MRCP在梗阻性黄疸定位与定性诊断中的作用

目的探讨MRCP在梗阻性黄疸病因诊断中的作用。方法回顾性分析有完整临床、病理资料的54例梗阻性黄疸患者MRCP、MRI资料，着重分析MRCP在梗阻定位方面的作用及其形态学特征，并评价其在良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的作用。结果MIP三维重建图像可显示胆管全貌，MRCP对54例胆系梗阻的定位诊断均与手术、内镜所见相符，定位准确率为100％。恶性病变中，9例肝门区胆管癌呈突然截断，梗阻端呈圆钝状或平直状，3例胆总管下段癌呈偏心性、不规则性狭窄；11例胰头癌中8例呈乳头状，3例呈偏心性、不规则性狭窄；6例十二指肠乳头腺癌中5例呈鸟嘴状，1例呈渐行性狭窄。良性病变16例结石梗阻端呈倒杯口状；9例胆总管下段炎性狭窄呈渐行性改变。结论MRCP可明确定位梗阻部位，并初步定性诊断；结合MRI平扫、动态增强资料可显著提高良恶性鉴别诊断正确率。     

CT，MRI对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT,MRI对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断价值。方法：对80例肝外恶性黄疸病人行CT及MRI检查,并进行回顾性分析,结果：MRI对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸具有相近定位诊断价值,对于显示肝外胆管呈软藤状或枯树状扩张较特异征象,MRCP最有意义,在定性上,CT,MRI在各段肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸诊断上各有优势,对于肝门段和胰腺上段,梗阻胆管部位显示,CT,MRI大致相近,在胰头段,对于显示梗阻胆管部位胆壁增厚,胰头增大,钩突形态,增强薄层CT显示较好,而对于无胰头和钩突增大情况下,肿瘤侵及胰头和钩突,MRI显示较好,对于胰头癌患者,MRCP还可显示较特异的扩张胰胆管呈分离状态;对于壶腹区小肿瘤所致梗阻性黄,在屏气口服造影剂情况下,CT薄层扫描有意义辅以低张十二指肠造影。结论：判断肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸部位,性质,侵及范围,切除可能性评估,有无转移,CT,MRI检查相互结合,必要时辅以它检查,起着决定性诊断作用。     

超声内镜与磁共振胰胆管造影诊断梗阻性黄疸的效果比较

目的对比超声内镜(EUS)与磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法收集2015年1月-2016年3月于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院就诊的梗阻性黄疸患者31例,所有患者均行EUS、MRCP检查,比较EUS、MRCP诊断梗阻性黄疸的敏感度、特异度、准确度、Youden指数。结果 31例患者中胆总管结石16例(51.61%),壶腹肿瘤1例(3.23%),十二指肠乳头肿瘤6例(19.35%),胰头肿瘤3例(9.68%),胆管肿瘤2例(6.45%),胆管炎症2例(6.45%),1例(3.23%)经内镜逆行胰胆管造影、EUS、MRCP均未见结石、占位。对壶腹肿瘤、十二指肠乳头肿瘤、胰头肿瘤EUS诊断符合率均为100%;MRCP的胆总管结石诊断符合率、总诊断符合率均低于EUS(81.25%vs 93.75%,76.67%vs 90.00%)。EUS和MRCP诊断梗阻性黄疸的敏感度分别为90.00%和76.70%,特异度均为100%,准确度分别为90.30%和77.40%,Youden指数分别为0.90和0.77。结论对于梗阻性黄疸的诊断,EUS较MRCP拥有更高的诊断价值。     

“软藤征”“枯树征”在梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值（附66例报告）

经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)具有直接显示胆管系统的特点。本文66例梗阻性黄疸病人PTC显示“软藤征”者39例,经手术病理证实为恶性梗阻;其余27例表现为“枯树征”,手术病理证实均为良性梗阻。可从阻塞端形态及胆总管扩张程度来判断良恶性梗阻,恶性梗阻绝大多数表现为阻瑞突然变细或中断,而良性梗阻则为逐渐变细,呈渐进性改变,两者差异极为显著,(p<0.0001)而总胆管重度扩张多为恶性,轻度扩张多为良性,中度扩张者良、恶性均有,两者无显著性差异。作者认为中度扩张者,须结合阻端形态及末段小胆管形态,综合分析鉴别良恶性阻塞性黄疸。     

B超联合磁共振胰胆管成像对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的探讨B超与磁共振胰胆管成像检查在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的价值。方法对66例梗阻性黄疸患者进行超声和MRCP检查,并给予手术治疗。结果 B超联合MRCP诊断梗阻性黄疸的正确率为92.4%,其中对13例胰头癌的诊断正确率为100%,13例壶腹部癌的诊断正确率为84.6%,19例胆管癌的诊断正确率为84.2%;对15例胆管结石的诊断正确率为100%,6例良性胆道狭窄为100%。结论 B超联合MRCP检查对诊断梗阻性黄疸有很高的临床应用价值。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影与超声、多排螺旋CT、磁共振胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸诊断价值的比较

目的比较内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)与超声、多排螺旋CT(MSCT)及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)对梗阻性黄疸的部位及病因诊断的准确率。方法 128例患者行超声、MSCT及ERCP检查,其中35例患者行MRCP检查。结果在梗阻部位的诊断上,四种方法对肝内胆管和胰头部的诊断准确率差异无统计学意义;ERCP对肝外胆管梗阻的诊断准确率与MRCP差异无统计学意义,但显著高于超声和MSCT;在病因诊断上,对于胆系结石、胆管炎和胰头癌的诊断准确率,四种方法差异无统计学意义;MRCP、ERCP和MSCT对于胆管癌诊断准确率均优于超声;此外,ERCP在诊断乳头部肿瘤、十二指肠乳头旁憩室时优于超声和MSCT。结论 ERCP对梗阻性黄疸的部位(尤其是肝外胆管和十二指肠乳头部)及病因(胆管癌、十二指肠乳头部肿瘤)的诊断具有重要价值。     

低位梗阻性黄疸的影像与内镜诊断价值探讨

目的探讨影像与内镜检查在低位梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值及科学组合与合理应用。方法回顾分析57例低位梗阻性黄疸患者的病因及体表超声（US）、cT、MRI＋MRCP、ERCP和EUS等诊断结果,总结各检查方法在低位梗阻性黄疸诊断中的适应证和诊断价值。结果57例低位梗阻性黄疸患者中,良性梗阻42例,其中胆总管结石38例,胆总管蛔虫1例,胆道术后良性狭窄2例,胰头部慢性胰腺炎1例;恶性梗阻15例,其中胰头癌11例,壶腹癌4例。US、CT、MRI＋MRCP、ERCP、EUS对低位梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确率分别为71．93％（41／57）、88．00％（22／25）、94．59％（35／37）、100．00％（47／47）、96．77％（30／31）;定性诊断准确率分别为63．16％（36／57）、80．00％（20／25）、83．78％（31／37）、100．00％（47／47）、96．77％（30／31）。结论良性病变是低位梗阻性黄疸的主要原因,但恶性病变并不少见,影像或内镜检查对于明确诊断至关重要,策略性、程序性选择应用各种检查方法,尤为必要。     

单次激发快速半傅立叶胰管造影68例分析

目的 探讨HASTE MRCP对胰、胆管疾病的临床诊断价值,分析在MRCP中,半傅立叶单次激发快速自旋回波序列(HASTE)与其它影像学检查比较所具有的优越性。方法 使用Siemens 1．5T vision Plus扫描仪,采用自控阵表面线圈,加脂肪抑制和图像预饱和技术,以HASTE序列重佗加权相多层扫描,进行三维重建,多角度多方位观察。结果本组胆系结石25例中,胆总管结石14例,肝内胆管结石8例;胆管良性梗阻14例,表现为胆总管近端扩张,远端逐渐变细,边缘光滑,全层无中断,呈不全梗阻,即“管道穿通征”阳性;胆管恶性梗阻28例,梗阻端形态以截断状最多见,其次为乳头状和鼠尾症。结论HASTE成像速度快,空间分辨率高,是目前理想的MRCIF,成像序列;HASTEMRCP作为无创性技术,能完整显示胰胆管系统结构,优于ERCP和PTC,对梗阻性疾病的定性和定位诊断率较高,恶性梗阻的胆管扩张程度较良性梗阻重,且“双管症”仅见于恶性梗阻,“管道穿通征”见于良性梗阻,可作为鉴别良恶性梗阻的重要指征。     

超声内镜在可疑胆胰疾病ERCP术前的初步应用

目的 超声内镜(EUS)在可疑胆胰病变患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术前的临床应用价值.方法 对15例急性胰腺炎、梗阻性黄疸、胆总管扩张或反复腹痛等病史的患者,经腹部B超、CT和/或MRCP检查可疑胆胰病变,术前行EUS检查诊断,并经ERCP确认.结果 15例患者确诊胆总管结石并行EST取石术9例,确诊壶腹部肿瘤2例,胆管内乳头状瘤2例,十二指肠乳头炎性狭窄1例,胰管结石1例.结论 EUS对可疑胆胰病变有很高的诊断价值,特别能提高胆总管结石确诊率,高于MRCP检查,并能指导ERCP,提高治疗效果,减少风险.     

超声内镜在壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)在壶腹部病变所致肝外梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值。方法系统性回顾武汉大学人民医院消化内科2009年-2013年行EUS检查的患者,有163例为壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸病例,比较分析EUS在不同病因所致梗阻性黄疸中的超声表现、定性诊断及对诊疗措施的指导作用。结果 163例患者皆为常规彩超(B超)、腹部CT、MRCP、MRI怀疑为低位梗阻性黄疸,最后均行EUS检查的患者,诊断病因有:胆总管结石71例(43.6%)、胆总管下端肿瘤23例(14.1%)、壶腹部肿瘤同时侵及胆总管下端胰头21例(12.9%)、胰头肿瘤18例(11.0%)、炎性狭窄16例(9.8%)、十二指肠乳头肿瘤13例(8.0%)、外压性1例(0.6%)。EUS对壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸的诊断准确率达97.5%,明显优于其他影像学检查。结论 EUS对壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸的定性、定位诊断及指导治疗有重要价值。     

Diagnostic role of secretin-enhanced MRCP in patients with unsuccessful ERCP

AIM: To evaluate the value of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in patients in whom endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was unsuccessfully performed by experts in a tertiary center. METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2003, 22 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The indications for ERCP were obstructive jaundice (n = 9), abnormal liver enzymes (n = 8), suspected chronic pancreatitis (n = 2), recurrent acute pancreatitis (n = 2), or suspected pancreatic cancer (n = 1). The reasons for the ERCP failure were the postsurgical anatomy (n = 7), duodenal stenosis (n = 3), duodenal diverticulum (n = 2), and technical failure (n = 10). MRCP images were evaluated before and 5 and 10 min after i.v. administration of 0.5 IU/kg secretin. RESULTS: The MRCP images were diagnosed in all 21 patients. Five patients gave normal MR findings and required no further intervention. MRCP revealed abnormalities (primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, cholangitis, cholecystolithiasis or common bile duct dilation) in 10 patients, who were followed up clinically. Four patients subsequently underwent laparotomy (hepaticojejunostomy in consequence of common bile duct stenosis caused by unresectable pancreatic cancer; hepaticotomy+Kehr drainage because of insufficient biliary-enteric anastomosis; choledochojejunostomy, gastrojejunostomy and cysto-Wirsungo gastrostomy because of chronic pancreatitis, or choledochojejunostomy because of common bile duct stenosis caused by chronic pancreatitis). Three patients participated in therapeutic percutaneous transhepatic drainage. The indications were choledocholithiasis with choledochojejunostomy, insufficient biliary-enteric anastomosis, or cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: MRCP can assist the diagnosis and management of patients in whom ERCP is not possible.     

Endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration characteristics of primary adenocarcinoma versus other malignant neoplasms of the pancreas

BACKGROUND:

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is often used to assist in the evaluation of pancreatic lesions and may help to diagnose benign versus malignant neoplasms. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding comparative EUS characteristics of various malignant pancreatic neoplasms (primary and metastatic).

OBJECTIVE:

To compare and characterize primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma versus other malignant neoplasms, hereafter referred to as nonprimary pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NPPA), diagnosed by EUS-guided FNA.

METHODS:

The present study was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database. The setting was a tertiary care, academic medical centre. Patients referred for suspected pancreatic neoplasms were evaluated. Based on EUS-FNA characteristics, primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma was differentiated from other malignant neoplasms. The subset of other neoplasms was defined as malignant lesions that were ‘NPPAs’ (ie, predominantly solid or solid/cystic based on EUS appearance and primary malignant lesions or metastatic lesions to the pancreas). Pancreatic masses that were benign cystic lesions (pseudocyst, simple cyst, serous cystadenoma) and focal inflammatory lesions (acute, chronic and autoimmune pancreatitis) were excluded.

RESULTS:

A total of 230 patients were evaluated using EUS-FNA for suspected pancreatic mass lesions. Thirty-eight patients were excluded because they were diagnosed with inflammatory lesions or had purely benign cysts. One hundred ninety-two patients had confirmed malignant pancreatic neoplasms (ie, pancreatic adenocarcinoma [n=144], NPPA [n=48]). When comparing adenocarcinoma with NPPA lesions, there was no significant difference in mean age (P=0.0675), sex (P=0.3595) or average lesion size (P=0.3801). On average, four FNA passes were necessary to establish a cytological diagnosis in both lesion subtypes (P=0.396). Adenocarcinomas were more likely to be located in the pancreatic head (P=0.0198), whereas masses in the tail were more likely to be NPPAs (P=0.0006). Adenocarcinomas were also more likely to exhibit vascular invasion (OR 4.37; P=0.0011), malignant lymphadenopathy (P=0.0006), pancreatic duct dilation (OR 2.4; P=0.022) and common bile duct dilation (OR 2.87; P=0.039).

CONCLUSIONS:

Adenocarcinoma was more likely to be present in the head of the pancreas, have lymph node and vascular involvement, as well as evidence of pancreatic duct and common bile duct obstruction. Of all malignant pancreatic lesions analyzed by EUS-FNA, 25% were NPPA, suggesting that FNA is crucial in establishing a diagnosis and may be helpful in preoperative planning.     

胰胆管扩张的MRCP表现对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断意义

目的 研究胰胆管扩张对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析45例胰腺癌和41例慢性胰腺炎的MRCP资料。结果 胰腺癌组的MRCP主要特征包括：(1)胰管扩张多呈管腔光滑，明显扩张，并多在胰头肿块处截断(26例，占74．3％)；(2)扩张的胆总管多呈突然截断(26例，占89．7％)；(3)双管征(28例，占62．2％)。慢性胰腺炎组的MRCP主要特征：(1)胰管扩张多呈粗细不均的不规则型，并贯通病变(18例，占60．0％)，部分可见胰管结石(6例，占14．6％)；(2)扩张的胆总管由上至下逐渐变细(18例，占90．0％)。结论 胰胆管MRCP表现的形态特征对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断有鉴别意义。     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in obstructive jaundice

GOALS: To determine the ability of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to diagnose the level and cause of obstruction in patients with obstructive jaundice. BACKGROUND: The limitations of available imaging modalities have led to the increasing use of MRCP, which is a noninvasive and highly accurate technique in evaluating patients with biliary obstruction. STUDY: Thirty patients were included in this study. MRCP was done using a fat suppressed, heavily T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence. The MRCP findings were confirmed on surgical exploration or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: MRCP could correctly identify ductal dilatation and the level of obstruction in all cases, except one. All causes of obstruction, except three, were detected. It failed to detect a common bile duct calculus in a minimally dilated ductal system and misdiagnosed a case of focal chronic pancreatitis as carcinoma head pancreas and a small pancreatic head mass as cholangiocarcinoma. It had a sensitivity of 94.44%, specificity of 81.81%, positive predictive value of 89.47%, and negative predictive value of 90% for the detection of malignant causes. The overall diagnostic accuracy for detection of level and cause of obstruction was 96.3% and 89.65%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The high diagnostic accuracy of MRCP in evaluating patients with obstructive jaundice indicates that it has the potential to become the diagnostic modality of choice in such patients.     

EUS-assisted rendezvous stenting of the pancreatic duct for chronic calcifying pancreatitis with multiple pseudocysts.

Introduction: The best choice of endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts complicating chronic pancreatitis is currently unknown, with EUS-guided transmural drainage competing with ERCP transpapillary techniques. However, recent studies currently recommend the use of both techniques in complex cases. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 60-year-old male patient with chronic calcifying pancreatitis, with severe ductal obstruction and multiple communicating pancreatic pseudocysts. The patient presented in the emergency department with weight loss, jaundice, steatorrhea and diabetes. Initial imaging evaluation (by transabdominal US, EUS and MRCP) depicted a dilated common bile duct, intrahepatic bile ducts and dilated main pancreatic duct (up to 1 cm) with multiple stones, as well as three pseudocysts at the level of the pancreatic head and one pseudocyst at the level of the pancreatic tail. ERCP with direct cannulation and transpapillary drainage of the bile duct or pancreatic duct was unsuccessful. Consequently, a EUS-assisted rendezvous stenting of the pancreatic duct was done, with the transpapillary placement of a 5-cm stent. Biliary cannulation was also possible with the placement of a double pigtail 9-cm stent in the common bile duct. Subsequent evolution was rapidly favorable with the disappearance of the pancreatic pseudocysts on the control CT after 24 h. Conclusion: Our case clearly showed the benefit of combined draining procedures even in cases of chronic pancreatitis with multiple pseudocysts where surgical drainage was previously deemed necessary.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with obstructive jaundice： diagnosis,treatment and prognosis

Obstructive jaundice as the main clinical feature is uncommon in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Only 1-12 % of HCC patients manifest obstructive jaundice as the initial complaint. Such cases are clinically classified as “icteric type hepatoma”, or “cholestatic type of HCC”. Identification of this group of patients is important, because surgical treatment may be beneficial. HCC may involve the biliary tract in several different ways: tumor thrombosis, hemobilia,tumor compression, and diffuse tumor infiltration. Bile duct thrombosis (BDT) is one of the main causes for obstructive jaundice, and the previously reported incidence is 1.2-9 %.BDT might be benign, malignant, or a combination of both.Benign thrombi could be blood clots, pus, or sludge.Malignant thrombi could be primary intrabiliary malignant tumors, HCC with invasion to bile ducts, or metastatic cancer with bile duct invasion. The common clinical features of this type of HCC include: high level of serum AFP, history of cholangitis with dilation of intrahepatic bile duct; aggravating jaundice and rapidly developing into liver dysfunction. It is usually difficult to make diagnosis before operation, because of the low incidence rate, ignorant of this disease, and the difficulty for the imaging diagnosis to find the BDT preoperatively. Despite recent remarkable improvements in the imaging tools for diagnosis of HCC, such cases are still incorrecty diagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma or choledocholithiases. Ultrasonography (US) and CT are help fulin showing hepatic tumors and dilated intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic ducts containing dense material correspondingto tumor diebris. Direct cholangiography including percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)remains the standard procedure to delineate the presence and level of biliary obstruction. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is superior to ERCP in interpreting the cause and depicting the anatomical extent of the perihilar obstructive jaundice, and is particularly distinctive in cases associated with tight biliary stenosis and along segmental biliary stricture. Choledochoscopy and bile duct brushing cytology could be alternative useful techniques in the differentiating obstructions due to intraluminal mass,infiltrating ductal lesions or extrinsic mass compression applicable before and after duct exploration. Jaundice is not necessarily a contraindication for surgery. Most patients will have satisfactory palliation and occasional cure if appropriate procedures are selected and carried out safely, which can result in long-term resolution of symptoms and occasional long-term survival. However, the prognosis of icteric type HCC is generally dismal, but is better than those HCC patients who have jaundice caused by hepatic insufficiency.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, intraductal ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in bile duct strictures: a prospective comparison of imaging diagnostics with histopathological correlation

OBJECTIVES: A variety of imaging techniques are available to diagnose bile duct strictures; the most effective imaging technique, however, has not been established yet. In the present study, we compared the impact of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) with regard to diagnosing bile duct strictures. METHODS: We prospectively examined 33 patients with jaundice due to bile duct strictures by ERCP plus IDUS and MRCP. The objectives were to assess diagnostic quality of imaging, complete presentation of the bile duct, and differentiation of malignant from benign lesions. Surgical and histopathological correlations, which were used as the gold standard, were available in all cases since all included patients underwent laparotomy. RESULTS: Diagnostic image quality for ERCP was 88% and 76% for MRCP (p > 0.05). Comparing ERCP and MRCP, complete presentation of the biliary tract was achieved in 94% and 82%, respectively (p > 0.05). ERCP and MRCP allowed correct differentiation of malignant from benign lesions in 76% and 58% (p= 0.057), respectively. By supplementing ERCP with IDUS, the accuracy of correct differentiation of malignant from benign lesions increased significantly to 88% (p= 0.0047). CONCLUSIONS: Comparing ERCP with MRCP, we found adequate presentation of bile duct strictures in high imaging quality for both techniques. ERCP supplemented by IDUS gives more reliable and precise information about differentiation of malignant and benign lesions than MRCP alone without additional imaging sequences.