KW组合式外固定骨延长器在下肢截骨延长及骨迁移中的应用

[目的]探讨一种新型的组合式外固定延长系统在肢体短缩畸形及骨缺损中应用的方法及治疗效果。[方法]在Hoffmann II型外固定器基础上,设计出新型的KW组合式外固定骨延长器,并治疗15例肢体短缩及骨缺损患者。肢体短缩者10例,平均短缩8.7 cm(6.0～22);外伤性骨骺损伤后遗症4例,骨髓炎后遗症所致下肢不等长3例,其中4例肢体延长同时行预防性跟腱延长术,1例合并足外翻畸形行胫距关节融合术矫正,3例合并膝内翻畸形,同期或先行膝内翻截骨矫形手术;3例脊髓灰质炎后遗症合并马蹄内翻足畸形,行三踝关节融合术矫正。应用骨迁移技术治疗骨缺损患者5例,平均骨缺损长度7.3 cm(5.0～8.5 cm),其中2例合并足下垂,延长同时行跟腱延长术矫正。[结果]所有患者均达到术前预定的肢体延长长度,下肢畸形得以矫正,骨缺损修复。平均延长或迁移7.5 cm(5.5～21 cm),平均外固定时间89 d(68～343 d);平均外固定指数16.3 d/cm(9.0～32.5 d/cm),平均骨愈合指数39 d/cm(30～62 d/cm)。[结论]KW组合式外固定骨延长器操作简单,是用于治疗肢体短缩畸形和骨缺损的理想器械。     

不同骨延长器治疗肢体畸形并大段骨缺损

[目的]利用Ilizarov支架、Orthofix肢体重建系统（Orthofix LRS）及Hybrid固定系统（Hybrid Fixation System）与Orthofix LRS的组合，对不同的肢体畸形并大段骨缺损进行矫形及骨延长治疗，同时观察其疗效。[方法]自2000年8月-2004年3月分别用Ilizarov支架、Orthofix LRS及Hybrid支架与Orthofix LRS的组合进行骨痂牵开／骨段滑移治疗合并肢体畸形的大段骨缺损。畸形处采用线形／楔形截骨。畸形愈合并骨短缩者楔形截骨后进行骨痂牵开骨延长术，骨不连并畸形及短缩者接合点加压与截骨矫形骨段滑移延长同时进行。[结果]矫正股骨短缩畸形7cm1例，胫骨6例，内翻畸形2例，后成角畸形2例，混合畸形2例。平均延长5．3cm（4．5—7cm），平均延长时间3．5个月，平均延长后外固定时间7个月，无神经血管损伤，膝踝关节活动未受影响。[结论]Ilizarov支架、Orthofix LRS、Hybrid固定系统与Orthofix LRS的组合用于骨痂牵开／骨段滑移治疗合并肢体畸形的大段骨缺损均能达到矫形及骨延长的治疗目的。Orthofix LRS及Hybrid固定系统与Orthofix LRS的组合较Ilizarov支架操作简便，安全可靠，患者乐于接受。     

短缩-延长肢体治疗胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损

目的探索单纯使用Orthofix重建外固定架通过短缩一延长肢体治疗胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损的可行性。方法2001年7月～2006年7月收治胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损患者39例，其中37例为胫骨感染性骨折不愈合，2例为胫骨开放性骨折（GustiloⅢB型1例，Gustilo ⅢC型1例）。在患肢上安放Orthofix重建外固定架。清创术后小腿胫前内侧软组织平均缺损12cm（6～24cm），胫骨骨缺损平均9cm（4～22cm）。对胫骨骨缺损〈5cm的患者使用一期清创．腓骨截骨．胫骨缺损端加压。对22例胫骨缺损〉5cm的患者采用清创，腓骨截骨．短缩肢体〈5cm。对炎症局限、胫骨截骨部皮肤正常而且远离伤口的患者同期行胫骨截骨术，否则于1．0～1．5个月后二期行胫骨截骨术延长恢复肢体的长度。结果所有患者平均随访14个月（10～44个月）。骨缺损均得以重建，患肢肢体长度与健侧之差小于5mm，骨折愈合，无感染复发，创面均闭合。1例术后出现腓总神经麻痹，术后2个月恢复。4例胫骨缺损患者诉膝部疼痛。5例胫骨蠓损患者出现马蹄内翻足。2例胫骨缺损出现下胫腓分离。1例再骨折。结论使用Orthofix重建外固定架进行短缩．延长肢体是治疗胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损的有效方法，但应谨慎使用。对于软组织缺损少的小腿一期短缩的安全限度为3cm，最终短缩6cm。对于软组织缺损较大的急性胫骨开放骨折小腿一期可以短缩9cm。     

半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损

目的探讨应用半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损的手术方式和经验。方法单纯下肢短缩畸形者,分别采用股骨远端、胫骨近端或胫骨远端干骺端横行截骨,半环槽式外固定架缓慢牵伸逐渐延长;骨缺损、骨不连、假关节形成、肢体短缩者,除行干骺端截骨延长外,还必须将假关节处两骨端予以修整,使之略成“V”形互相对合嵌插,并加压固定。结果20例患者骨延长3～17cm,平均延长7.5cm,合并成角畸形者同时得到纠正,其中7例有骨缺损、骨不连、假关节形成者均得到良好愈合。结论半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损,具有方法简单、手术创伤小、不需要植骨、固定可靠、并发症少、疗效满意等优点,值得推广应用。     

骨搬移治疗胫骨感染性骨不连

目的分析骨搬移治疗胫骨感染性骨不连的临床疗效。方法2002年10月至2007年10月采用胫骨感染骨端清创、重建外固定支架加压固定及胫骨干骺端截骨骨搬移治疗胫骨感染性骨不连、纠正肢体短缩畸形45例。结果45例胫骨感染均得到一期控制,软组织缺损创面消灭,4例出现钉道感染;44例骨折愈合,1例骨折端再次形成骨不连;39例双下肢长度基本恢复一致,6例仍有1．5～3cm肢体短缩畸形存在,1例因截骨端提前愈合使肢体未能达到预期长度;术后截骨端骨延长2～9cm,平均延长6cm,无血管及神经损伤的症状出现;术后外固定支架固定6～12个月,平均8个月,所有病例延长区新骨组织形成良好。结论采用骨搬移治疗胫骨感染性骨不连,能达到一次手术兼顾控制骨端感染、消灭皮肤创面、骨折端不需植骨达到骨性愈合及均衡肢体长度的临床治疗作用,是治疗胫骨感染性骨不连的理想方法。     

清创后同期骨延长治疗胫骨创伤后感染性骨不连

[目的]探讨清创后同期行外固定支架骨延长治疗胫骨创伤后感染性骨不连的疗效.[方法]回顾性研究2000年6月～2008年6月运用外固定支架行骨延长术治疗胫骨创伤后感染性骨不连患者35例,32例患者有活动性感染征象,术前患肢平均骨缺损长度3.5 cm(1.0～7.8 cm),患肢平均短缩4.4 cm (0～8.7 cm).[结果]平均随访72.5(35～106)个月,骨不连接处全部愈合,感染得到有效控制,骨延长区骨生长满意.平均外固定指数40.7(34.2～46.9) d/cm,骨延长长度平均7.9 (4.0～10.5) cm.依据Paley的评定标准,骨愈合情况评定:优28例,良5例,一般2例;功能评定:优30例,良4例,一般1例.[结论]彻底清创后同期行骨延长治疗伴骨缺损和肢体短缩的感染性骨不连是一种较为有效的方法.     

应用Orthofix重建外固定架治疗骨缺损

目的 总结应用Orthofix重建外固定架分别利用骨运输术、一期清创 短缩肢体 截骨延长技术以及一期清创 短缩肢体 二期截骨延长技术治疗26例骨缺损的经验，探索肢体安全短缩的限度。方法 在患肢上安放Orthofix重建外固定架。对17例胫骨和2例股骨骨缺损5～22cm者行骨运输术。对5例胫骨干骨缺损小于5cm合并皮肤缺损及感染者和1例股骨干骨缺损4cm合并感染者行一期清创 短缩肢体 延长技术进行治疗。对2例胫骨缺损5cm和1例股骨干骨缺损4cm者合并感染的患者采用先一期清创 部分短缩肢体，术后继续短缩肢体，二期截骨延长恢复肢体的长度。截骨术后10～14d开始延长，每天4次，每天延长1mm。16例胫骨和2例股骨在远、近缺损端相遇后于骨缺损端行清创术和自体骨植骨术。结果 平均随访13个月。骨缺损均得以重建，患肢肢体长度完全恢复，骨折愈合，无感染复发。在5例使用一期清创 短缩 延长法的胫骨缺损和1例行一期短缩 延长法的股骨缺损患者中，3例胫骨和1例股骨短缩至4cm时出现血管危象，立即恢复1cm长度后肢体远端血运恢复。术后第3天开始继续短缩肢体，每天4mm，每天4次。1例术后出现腓总神经麻痹，术后2个月恢复。4例胫骨缺损患者诉膝部疼痛。3例胫骨缺损患者出现马蹄内翻足。2例胫骨缺损患者出现下胫腓分离。结论 应用Orthofix重建外固定架进行骨运输是治疗骨缺损的有效方法，谨慎使用短缩 延长技术。对于软组织有损伤的肢体一期短缩不应超过3cm，可以于术后第2天开始继续短缩，每天短缩4mm，每天4次，每次1mm。     

应用加压延长骨迁移技术治疗长骨缺损或短缩畸形

目的总结应用Orthofix肢体重建延长系统（LRS）治疗长骨大段骨缺损与短缩畸形的临床体会。方法10例长骨．大段缺损，平均6．6cm，其中胫骨8例、股骨1例及桡骨1例（伴短缩畸形），均为陈旧性损伤。选择患肢合适的部位进行截骨，用Orthofix LRS固定，于术后第6天开始每天延长1mm，直至延长到所需长度，继续固定患肢直到骨愈合。结果本组均获2年以上随访，骨延长最长为15cm，最短3cm；9例未经植骨达到骨性愈合，1例在延长中因两端不能完全对合，采用有限切开及植骨，术后也得到骨性愈合。结论应用Orthofix LRS系统，能安全有效地治疗肢体骨缺损和／或短缩畸形。     

骨外固定技术治疗复杂骨不连与骨缺损

目的：改进合并广泛软组织瘢痕,感染,骨缺损及肢体短缩骨不连的治疗。方法：总结1982－1999年采用骨外固定技术治疗112例骨不连的体会。所有骨不连均采用半环槽式外固定器行骨断端加压固定,对合并骨缺损及肢体短缩的部分病例,根据局部是否感染,感染静止与否,及肢体短缩的幅度,同期或二期行干骺端截骨延长术,在骨不连加压固定的同时或骨不连愈合后,重建肢体长度。结果：112例骨不连最终均达到骨性愈合。34例感染性骨不连伤口感染得到控制。非感染性骨不连骨愈合时间3－7个月,平均5．2个月;感染性骨不连骨愈合时间5－11个月,平均5．5个月。伴有肢体短缩的骨缺损,骨不连11例同期,8例二期重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡。结论：采用骨外固定技术和治疗此类骨不连,由于在远离病灶的部位穿针固定,加上避开瘢痕组织显露骨不连断端,对骨不连断端的血循环及成骨潜力干扰小;不切除硬化骨质,亦不凿通髓腔及骨断端适当的修整,可在增加骨折固定稳定性的同时进一步避免肢体短缩;加压外尤其采用细钢针交叉穿放的弹性固定有利于骨折愈事;同期或二期行干骺端截骨延长有效的重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡。     

外固定技术治疗骨折内固定术后难治性骨不连并骨缺损

目的 探讨外固定技术不植骨治疗骨折内固定术后难治性骨不连并骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 自2002年4月至2008年12月收治17例骨折内固定术后难治性骨不连及骨缺损患者,男12例,女5例;年龄ll～50岁,平均34.7岁.骨不连部位:胫骨10例,股骨5例,肱骨2例;骨不连时间8～21个月,平均16.3个月;既往接受手术次数1～3次,平均1.6次;骨缺损长度2.5～11.0 cm,平均3.5 cm.采用短缩加压结合延长和骨节段延长转位两种外固定基本方法治疗,观察骨折愈合及伤肢功能情况.结果 17例骨不连均骨性愈合,愈合时间3～21个月,平均5.2个月.12例伴有肢体短缩的骨不连并骨缺损患者同期或二期重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡,平均骨延长4.8 cm,愈合时间4～11个月,平均5.2个月,骨愈合指数平均32 d/cm.结论 采用外固定技术治疗难治性骨不连并骨缺损,其弹性固定有利于骨折愈合,干骺端截骨延长有效重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度平衡并可早期下地活动,可视为一种疗效确切的微创生物学治疗技术.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.