西部贫困地区农村留守儿童心理健康现状

目的:了解以铜仁为例的西部贫困地区农村留守儿童的心理健康状况,为更好开展这类地区留守儿童的心理健康教育提供参考和借鉴。方法:采用华东师范大学周步成教授等人编制的中小学心理健康诊断测验(MHT),对铜仁地区458名农村留守儿童的心理健康水平进行调查,并以419名非留守儿童进行对照。结果:1留守儿童心理健康水平处于正常范围,但在学习焦虑(t=2.042,P0.05)、孤独倾向(t=5.130,P0.001)、恐怖倾向(t=2.155,P0.05)上的得分显著高于非留守儿童;2留守儿童在学习焦虑、对人焦虑、过敏倾向、冲动倾向上存在极显著的学年段差异(t=5.510,-3.987,-7.005,-3.829;P0.001);3留守儿童男生在学习焦虑(t=-2.017,P0.05)、自责倾向(t=-3.752,P0.001)、身体症状(t=-2.669,P0.01)3个因子的得分上显著低于留守儿童女生。结论:西部贫困地区农村留守儿童的心理健康总体水平属于正常范围之内,但从各因子得分看,其心理健康仍是我们要长时间关注的重点。     

西北地区农村留守儿童心理健康状况

目的调查农村留守儿童心理健康状况及其特点,对农村中小学开展心理健康教育提供参考。方法采用王极盛编写的《中学生心理健康量表》对陕西省宝鸡市4个地区15所学校的618名农村留守儿童的心理健康水平进行测查。结果农村留守儿童的心理健康问题的检出率为52%(非留守儿童为41.13%);农村留守与非留守儿童在的强迫(t=2.22,P0.05)、偏执(t=4.27,P0.01)、敌对(t=2.96,P0.01)、人际关系(t=2.21,P0.05)、适应不良(t=3.50,P0.01)、心理不平衡(t=2.65,P0.05)等6个因子上存在显著性差异;留守儿童中,男性在偏执(t=2.44,P0.05)和情绪稳定性(t=2.70,P0.01)上明显不如女性;父母双双监护的儿童心理健康状况好于单亲监护,单亲监护的留守儿童心理健康状况好于双亲外出。结论农村留守儿童心理健康水平不容乐观,要重视农村留守儿童的心理健康教育。     

留守儿童的人格特质与心理健康问题:留守类型的调节作用

目的:探讨留守儿童人格特质与心理健康水平的关系,以及留守类型在二者关系间的调节作用,为留守儿童心理健康教育及干预指导提供理论依据.方法:采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对马鞍山市农村中小学800名学生进行问卷调查.结果:①3种不同类型的儿童在内外向(F=9.075,P＜0.001)、神经质(F=36.632,P＜0.001)及精神质(F=4.530,P＜0.05)人格维度、心理健康总得分(F=71.694,P＜0.001)上均有显著差异.②相关分析结果显示,留守儿童内外向人格特质与心理健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.209,P＜0.01),神经质、精神质人格特质与心理健康均呈显著正相关(r=0.680,0.352;P＜0.01).③内外向性人格特质能够显著负向预测心理健康得分(β=-0.158,P＜0.001),神经质人格特质和精神质人格特质能显著正向预测心理健康得分(β=-0.647,-0.345;P＜0.001).④留守类型与神经质人格特质的交互项对留守儿童心理健康水平的预测作用显著(β=0.322,P＜0.01),留守类型与内外向人格特质、精神质人格特质的交互项对留守儿童心理健康水平的预测作用不显著(P＞0.05).结论:留守类型在留守儿童神经质人格特质与心理健康关系之间存在调节效应.     

甘肃农村留守初中生心理健康与人格特征关系

目的:了解农村留守初中学生心理健康状况、人格特征及其关系,为开展留守儿童心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷儿童版(EPQ)对4所中学的886名学生进行问卷调查。比较留守与非留守儿童心理健康状况及人格特征差异,并对留守儿童心理健康及人格特征进行相关分析。结果:留守儿童在躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病性症状、总分等方面的得分均高于非留守儿童,差异有统计学意义(t=2.696,P=0.007;t=3.125,P=0.003;t=3.462,P=0.001;t=2.444,P=0.015;t=2.046,P=0.041;t=2.290,P=0.022;t=2.521,P=0.012;t=2.972,P=0.003);在人格特征方面精神质、内外向方面得分低于非留守学生(t=2.740,P=0.006、t=5.544,P=0.000),在神经质、掩饰性两方面高于非留守学生(t=2.818,P=0.005;t=3.208,P=0.001);相关分析表明,精神质与SCL-90量表中除强迫症状、恐怖两因子外其余各因子得分均呈显著相关(P0.01),内外向与人际关系敏感呈正相关(r=0.155,P0.01),与其它各因子不相关(P0.05),神经质与SCL-90各因子呈正相关(P0.01),掩饰性与各因子呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:留守对儿童心理健康和人格发展有不利影响,心理健康和人格特征密切相关,应对留守初中生开展心理健康铺导,并注重健全人格的塑造。     

农村留守儿童与城市儿童主观幸福感之比较

目的:分析比较农村留守儿童与城市儿童主观幸福感的差异。方法:采用青少年主观幸福感量表对139名儿童进行问卷调查。结果:农村留守儿童的总体生活满意度显著低于城市儿童(F=9.200,P0.01),农村留守儿童体验到的积极情感显著低于城市儿童(F=5.075,P0.05);父母一方外出的农村留守儿童的总体生活满意度(t=2.168,P0.05)、积极情感体验(t=2.05,P0.05)显著高于父母均外出的留守儿童,父母一方外出的留守儿童体验到的消极情感显著低于父母均外出的留守儿童(t=-2.403,P0.05)。结论:农村留守儿童与城市儿童主观幸福感均处于中等偏上水平,且存在显著差异;留守类型影响留守儿童的主观幸福感水平。     

农村留守儿童同伴友谊质量与社会适应性的关系

目的:研究农村留守儿童同伴友谊质量与社会适应性之间的关系。方法:采用农村儿童社会适应性问卷以及友谊质量问卷,对江苏省1072名农村中小学生进行调查。结果:①留守儿童与非留守儿童在人际关系适应(t=-2.81,P0.01)、学习适应(t=-3.64,P0.001)、积极情绪适应(t=-2.34,P0.05)、生活适应(t=-2.37,P0.05)及社会适应性总分方面(t=-3.57,P0.001)差异显著,非留守儿童相对要优于留守儿童,在认知适应(P0.05)方面差异不显著;②在社会适应性方面,农村留守儿童中女生的社会适应性总分(t=-2.51,P0.05)相对优于男生,小学的社会适应性总分(t=2.36,P0.05)相对高于初中;在友谊质量方面,农村留守儿童中女生的友谊质量(t=-3.59,P0.001)相对优于男生,小学的友谊质量得分(t=2.24,P0.05)相对优于初中;③农村留守儿童的友谊质量总分与社会适应性总分存在显著正相关(r=0.69,P0.001),并且友谊质量总分对社会适应性具有显著正向预测作用,解释变异量为49%。结论:农村留守儿童社会适应性相对较弱,良好的友谊质量对农村留守儿童社会适应能力的发展具有重要作用。     

留守儿童心理健康与父母同伴依恋的关系研究

目的 探讨留守儿童心理健康与父母依恋、同伴依恋之间的关系.方法 对327名重庆地区留守儿童施父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)和中国中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS).结果 ①留守儿童心理健康总分及10个因子分均显著高于全国常模(P＜0.01).留守儿童的强迫、焦虑、抑郁和人际关系紧张与敏感因子性别差异显著(t=-2.020,-2.187,-2.151,-2.247;P＜0.05);②留守儿童的偏执和心理不平衡因子年级差异显著(F=3.051,4.160;P＜0.05);③留守儿童心理健康总分与同伴依恋、父亲依恋和母亲依恋呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).心理健康各因子与父母同伴依恋各难度存在不同程度的相关(P＜0.05);④留守儿童的父亲疏离、同伴信任、同伴疏离、母亲疏离和父亲信任共同预测心理健康水平,解释率为25.9％(P＜0.05).结论 通过调节父母、同伴依恋状况可改善留守儿童心理健康状况.     

留守儿童心理健康:人格特质与社会支持的影响

目的:探讨留守儿童的人格特质和社会支持对心理健康水平的影响以及二者之间的互相作用。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对西部某省区多民族交界杂居的两所小学和两所中学4~8年级共210名留守儿童和110名非留守儿童和15位班主任进行问卷调查。结果:①留守儿童心理健康水平与非留守儿童存在显著差异;不同监护类型留守儿童心理健康差异主要表现在身体症状方面(F_(6,313)=2.26,P0.05),且留守儿童心理健康问题女孩比男孩严重(t=-3.10,P0.05),初中生比小学生严重(t=2.56,P0.05);②留守儿童的心理健康受到人格特质和社会支持的双重影响,即留守儿童的心理健康受到人格特质的神经质和精神质(r=0.67,0.29;P0.01)的影响,社会支持帮助对心理健康(r=0.12,P0.05)有影响,留守儿童的人格特质存在监护类型和学段差异;③社会支持对心理健康有显著的负向回归预测效应(B=-0.02,P0.05),并且社会支持可以完善人格特质从而对心理健康发生作用。结论:留守儿童的心理健康水平不容乐观,心理健康受到人格特质和社会支持的双重影响,增加社会支持可以改善人格特质增进心理健康。     

留守儿童亲子沟通的心理干预

目的 探讨心理干预对留守儿童亲子沟通的作用.方法 采用亲子沟通问卷对156名在校学生进行前测调查,筛选出亲子沟通问卷得分偏低、适合进行心理干预的留守儿童40名进行团体箱庭心理干预活动,并进行后测.结果 留守儿童与非留守儿童亲子沟通得分比较:①父亲的亲子沟通得分,留守儿童低于非留守儿童,且差异具有显著性(F=14.124,P＜0.001);②母亲的亲子沟通得分,虽然留守儿童比非留守儿童得分低,但二者差异没有统计学意义(F=3.593,P＞0.05);③从父母总的亲子沟通得分上看,非留守儿童要明显高于留守儿童,而且差异显著(F=7.681,P＜0.01);④留守儿童亲子沟通心理干预情况的前后测比较:这40名亲子沟通较差的留守儿童,通过团体箱庭的心理干预后,亲子沟通质量明显提高.无论是与父亲的沟通(F=15.390,P＜0.001)、与母亲的沟通(F=6.923,P＜0.01),还是与父母总的沟通(F=11.889,P＜0.001),后测成绩都明显高于前测,且前后测的差异均具有显著性.结论 留守儿童的亲子沟通比非留守儿童的差,心理干预对留守儿童亲子沟通质量的提高有一定效果.     

农村留守儿童社会适应性及其影响因素

目的:探讨农村留守儿童社会适应性现状及其影响因素。方法:采用自编的农村儿童社会适应性问卷对江苏省1072名农村中小学生进行调查。结果:①在社会适应总分上,农村留守儿童显著低于农村非留守儿童(t=-3.57,P0.001),农村留守儿童中女生的社会适应性总分相对优于男生(t=-2.51,P0.05),小学的社会适应性总分相对高于初中(t=2.36,P0.05),单留守儿童的社会适应性总分相对高于双留守儿童(t=2.86,P0.01)。②多元线性回归分析显示,上网时间、与父母联系频率、对爸妈打工目的的认知、对家庭完整度的认知、想与爸妈生活在一起的程度、对爸妈的想念程度、生活态度及照料者教养方式是影响农村留守儿童社会适应性的重要因素(P0.05)。结论:农村留守儿童社会适应性相对较弱,影响因素复杂,父母应从多方面提升农村留守儿童的社会适应性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.