大学生内隐心理疾病污名的刻板解释偏差研究

目的:探查大学生群体对心理疾病患者是否存在内隐污名,同时考察心理学专业和非心理学专业大学生内隐污名是否存在差异.方法:采用刻板解释偏差测量问卷对50名心理学专业和50名非心理学专业大学生进行测量.结果:非心理学专业大学生对普通人群体的消极行为做了更多的解释;两个专业大学生对心理疾患群体的消极行为倾向于内归因,对普通人群体的消极行为倾向于外归因.结论:大学生群体普遍存在内隐心理疾病污名;非心理学专业大学生比心理学专业大学生内隐污名程度深.     

大学生对普通高校求职者工作能力的内隐污名:来自SEB的证据

目的:考察重点高校大学生对普通高校求职者是否存在工作能力的内隐公众污名,同时考察普通高校大学生对自身工作能力是否存在内隐自我污名。方法:采用刻板解释偏差测量问卷对106名重点高校学生和81名普通高校学生进行测量。结果:重点高校大学生和普通高校大学生均对普通高校求职者工作能力强的行为做了更多的解释;他们倾向于将普通高校求职者工作能力强的行为归因为外部因素,将其工作能力弱的行为归因为内部因素,对重点高校求职者行为的归因正好与普通高校求职者相反。结论:重点高校大学生对普通高校求职者存在工作能力的内隐公众污名,普通高校大学生对自身工作能力存在内隐自我污名。     

马基雅维利主义的内隐测量:基于刻板解释偏差

目的:探讨马基雅维利主义的外显态度和内隐态度之间的关系。方法:采用马基雅维利主义量表(Mach-IV)和自编的道德低下者、道德高尚者的刻板解释偏差(SEB)问卷对145名大学生进行了测量。结果:①Mach-IV低分组对道德低下者有显著的消极内隐态度(t=2.52,P0.05),同时,低分组和高分组都对道德高尚者有显著的消极内隐态度(t=-3.71/-4.06,P0.001);②Mach-IV高、低分组都对道德低下者的消极行为持消极内隐态度(t=4.55/4.17,P0.001),对道德低下者的积极行为持积极内隐态度(t=10.50/13.06,P0.001),对道德高尚者的消极行为持消极内隐态度(t=12.42/9.69,P0.001),对道德高尚者的积极行为持积极内隐态度(t=3.76/3.31,P0.001);③Mach-IV高分组、低分组对道德高尚者和道德低下者两类社会群体的积极行为的内、外归因数量有显著差异(χ~2=37.18/38.51,P=0.000),对两类社会群体的消极行为的内外归因数量也有显著差异(χ~2=20.04/19.67,P0.001)。结论:马基雅维利主义外显态度与内隐态度之间存在一致性关系,主要表现在Mach-IV量表得分高者不存在对道德低下者的消极内隐态度,提示有为该群体辩解和支持的无意识自动化倾向。     

大学生对创业失败的内隐污名效应

目的:创业失败是指创业绩效持续降低直至企业倒闭的过程,本研究试图分析大学生对于创业失败是否具有显著的内隐污名效应。方法:以一个班的64名大学生为被试,运用传统的内隐联想测验(IAT)法计算创业失败内隐污名的总D值和3个维度(认知评价、情感反应和行为倾向)上的D值;采用独立样本t检验,以0为标准,分析被试在总D值和3个维度D值上的差异,分析4个D值是否在性别和有无创业经历上存在差异;采用配对样本t检验,分析被试在相容和不相容两类任务上的反应时差异;通过相关分析,检验大学生创业失败内隐污名联想测验工具的可靠性。结果:大学生创业失败内隐污名的总D值以及认知评价、情感反应和行为倾向3个D值均数都大于0;被试在相容任务上的反应时均低于不相容任务(均P0.001);创业失败内隐污名测量工具的分半信度和内在一致性系数分别为0.87和0.82。结论:本样本大学生对于创业失败具有内隐污名效应,即在内隐层面上对于创业失败者存在负面认知,伴有明显的消极情感体验,并表现出歧视行为倾向。     

大学生内隐艾滋病污名研究—来自IAT的证据

目的:本研究旨在了解大学生对艾滋病的内隐污名状况。方法:随机抽取120名大学生作为被试,采用内隐联想测验(IAT)对内隐艾滋病污名进行了探讨。结果:①大学生存在内隐艾滋病污名;②内隐艾滋病污名不存在显著的性别差异;③内隐艾滋病污名存在显著的专业差异和年级差异。结论:大学生在内隐层面上对艾滋病患者存在污名。     

大学生归因方式与内隐自尊

目的 考察大学生的归因方式与内隐自尊的基本状况以及大学生归因方式与内隐自尊的关系.方法 对61名大学生进行多维度—多归因因果量表测试与内隐联想测验.结果 大学生内、外控得分差异显著(t=7.766,P＜0.001);大学生内隐自尊效应显著(t=-11.175,P＜0.001);大学生内隐自尊与归因的总体情况呈显著负相关(r=0.317,P＜0.05),与成功事件的内控归因呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.450,P＜0.001);努力(t=2.076,P＜0.05)和能力因素(t=2.261,P＜0.05)高分组的内隐自尊高于低分组.结论 大学生倾向于做内控归因,并且内隐自尊呈积极状态;大学生越倾向于把成功归因于内在因素,其内隐自尊越高;高内控归因水平的大学生内隐自尊体验高,而外控归因水平高低不影响大学生内隐自尊水平的变化,反映着大学生自我认知的成熟.     

高中生解释风格对适应能力的影响及对教育策略的启示

归因方式是个体认知过程当中的重要方式,解释风格是归因方式的外部表现,个体的许多行为都是由解释风格决定的。本研究抽取广州增城地区两所高中共658名中学生,采用《青少年社会适应行为量表》和《归因风格问卷》,考察高中学解释风格对社会适应行为的影响。研究结果表明:①中学生积极解释风格倾向高于消极解释风格倾向;②高中生高消极解释风格水平组的不良行为与神经症行为显著高于低消极解释风格水平组;③高中生消极的解释风格对不良的社会适应行为具有一定的预测作用。培养学生的解释风格,形成良好的社会适应能力主要有2种途径:①引导学生寻找他们内在的非理性思维;②引导学生进行非理性思维挑战。     

大学生对“愤青”群体认识倾向的研究

目的:研究者依据激活扩散模型和内隐理论探究大学生对"愤青"群体的认知。方法:通过聚类分析和内隐联想测验对396名大学生对"愤青"的认知进行了测查。结果:(1)研究一发现,"愤青"群体在大学生心目中是从以下4个方面来表征的:知识分子;古代诗人;政治人物;犯罪分子;(2)研究二发现,大学生在外显和内隐上对愤青群体的态度是倾向于认同的(外显:χ~2=24.94,P 0. 001;内隐:D=0. 07);在内隐态度上,男性与女性存在显著差异,男性倾向于认同(D=0.36)女性则倾向于不认同(D=-0.22)。结论:大学生认为"愤青"群体是多元化的存在,其代表人物也分布在多个领域。     

高孤独感儿童的社会认知偏差

目的:探查孤独感儿童的社会认知偏差,为孤独感儿童的认知干预提供指导.方法:依儿童孤独量表(Children,s Loneliness Scale,CLS)得分将131名儿童分为孤独感高分组和低分组,进一步让被试填写自编社会认知偏差情景问卷,比较高低孤独感儿童的社会认知偏差.结果:①孤独感高分组儿童更倾向于对负性情境进行指向自我和他人的稳定的归因,低分组儿童倾向进行他人不稳定的归因;②高分组更难以向拒绝者求助,更多考虑采取退缩、回避社会交往情境的行为;③高分组更倾向于对情景做消极结果预期,而较少做积极结果预期.结论:与低分组儿童相比,孤独感高分组儿童更倾向于做负性归因、决定采取回避反应以及对情境结果做消极预期.     

污名/反污名信息对被污名群体注意偏向的影响

目的:探究污名/反污名信息对被污名群体注意偏好的影响。方法:以被污名群体为被试,采用情绪Stroop范式比较了被试在污名信息启动、反污名信息启动、中性信息启动三种条件下的注意偏好。结果:污名信息启动组和中性信息启动组被试对消极词的反应时均显著高于积极词和中性词,消极词的Stroop效应量显著高于积极词的Stroop效应量。反污名信息启动组被试对积极词和消极词的反应时均显著高于中性词,积极词的Stroop效应量显著高于消极词的Stroop效应量。结论:污名信息会让被污名群体对消极信息产生注意偏向,反污名信息会让被污名群体对积极信息产生注意偏向。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.