青少年神经质人格与抑郁的关系:移情的中介作用

目的:探讨移情及移情各因子在青少年神经质人格与抑郁症状关系中的中介作用。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方式,采用抑郁量表(CES-D)、神经质量表(FFIN)与移情量表(Empathy Scale)对合肥市两所学校的初中和高中共321名学生进行调查。结果:1青少年的抑郁症状与神经质人格、想象、个人忧伤均呈显著正相关(r=0.19~0.55,P0.01);2回归分析发现,神经质人格、想象、移情关注对抑郁有显著地预测作用(β=0.545,0.103,0.099;P0.05)。结论:想象和移情关注在神经质人格与抑郁症状之间起中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的5.7%和3.1%。     

认知应对在女性乳腺癌患者神经质人格与生活质量关系中的中介作用

目的:检验认知应对在女性乳腺癌患者神经质人格与生活质量关系中的中介作用。方法:采用方便取样,抽取638名住院治疗的女性乳腺癌患者,用大五人格问卷简版神经质分量表(FFI-N)、认知情绪调节问卷中文版(CERQ-C)和乳腺癌患者生活质量测定量表(FACT-B)进行调查。结果:1女性乳腺癌患者的生活质量与神经质人格、非适应性认知应对呈显著负相关,与适应性认知应对呈显著正相关(均P0.01)。2适应性认知应对在女性乳腺癌患者神经质人格和生活质量关系中的中介效应占总效应的22.55%,非适应性认知应对的中介效应占总效应的34.32%。结论:认知应对是女性乳腺癌患者神经质人格和生活质量关系中的重要中介变量。     

心理弹性与神经质中介压力知觉与抑郁症状的关系：基于路径分析

目的:探讨压力知觉对抑郁症状的作用,以及心理弹性与神经质如何影响压力知觉与抑郁症状之间的关系。方法:共有578名心理科就诊临床患者完成压力知觉量表、心理弹性量表、大五人格神经质分量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、状态焦虑量表。控制性别与个体焦虑水平,构建压力知觉、心理弹性、神经质、抑郁症状的结构方程模型。结果:路径分析结果显示,压力知觉可以直接影响抑郁,可以通过心理弹性或神经质间接影响抑郁(效应量分别为26.96%,57.10%),也可以通过神经质→心理弹性的链式中介路径间接影响抑郁(效应量为15.94%)。结论:心理弹性与神经质在压力知觉与抑郁症状的关系中起中介作用。     

亲子关系对小学儿童抑郁症状的影响：一个有调节的中介模型

目的：探讨亲子关系对小学儿童抑郁的影响,以及神经质人格与师生关系在二者之间的作用机制。方法：采用简版流调中心抑郁量表、亲子关系问卷、大五人格量表、师生关系量表对912名4～6年级小学生进行问卷调查。结果：(1)亲子关系显著负向预测抑郁症状;(2)神经质人格在亲子关系与抑郁症状之间起部分中介作用;(3)师生关系调节了中介模型的前半路径,即调节了亲子关系对神经质人格的影响。结论：亲子关系通过影响神经质人格进而增加小学儿童罹患抑郁的风险;提高师生关系质量可以降低不良亲子关系对小学儿童神经质人格的影响。     

远洋渔民神经质人格与抑郁症状的关系:舰艇应激的调节与中介作用

目的:探索远洋渔民舰艇应激在神经症人格特质与抑郁症状关系中的作用,为提高远洋渔民的心理健康水平提供依据。方法:采用随机取样,在海南省琼海市潭门镇登记在册的渔民中随机选取437名渔民,在渔民出海前一周内,用大五人格问卷一神经质分量表和流调中心用抑郁量表进行集体测试,返航时用舰艇人员心理应激源调查问卷和流调中心用抑郁量表进行集体测试。结果:(1)神经质人格特质、舰艇应激总分、舰艇应激-工作关系、舰艇应激-船舶环境、抑郁症状之间呈显著两两正相关;(2)调节效应结果显示:舰艇应激-船舶环境对神经质人格特质和抑郁症状的关系有显著的调节作用。(3)中介效应结果显示:舰艇应激-工作关系在神经质人格特质和抑郁症状关系中起完全中介的作用。结论:远洋渔民神经质人格特质会促进抑郁症状,且舰艇应激-工作关系在其中起完全中介作用,舰艇应激-船舶环境在其中起调节作用。     

父母控制与初中生抑郁、危险行为的关系:神经质的中介效应

目的:考察父母行为控制和心理控制与青少年抑郁和危险行为的关系,并考察神经质在两者之间的中介作用。方法:对珠海市某中学初中生329人作为被试(男生178人,女生151人)施测父母控制问卷、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、青少年危险行为评定量表(RBQ-A)和艾森克人格问卷简式量表中文版(EPQ-RSC)中的神经质和内外倾分量表。结果:父母心理控制与初中生的抑郁和危险行为都呈显著正相关(r=0.30,0.25;P0.01),与神经质呈显著的正相关(r=0.32,P0.01);父母行为控制只和危险行为呈显著负相关(r=-0.13,P0.05),与抑郁不存在显著相关;行为控制与神经质无显著相关;神经质与抑郁和危险行为均存在显著正相关(r=0.73,0.28;P0.01);在控制其他的变量后,青少年的神经质人格在父母心理控制和抑郁关系中呈现完全中介效应,在父母行为控制与抑郁之间起遮掩效应;神经质在心理控制和危险行为以及行为控制和危险行为中存在部分中介效应,结论:父母控制通过神经质进而对青少年的抑郁和危险行为产生影响。     

大学生人格特质与手机成瘾的关系:情绪体验的中介作用

目的:考察大学生手机成瘾与人格特质、情绪体验之间的关系。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷简式量表、正负情绪量表与手机成瘾倾向量表对359名大学生进行调查。结果:大学生手机成瘾在性别,专业及生源地等方面均不存在显著差异(P0.05)。神经质人格与负性情绪、手机成瘾呈显著正相关。负性情绪在神经质人格与手机成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的29.88%。结论:负性情绪在神经质人格与手机成瘾的关系中起部分中介作用。     

大学生神经质与抑郁的关系:人际关系敏感和性别的作用

目的:以中国大学生群体为样本,探究人际关系敏感在神经质与抑郁之间的中介效应,以及性别对上述中介的调节作用,为进一步了解和预防大学生抑郁情绪提供理论支持。方法:采用自编人口学问卷、艾森克人格问卷神经质分表、简版流调中心抑郁量表、症状自评量表人际关系敏感分量表对2198名大学生进行集体施测。结果:①神经质对抑郁具有显著的正向影响(β=0.71,P0.01);②人际关系敏感在神经质和抑郁之间起部分中介作用,Bootstrap检验表明中介效应显著,95%的置信区间为[0.38～0.46],中介效应为0.42,占总效应的59.15%;③神经质经由人际关系敏感影响抑郁的中介作用受到男女性别的调节,具体表现为人际关系敏感高的女生(t=33.607,P0.01)比男生(t=29.851,P0.01)更容易出现更高的抑郁症状。结论:人际关系敏感是神经质影响抑郁的重要的中间环节,而上述中介作用受到男女性别的调节。     

生活事件对大学生抑郁的影响:神经质与应对方式的链式中介作用

目的:探讨神经质人格和应对方式在大学生生活事件与抑郁间的链式中介作用。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷、特质应对方式量表、青少年生活事件量表以及流调中心抑郁量表对330名大学生进行调查。结果:相关分析表明,神经质、消极应对以及生活事件与抑郁呈显著正相关;而积极应对与抑郁呈显著负相关。中介作用检验结果表明:生活事件通过神经质到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和积极应对到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和消极应对到抑郁这三条中介路径均显著。结论:神经质和应对方式在大学生应激与抑郁间存在链式中介效应。     

大一新生神经质人格与抑郁：表达抑制和压力知觉的链式中介作用

目的:考察表达抑制和压力知觉在大一新生神经质人格与抑郁间的中介作用。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷简式量表中文版、情绪调节量表、压力知觉量表、贝克抑郁量表对1011名大一新生进行问卷调查。结果:①神经质人格、表达抑制、压力知觉和抑郁间均呈显著正相关;②表达抑制和压力知觉在大一新生神经质人格和抑郁之间的中介作用显著;③表达抑制—压力知觉的链式中介作用显著。结论:大一新生神经质人格与抑郁的关系受表达抑制和压力知觉的单独中介作用,以及表达抑制和压力知觉的链式中介作用的影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.