经口咽入路松解Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：评价经口咽入路松解、Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位。方法：经口咽入路寰枢椎前方松解颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路寰枢椎融合内固定治疗6例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者,术后对脊髓功能和颈椎影像学进行评定。结果：术后2年脊髓功能改善2级3例,改善1级2例,无变化1例。术后X线显示寰枢椎复位理想和后方融合满意,MRI显示脊髓压迫解除。结论：经口咽入路行寰枢椎前方松解后颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路器械融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,临床和影像学评估满意。     

我国上颈椎外科已跨入国际先进行列

上颈椎位于头颈交界部,毗邻生命中枢,部位狭小,解剖复杂,是外科治疗难度高、风险大的高危区.20世纪末,我国对寰枢椎脱位多采用保守治疗(如颅骨牵引、Halo支架固定)或Brooks钢丝[1]、Halifax椎板夹[2]、Apofix夹等非螺钉固定技术治疗,而对陈旧性难复性寰枢椎脱位几乎缺少良好对策.1986年刘景发等[3]采用经口咽寰椎前弓和枢椎齿状突切除行前路减压复位术治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位,后于1998年报道经口咽前路寰枢椎松解,术后持续牵引缓慢复位后,行头颈胸石膏外固定或后路枕颈或寰枢椎固定融合术来治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位[4].     

经口咽前、后路一期手术治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位伴脊髓压迫症

目的：总结经口咽前路同时后路减压枕颈内固定治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位的临床效果。方法：C地10例难复性寰枢椎脱位,根据术前临床分型安排前后路手术顺序。同时期进行经口咽前路减压松解复位和后路减压,枕颈CD或Cervifix枕颈内固定。按JOA17分法颈脊髓损害功能评定标准进行手术前后颈髓功能评定,并测量比较脊髓矢径的变化。结果：平均随访8个月。仍髓功能改善率达58．3％,颈髓减压改善率平均达69％。结论：经口咽前路减压同时行后路减压枕颈内固定手术的临床疗效佳,适用于难复性寰枢椎脱位或不可复性寰枢椎脱位伴颈髓压迫症。     

难复性寰枢脱位的影像学表现与前方减压术式选择初探

目的：研究难复性寰枢脱位的影像学特征,探讨延、脊髓前方减压术式的选择。方法：回顾性分析了36例难复性寰枢脱位患者颅颈区X光片、CT和MRI,其中27例作了经后外侧入路前方减压术。结果：23例为枢椎完整型寰枢脱位,其寰椎侧块前移,有3例并寰椎前下旋转,4例并侧方移位,3例单侧关节脱位较严重;21例合并寰椎桃化,其中2例有枕大孔（即枕化的寰椎孔）不规则狭窄,1例有齿突椎体化畸形。13例为齿突不连型寰枢脱位,其中寰椎后脱位1例;寰椎前脱位为半脱位者8例（其中1例为“齿突骨”）,全脱位者4例。术后CT显示,经后外侧入路前方减压的27例中23例骨性减压满意。结论：就前方减压而言,经后外侧入路的治疗有寰椎“旋转”,齿突畸形（如齿突椎体化、“齿突骨”等）或枕大孔不规则狭窄等的寰枢脱位有其优势,经口入路松解并牵引复位治疗齿突不连的寰枢椎全脱位较合理。     

TARP钢板系统在难复型寰枢椎脱位手术中的临床应用

目的探讨经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统（TARP）在难复型寰枢椎脱位的临床应用。方法自2003年4月-2004年9月，对13例陈旧性的难复型寰枢椎脱位患者行经口咽前路松解减压，应用TARP系统复位和固定，两侧寰枢关节间植入自体髂骨融合。结果除1例因跌倒引起螺钉松动再次脱位外，均固定牢固，融合理想，脊髓减压满意。结论经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统一次完成寰枢椎脱位的复位和固定是治疗陈旧性难复型寰枢椎脱位较为理想的手术方法。     

一期前路松解后路椎弓根钉固定融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨经口咽入路前路松解一期后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合治疗难复性寰枢椎前脱位的临床疗效,方法 2005年1月～2010年2月,采用经口咽入路前路松解,一期后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位合并高位颈脊髓压迫共21例.男15例,女6例;年龄26～70岁,平均51岁;病程6～30年.陈旧性齿状突...     

Ⅰ期前后路联合手术治疗游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位

目的探讨颈高位咽后入路前路松解、Ⅰ期后路融合治疗游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位的临床效果。方法本组19例均为游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位,X线片动态位不能自行复位,且术前颅骨牵引均未获得满意复位。采用颈高位咽后入路显露C1～C3,行寰枢椎前方松解复位,Ⅰ期后路寰枢融合内固定。结果 19例患者采用颈高位前方咽后入路均成功显露C1前弓～C3椎体,前路松解后复位良好,Ⅰ期行后路寰枢融合内固定,全组无一例出现脊髓损伤加重、咽喉部阻塞或窒息。1例颈后部伤口积液感染,经换药引流后痊愈;2例出现舌下神经牵拉症状,1例出现面神经刺激症状,均在1个月后恢复正常。脊髓功能正常者无神经功能损害,不全瘫患者神经功能均有部分恢复。随访植骨均获骨性融合,无内固定松脱。结论颈高位咽后入路行前方松解能够复位游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位患者,Ⅰ期后路寰枢融合可获良好的植骨融合。     

前路松解复位后路融合治疗游离齿突继发环枢椎脱位

目的: 探讨经高位咽后入路前路松解、后路融合治疗游离齿突继发的难复性环枢椎脱位。方法: 本组 3例, 均为男性, 年龄 17~36岁, 无明显创伤史, 颅骨牵引 2~3周, 采用高位咽后入路显露C1~3, 行环枢前方松解复位, Ⅰ期后路环枢融合, Brooks法钛缆内固定。结果: 3例游离齿突继发的难复性环枢椎脱位, 术前颅骨牵引不能复位, 经前路手术松解达到良好复位, 后路环枢融合良好, 内固定无松脱, 无伤口感染。3例患者神经症状均明显改善。结论: 经高位咽后入路行前方松解, 能够复位游离齿突继发的难复性环枢椎脱位, Ⅰ期后路环枢融合可获良好的植骨融合。     

内窥镜辅助下经口咽前路寰枢椎减压术

目的：探讨内窥镜辅助下经口咽前路寰枢椎减压术的临床效果。方法：1998年8月～2004年8月对38例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者采用内窥镜辅助下经口咽前入路减压术，其中18例行一期经口咽入路减压和后路枕颈内固定术：15例行经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板内固定术；5例不可复型仅行经口咽前入路减压术。结果：平均随访38个月（6～96个月）。术后患者临床症状均明显改善，上颈段脊髓减压改善率达89.3％。发生颅内感染1例，前路钢板松脱1例。结论：与常规减压方法相比，内窥镜辅助下经口咽前路寰枢椎减压手术创伤小，操作精细、准确，术中与助手可协同操作。     

经口咽经后路联合手术治疗寰枢椎脱位的手术配合

目的:探讨经口咽入路齿状突磨除联合经后路枕颈融合术治疗寰枢椎脱位的手术配合.方法:总结2009年10月～2010年10月间我院脊柱外科收治的12例寰枢椎脱位伴齿状突型颅底陷入患者.所有病例均在显微镜直视下经口腔咽部入路切除齿状突加枕颈融合.结果:经过细致的手术配合,所有手术均顺利完成.结论:经口咽入路齿状突磨除联合经后路枕颈融合术是一种安全、有效地治疗寰枢椎脱位的手术选择.配合手术医生实施个性化手术方案,医护默契配合,严格操作规范是确保手术顺利的保障.     

经口咽入路寰枢椎手术感染的预防

目的：总结预防经口咽入路手术后感染的体会。方法：回顾分析50例口咽入路寰枢椎手术治疗的难复发性寰攀椎脱位患者预防术后感染的具体措施和经验,结果：本组50例口咽入路手术后无1例感染发生。结论：只要措施得力,经口咽入路手术的术后感染完全可以预防。     

牵引复位手术治疗颅底凹陷症合并寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨牵引复位后手术治疗颅底凹陷症合并寰枢椎脱位的治疗方法和临床疗效。方法颅底凹陷症合并寰枢椎脱位患者20例．术前均采用颅骨牵引．其中18例在牵引4～10d后复位,行后路手术减压、枕颈融合术,2例在牵引2周后未能复位．行前路口咽入路松解减压,后路寰椎后弓切除忱颈融合术。术后头颈胸支具固定6～12个月。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12～48个月。平均32个月。20例患者神经功能均恢复良好,术后6～12个月内植骨均融合良好,尤内固定松动、断裂,JOA评分由术前平均8．6分增加到15．6分,14例能恢复正常生活、工作,6例达到生活自理。结论颅底凹陷症合并寰枢椎脱位的治疗,术前有效的牵引复位和手术重建枕颈区的稳定性是治疗的关键。     

经口咽前路枢椎体次全切除椎管减压术

目的：探讨经口咽前路枢椎体次全切除椎管扩大减压治疗寰枢椎脱位伴以C2后方脊髓受压为主的患者的疗效。方法：对12例先天畸形或外伤(10例先天畸形，2例外伤)引起的寰枢椎脱位伴高位脊髓压迫症患者，采用经口咽前路C2椎体次全切除术，11例仅行C2椎体次全切除，1例行C2椎体次全切除同时切除C1前结节和齿突。结果：无术中脊髓损伤、血管损伤及术后感染等并发症，术后平均随访18个月，按Symon和Lavender临床评定标准和影像学评定标准评定疗效，临床总有效率100％，显效率42％，术后影像学椎管减压改善率平均为75％。结论：该术式减压充分，是治疗以C2后方受压为主的脊髓压迫症较好的术式。     

Diagnosis and treatment of congenital atlantoaxial dislocation]

23 patients, aged from 10 to 52 years (24 years on the average), with congenital dislocation of atlanto-axial joint were treated. Symptoms were chiefly functional disturbance of motion; diagnosis was based on malformation of cranio-vertebral junction shown on radiograms; and operation of transoral decompression or/and posterior decompression and fusion was performed on each patient. Such operation did benefited 19 patients, a rate of 82.6%, evaluated in 0.2 to 8.7 years (1.9 years on the average) after operation. Skull traction tried on several patients failed to reduce the dislocation because of dense fibrous tissues in the joint space, hindering reduction. Posterior decompression alone was seldom effective and even dangerous. For this condition, transoral decompression and anterior or posterior fusion is a good choice of treatment. Mechanism of developing symptoms, key points of making diagnosis and surgical procedures were described in detail.     

前路松解复位后路内固定治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位

目的：探讨难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术治疗方法。方法：对3例难复性寰椎前脱位的病例经口咽入路切断颈长肌、头长肌、前纵韧带和寰枢侧块关节囊，施行松解复位术，同期行后方固定植骨融合术。后方固定方法包括：经寰枢侧块关节螺钉固定、寰枢侧块钉板固定和借助于枢椎椎弓根螺钉的枕颈固定。结果：3例均获得了解剖复位和植骨融合。结论：经口咽入路的寰枢关节松解复位术可使难复性脱位的寰枢关节获得充分复位，松解复位术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Successful treatment of adult Arnold-Chiari malformation associated with basilar impression and syringomyelia by the transoral anterior approach

A case of adult type I Arnold-Chiari malformation associated with basilar impression, syringomyelia, atlantoaxial dislocation, and occipitalization of the atlas is reported. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging clearly revealed evidence of severe anterior compression of the cervicomedullary junction due to basilar impression and a sharp clivoaxial angle. Therefore, transoral anterior decompression and fusion were performed, resulting in an improvement of the patient's neurologic signs and symptoms. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed an obvious reduction of the tonsillar herniation and syringomyelia, as well as an improvement of the cervicomedullary compression.     

Transoral approach for the treatment of atlanto-axial dislocation with the Os odontoideum and obstruction of the bilateral vertebral arteries (author's transl)]

The two approaches are well-known in the surgical treatment of atlanto-axial dislocation, the one is the anterior and the other is the posterior approach. The indication of these methods is still controversial. This report concerns with one case of atlanto-axial dislocation with the separate odontoid and bilateral obstruction of both vertebral arteries, which was successfully treated by transoral decompression and fusion between the bodies of the atlas and axis. The reasons why we chose this method were: (1) the spinal cord decompression was necessary because of the presence of compression of the cord by the separate odontoid process, (2) the spinal fusion had to be performed to stabilize the atlanto-axial articulation, (3) it was necessary to avoid the damage of collateral circulations to the brainstem through the deep cervical arteries demonstrated by bilat vertebral angiography. The posterior approach is highly susceptible to injure these collateral circulations.     

Pure endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy: anatomical study

Different disorders may produce irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation with compression of the ventral spinal cord. Among the surgical approaches available for a such condition, the transoral resection of the odontoid process is the most often used. The aim of this anatomical study is to demonstrate the possibility of an anterior cervico-medullary decompression through an endoscopic endonasal approach. Three fresh cadaver heads were used. A modified endonasal endoscopic approach was made in all cases. Endoscopic dissections were performed using a rigid endoscope, 4 mm in diameter, 18 cm in length, with 0 degree lenses. Access to the cranio-vertebral junction was possible using a lower trajectory, when compared to that necessary for the sellar region. The choana is entered and the mucosa of the rhinopharynx is dissected and transposed in the oral cavity in order to expose the cranio-vertebral junction and to obtain a mucosal flap useful for the closure. The anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of C2 are removed, thus exposing the dura mater. The endoscopic endonasal approach could be a valid alternative to the transoral approach for anterior odontoidectomy.