严重,八年级问题突出。     

新形势下改良职业情感教育对护生职业认同感的影响

目的:探究新形势下改良职业情感教育对护生职业认同感的影响。方法:选择2018年3-7月在我院进行改良职业情感教育的75名护生为研究组,另选2017年9月至2018年1月在我院进行常规职业教育的64名护生为对照组。教育结束后,采用护理生职业认同调查问卷、护理生自主学习能力测评量表和护理专业承诺量表对护生进行调查,分析比较两组护生的职业认同感。结果:研究组护理生职业认同中职业认识、职业情感、职业意志、职业价值观4个维度得分均明显高于对照组(t=6.980,5.651,12.455,10.171;P0.05),研究组职业认同总分也明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=17.050,P0.001)。研究组护理生自主学习能力测评量表中各维度得分均明显高于对照组(t=4.790,3.403,8.841;P0.05),研究组自主学习能力测评总分也明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.819,P0.001)。研究组护理专业承诺量表中专业努力意愿和专业价值认同两个维度得分明显高于对照组(t=5.928,13.109;P0.05),研究组专业承诺总分也明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=7.016,P0.001)。结论:新形势下改良职业情感教育有利于护生职业认同感、自主学习能力和专业承诺的培养。     

武汉地区本科毕业生择业焦虑现状调查研究

目的了解武汉地区本科毕业生择业焦虑状况,为高校更好地开展本科毕业生心理健康教育、就业指导等提供参考。方法用自编的择业焦虑问卷对武汉地区本科毕业生进行调查。结果①武汉地区本科毕业生的择业焦虑程度处于中等偏上水平(-x±s=107.02±21.6);②毕业选择(F=4.352,P<0.05)、学校声望(F=2.71,P<0.05)、学校类别(F=4.96,P<0.01)对本科毕业生择业焦虑的总分有显著影响;③学校类别对本科毕业生在焦虑反应因子上的得分有显著影响(F=3.770,P<0.05);毕业选择(F=5.533,P<0.01)、学校声望(F=9.348,P<0.001)和学校类别(F=6.743,P<0.01)对本科毕业生在应聘知识因子上的得分有显著影响;毕业选择(F=8.278,P<0.001)、父亲职业(F=2.473,P<0.05)、学校声望(F=6.421,P<0.01)和学校类别(F=5.107,P<0.01)对本科毕业生在外界条件因子上的得分有显著影响;毕业选择(F=6.881,P<0.01)、父亲职业(F=2.875,P<0.05)、学校声望(F=8.487,P<0.001)和学校类别(F=7.42,P<0.01)对本科毕业生在自身条件因子上的得分有显著影响;是否为独生子女对本科毕业生在择业情境因子上的得分有显著影响(t=-2.070,P<0.05)。结论武汉地区本科毕业生择业焦虑程度较高,其择业焦虑程度受毕业选择、学校声望、学校类别等因素的影响。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.