转移性结直肠癌局部治疗的应用

随着局部治疗的出现,传统医学观念普遍认为不可治愈的转移性结直肠癌患者,部分通过多学科的协作治疗也使得“治愈”变得不再是纸上谈兵。充分利用手术、放疗、射频消融等局部治疗手段,在全身治疗有效的大前提下使得患者达到完全的无瘤状态,从而实现晚期肿瘤患者真正意义上的“治愈”。局部治疗的地位越来越得到重视。本文针对目前在转移性结直肠癌患者中应用的主要局部治疗手段进行综述。     

Radioembolization of hepatic tumors

Unresectable primary and metastatic liver tumors are a leading cause of cancer mortality and morbidity. This remains a challenging and key task for every oncologist despite significant advances that have been made with selective targeted systemic agents and in technology advances with radiotherapy delivery. Radioembolization (RE) is a technique of permanently implanting microspheres containing Yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y), a beta-emitting isotope with a treatment range of 2 mm, into hepatic tumors. This form of brachytherapy utilizes the unique dual vascular anatomy of the liver to preferentially deliver radioactive particles via the hepatic artery to tumor, sparing normal liver parenchyma. The main treatment inclusion criteria are patients with solid tumors, compensated liver functions, life expectancy of at least three months, and ECOG performance status 0-2. Benefit of RE has been proven in patients that have low-to-moderate extrahepatic disease burden, prior liver radiotherapy, heavy prior chemotherapy and biologic agent exposure, and history of hepatic surgery or ablation. Most of the clinical evidence is reported in metastatic colorectal, and neuroendocrine tumors (NET), and primary hepatocellular cancer. A growing body of data supports the use of RE in hepatic metastatic breast cancer, intrahepatic cholangiocarinoma, and many other metastatic tumor types. Side effects are typically mild constitutional and GI issues limited to the first 7-14 days post treatment, with only 6% grade 3 toxicity reported in large series. Potentially serious or fatal radiation induced liver disease is extremely rare, reported in only 1% or fewer in major series of both metastatic and primary tumors treated with RE. Currently, high priority prospective clinical trials are testing RE combined with chemotherapy in first line therapy for colorectal hepatic metastases, and combined with sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Fortunately, this beneficial and now widely available therapy is being increasingly incorporated into the standard therapy algorithms of multidisciplinary GI cancer teams worldwide. This form of radiotherapy differs significantly from daily external beam radiotherapy in many ways, particularly in dose rate, dosimetric coverage and duration of radiation delivery, side effects, and patient selection factors. A wealth of experience using RE in solid tumors exists and ongoing major prospective clinical trials will soon clarify the role of RE in the management of metastatic colorectal liver metastases.     

基于穿刺活检的复发转移性结直肠癌患者源性异种移植模型的建立

背景与目的:现行的结直肠癌患者源性异种移植(patient-derived xenografts,PDXs)模型建模样本多来源于外科手术,但复发转移性结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC)患者手术机会少,难以获取标本.该研究旨在利用穿刺活检术建立mCRC的PDXs模型.方法:入组12例结直肠癌根治术后患者,存在临床症状和(或)影像学提示术后复发和(或)转移,需行穿刺活检明确诊断、且不存在穿刺活检禁忌证者,保留用于常规病理诊断包括基因检测的组织量后,剩余的标本用于PDXs模型的建立.结果:共成功建立7例mCRC的PDXs模型,成功率为77.8%.结论:基于穿刺活检术建立mCRC的PDXs模型成功率高,可较完整的复制原始肿瘤特性,且操作安全、简便.     

转移性结直肠癌维持治疗研究进展

结直肠癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,奥沙利铂、5-FU类制剂、伊立替康、VEGF抗体、EGFR抑制剂等药物的使用延长了晚期结直肠癌患者的5年生存率,显著改善患者的生活质量。维持治疗是指对一线治疗后获益的患者,停用某些毒副反应较大的药物,保留低毒性药物继续治疗的一种治疗模式。因此,一些临床研究评估了上述药物在转移性结直肠癌患者一线治疗获益后的维持治疗的疗效及安全性。本文就转移性结直肠癌维持治疗方案的临床研究作一综述,全面地了解转移性结直肠癌维持治疗的相关进展。     

Palliation of hepatic tumors

Palliation is treatment aimed at alleviating the symptomatic effects of a disease rather than at curing the disease. The four most common types of liver tumors that often require palliative treatment include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC), and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (mNET). Modalities employed in the palliative treatment of these tumors most often include resection, stenting, chemotherapy, radiation, ablation, and the general treatment of liver failure symptoms. Many of these modalities can be applied to the palliative care of all hepatic tumor types, regardless of the specific tumor histology--as incurable cancers often converge along a final common pathway. We herein provide a review of the therapeutic approaches to palliate hepatic tumors, as well as how such therapies are designed to alleviate the symptoms of patients with end-stage liver tumors.     

抗VEGF与抗EGFR靶向药物联合化疗一线治疗转移结直肠癌Meta分析

目的 NCCN指南推荐抗VEGF或抗EGFR作为伴RAS野生型的转移结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal canc-er,mCRC)一线治疗的标准方案,但抗VEGF与抗EGFR在转移结直肠癌预后的差异性罕见系统评价参考.本研究拟通过系统评价分析抗VEGF与抗EGFR靶向药物联合化疗对转移结直肠癌疗效的影响.方法 计算机检索Cochrane、Pubmed、Web of science、Embase、ASCO、ESMO、Clinical Trials和中国生物医学文献数据库等,同时追溯参考文献.收集抗VEGF联合化疗对比抗EGFR联合化疗治疗mCRC头对头的随机对照试验(Randomized controlled trial,RCT),根据Cochrane系统评价手册5.3质量评价标准,采用Stata 12.0和Revman 5.3进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入3篇临床随机对照试验,共2014例研究对象.Meta分析结果显示,一线给予抗EGFR或抗VEGF联合化疗的mCRC患者,无论KRAS野生型(HR=1.03,95%CI为0.93~1.13)或RAS野生型(HR=0.92,95%CI为0.71~1.18)的无进展生存期(pogression free survival,PFS)均差异无统计学意义,P<0.05.一线给予抗EGFR联合化疗方案的总生存期(overall survival,OS)KRAS野生型(HR=0.82,95%CI为0.72~0.93)和RAS野生型患者(HR=0.79,95%CI为0.67~0.93)均优于抗VEGF联合化疗,P<0.05.mCRC伴KRAS野生型患者,接受抗EGFR联合化疗客观缓解率(objective re-sponse rate,ORR)显著提高,RR=0.84,95%CI为0.76~0.94;这种优势对于所有的RAS野生型患者更加明显,RR=0.80,95%CI为0.68~0.93.无论使用抗EGFR或抗VEGF联合化疗,左半结直肠癌患者相比右半结肠癌患者有生存获益PFS(HR=0.64,95%CI为0.45~0.91)及OS(HR=0.53,95%CI为0.36~0.76).结论 mCRC伴KRAS或RAS野生型患者的一线治疗,抗EGFR单克隆抗体可能是替代抗VEGF治疗作为晚期mCRC的初始治疗的最佳治疗方案.而对于肿瘤的位置而言,无论接受何种靶向药物治疗,左半结肠肿瘤相比右半结肠肿瘤的患者都具有更好的生存优势.     

Sex differences in metastatic surgery following diagnosis of synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer

The aim was to investigate gender differences in the likelihood to receive metastatic surgery, and to compare overall survival between men and women, among patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in a population-based setting. All Swedish adult patients diagnosed with synchronous mCRC in 2007-2016 were identified using the nationwide colorectal cancer database (CRCBaSe). Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression, comparing the odds of receiving treatment. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival proportions and Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of all-cause mortality rates. All multivariable models were adjusted for age, ASA score, Charlson comorbidity index, year of diagnosis, location of primary tumor and single or multiple metastatic locations. A total of 12 201 patients met the study criteria. Women received 23% less metastatic surgery for mCRC (adjusted OR = 0.77, CI:0.69-0.86) and experienced a slightly higher mortality following diagnosis (adjusted HR = 1.09, CI:1.05-1.14). In analyses restricted to patients who received metastatic surgery, no significant differences in mortality were found. In conclusion, this population-based study showed that women less often received metastatic surgery of mCRC and experienced slightly higher all-cause mortality compared with men. The differences persisted despite adjustments of patient and cancer characteristics. Gender differences in receiving treatment are unacceptable if the underlying explanation cannot be motivated. Further studies are needed to understand if the differences are based on sex (i.e., biology) or gender (including clinically unmotivated differences in treatment approach).     

Liver-Directed Therapies: Does It Make Sense in the Current Therapeutic Strategy for Patients With Confined Liver Colorectal Metastases?

Nearly half of patients with colorectal cancer will have metastases in the course of their disease and the liver appears to be the most common location for metastases. For patients with confined hepatic colorectal metastases, complete surgical resection is the only chance for cure, with a 5-year postoperative survival rate between 35% and 50%. Over the past 5 years, combinations of chemotherapy with targeted therapies have succeeded in inducing tumoral response and have made curative surgery of initially unresectable liver metastases possible. However despite optimal preoperative treatment, disease in the majority of patients remains unresectable. For patients with liver-limited or liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), the current challenges are to explore different locoregional treatments to improve local control, overall survival (OS), and curative resection. In this way, liver-directed therapy, which is defined by injection, infusion, or embolization of chemotherapy or loaded radionuclide (with radioactive yttrium-90) microspheres into the arterial liver vasculature, has been an appealing investigational method for patients with liver-confined mCRC, in whom it has yielded reproducibly higher response rates (RRs) than conventional intravenous therapy. In this article, we propose to review, compare, and discuss the clinical benefit, the current indications, and the optimal use of liver-directed therapies for patients with liver-dominant mCRC.     

与晚期结直肠癌EGFR单克隆抗体靶向药物选择相关的分子标志物

对于转移性结直肠癌而言,如何在标准化疗的基础上进行个体化靶向治疗是目前关注的热点。KRAS基因突变被认为是转移性结直肠癌对抗表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)单克隆抗体(anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody,anti-EGFR)靶向治疗反应不佳的独立预测因素。35%～45%的转移性结直肠癌患者存在KRAS基因的突变,且对anti-EGFR治疗抵抗;同时只有50%的野生型KRAS患者对anti-EGFR治疗有效,提示EGFR下游信号通路其他分子的激活和变异可能影响了其治疗反应。EGFR依赖的2条主要信号通路RAS-RAF-MAPK和PI3K-PTEN-AKT均与anti-EGFR治疗失败有关。EGFR基因拷贝数(gene copy number,GCN)增加与结肠癌anti-EGFR的疗效相关,但EGFR GCN增加并不意味着EGFR蛋白表达增加,且EGFR表达与anti-EGFR疗效无相关性。在野生型KRAS转移性结直肠癌患者中增加对BRAF和PIK3CA基因突变以及PTEN基因表达缺失的检测可能有助于筛选anti-EGFR抵抗患者。本研究对近年来转移性结直肠癌研究中所涉及的疗效预测和预后分子标志物进行综述,以进一步指导转移性结直肠癌的个体化分子靶向治疗。     

Survival analysis and prognostic factors of palliative radiotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a propensity score analysis

BackgroundRadiation therapy (RT) is known to have beneficial effects on the palliative treatment of patients with advanced cancer. However, valid data on this treatment method are limited, especially for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This study aimed to identify prognostic factors and investigate the outcomes of mCRC patients who received palliative RT.MethodsA total of 488 mCRC patients who underwent systemic therapy with or without palliative RT between 2014 and 2019 were included in the study. Of the 488 patients, 155 received systemic treatment combined with palliative RT (RT group), while 333 were only administered systemic treatment (non-RT group). Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to eliminate possible bias, and overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method. A log-rank test was used to compare the survival outcomes of each group, and a multivariate analysis was conducted using a Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsThe RT group had a higher OS than that of the non-RT group (P=0.001). After PSM, the median OS of the RT group was 50.8 months, and for the non-RT group it was 32.2 months (P=0.003). Subgroup analysis revealed that RT had a better effect on the OS of patients who had synchronous metastasis, or who didn’t receive targeted therapy or local treatment (including surgery, ablation, and intervention). Multivariate analysis of the whole cohort showed that palliative RT was associated with improved OS. Moreover, multivariate analysis of the RT group showed that systemic therapy before RT, and the site of RT was in the liver and lung, were independent prognostic factors affecting survival time.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that systemic treatment followed by palliative RT led to a better OS for mCRC patients. This combination method can therefore be seen as a suitable treatment approach for patients with mCRC.     

A decade of advances in cytotoxic chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer

Over the past decade treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has advanced beyond single-agent fluoropyrimidine use to include various cytotoxic combination regimens and novel targeted therapies. Despite the targeted therapy era, traditional cytotoxic agents remain the mainstay of therapy. Improvements in survival in mCRC can be attributed mostly to combination therapy, with enhanced efficacy due to optimization of fluoropyrimidine dosing and the addition of irinotecan and/or oxaliplatin. Despite the enormous progress, few patients with metastatic disease are cured. To realize that ambitious goal we need a better understanding of predictive molecular markers of response, mechanisms of drug toxicity, innate and acquired drug resistance as well as how to optimize cytotoxic agents in combination with newer targeted therapies.     

Systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: current questions

A proliferation of new cytotoxic and biologic agents has led to improved survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The ability of surgery to increase long-term survival in patients with liver and/or lung metastases also has been firmly established. It has become increasingly difficult as the numbers and types of treatment options have expanded to identify optimal drug combinations, sequences, and duration and the best way to integrate systemic chemotherapy with potentially curative surgery for metastatic lesions. For this review, the authors examined how recent clinical trials have addressed some pertinent questions regarding the use of systemic chemotherapy and biologic agents in patients with mCRC.     

Viewing metastatic colorectal cancer as a curable chronic disease

Improved survival of colorectal cancer has been made over the last 3 decades; reasons may be attributed to early detection through screening, and better treatment options. Advancements in modern systemic chemotherapy for colorectal cancer include oxaliplatin-based and irinotecan-based combination and the introduction of biological agents such as bevacizumab and cetuximab. Systemic therapies need to be used in patients with high risk stage II and stage III colorectal cancer and in patients with metastatic disease. Evidence for liver resection and ablation, pulmonary metastasectomy and/or radiofrequency ablation, and cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for metastasis to sites of the liver, lung, and peritoneum respectively are well established. The biggest challenge is to select the right patients for metastasectomy and to pursue metastatic disease as a chronic disease to ensure appropriate personalized therapy, pursue second-line therapies or repeat surgeries, and minimize toxicities of therapies.     

Management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer

The liver is a frequent site of metastatic colorectal disease. Over the past 20 years, improvements in systemic chemotherapy and surgical techniques have improved the survival of patients with hepatic metastases. For 4 decades, fluorouracil and leucovorin were the only drugs available to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, but several new drugs and a variety of novel regimens are now available. Further improvements in results have been seen with the delivery of chemotherapy via the hepatic artery. Surgical resection of liver metastases has been encouraged when possible, and recent advances in surgery such as portal vein embolization, have made liver resection a possibility for more patients. This review considers the timing and sequence of chemotherapy and surgery in this setting, as well as the roles of cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, and radiation therapy.     

Capecitabine maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Objective  

To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of capecitabine maintenance therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients.     

2008年转移性结直肠癌个体化治疗进展回顾

含草酸铂或伊立替康的化疗方案作为晚期结直肠癌的标准治疗方案,使得患者总生存期超过20个月,靶向治疗药物西妥昔单抗和贝伐单抗的加入进一步提高了疗效.2008年结直肠癌治疗的重要进展是确定KRAS基因状态与抗EGFR抗体疗效的相关性.CRYSTAL、OPUS和CELIM等随机研究显示,通过K-ras检测可筛选出能从分子靶向治疗药物中获益的人群,西妥昔单抗无论是联合以奥沙利铂为基础、还是联合以伊立替康为基础的一线化疗方案,都能使KRAS野生型患者疗效显著提高,显示出西妥昔单抗在mCRC一线治疗中的优势.     

卡培他滨节拍化疗在转移性结直肠癌维持治疗中的探索性Ⅱ期研究

背景与目的：转移性结直肠癌患者一线诱导化疗后的维持治疗方案如何选择，尚存在争议。本研究将卡培他滨节拍化疗应用于转移性结直肠癌维持治疗，评估其疗效与安全性。方法：本研究是单臂、单中心探索性研究。接受一线诱导化疗（XELOX、mFOLFOX6、FOLFIRI）18~24周的转移性结直肠癌患者，评估为临床获益后接受卡培他滨500 mg，每天2次口服维持治疗，直至疾病进展。研究首要终点是无进展生存期（progression-free survival，PFS），包括卡培他滨维持治疗的PFS和诱导化疗续贯维持治疗的PFS。次要终点为总生存期（overall survival，OS）和不良反应。结果：2014年10月16日—2017年12月31日于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院接受治疗的转移性结直肠癌患者37例接受节拍化疗维持治疗。中位随访时间15.0个月（4.0~41.4个月）。节拍化疗维持治疗的中位PFS为5.6个月（1.7~38.5个月），诱导化疗续贯维持治疗的中位PFS为11.4个月（6.8~44.3个月）。主要的不良反应为白细胞减少（8/37，21.6%）、恶心呕吐（5/37，13.5%）和手足综合征（3/37，8.1%）。没有1例患者出现3~4级严重不良反应。结论：卡培他滨节拍化疗应用于转移性结直肠癌诱导化疗后维持治疗安全、有效。     

Changing trends in radiation therapy technologies in the last year of life for patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer in the United States

BACKGROUND:

Our goal was to investigate utilization trends for advanced radiation therapy (RT) technologies, such as intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), in the last year of life among patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer.

METHODS:

We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked databases to analyze claims data in the last 12 months of life for 64,525 patients diagnosed with metastatic breast, colorectal, lung, pancreas, and prostate cancers from 2000 to 2007. Logistic regression modeling was conducted to analyze potential demographic, health services, and treatment‐related variables' influences on receipt of advanced RT.

RESULTS:

Among the 19,161 (29.7%) patients who received radiation therapy, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of patients who received the simplest radiation technique (ie, 2D‐radiation therapy) (P < .0001), and significant increases in the proportions of patients receiving more advanced radiation techniques (ie, IMRT, and SRS; P < .0001 for all curves); although the rates for use of IMRT and SRS in 2007 remained under 5%. On multivariate analyses, receipt of RT varied significantly by non‐clinical characteristics such as race, marital status, neighborhood income, and SEER region. Patients who received hospice care in the last year of life were more likely to receive radiation therapy (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.30‐1.40) but less likely to be treated with IMRT (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62‐0.92).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the proportion of patients receiving RT in the last year of life for metastatic cancer did not change for most of the past decade, we observed significant trends toward more advanced radiation techniques. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

Capecitabine Plus Irinotecan Versus 5-FU/Leucovorin Plus Irinotecan in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis

BackgroundThe XELIRI regimen and FOLFIRI regimen are used as the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. A comparison of findings from different studies that examined the efficacy and safety of these 2 regimens often show conflicting results. This metaanalysis compared the XELIRI and FOLFIRI regimens in the treatment of mCRC.Patients and MethodsSix studies comparing the safety and efficacy of XELIRI- and FOLFIRI-based treatment of mCRC were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar (until January 31, 2013) databases.ResultsNo significant difference in ORR, PFS, or OS between XELIRI and FOLFIRI as first-line therapy in patients with colorectal cancer was found in this analysis. Except for XELIRI being associated with a higher incidence of diarrhea, both treatment regimens had similar safety profiles.ConclusionBoth XELIRI and FOLFIRI regimens had similar efficacy as first-line treatment in patients with mCRC with similar adverse event profiles. Our findings suggest that XELIRI and FOLFIRI are appropriate first-line treatment options for mCRC patients.     

Emergence of KRAS-mutation in liver metastases after an anti-EGFR treatment in patient with colorectal cancer: Are we aware of the therapeutic impact of intratumor heterogeneity?

Tumors represent a dynamic system where the genomic plasticity permits to adapt to the perturbation induced by environmental pressures, supporting the importance of longitudinal tumor sampling strategies to deciphering the temporal acquisition of driver event that could impact treatment outcome. We describe the case of a metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patient, RAS wild-type, who responded to anti-EGFR therapy and underwent liver surgery, revealing a KRAS mutations in the metastatic lesion, not detectable prior to initiation of therapy in the colonic biopsy. After liver surgery, the patient received chemotherapy alone, then underwent left colectomy and the final pathological report confirmed the KRAS wild-type status. We can speculate the existence of two distinct populations of KRAS wild-type and mutant CRC cells sharing the same genetic origin. The anti-EGFR treatment represented a selective pressure which allowed the selection of KRAS mutant subclones. The prognostic and /or predictive role of intratumor heterogeneity has not been assessed prospectively. Our case report is of clinical relevance because patients with mCRC who respond to anti-EGFR antibodies often develop resistance within several months of initiating therapy, thus outlining the importance to better ascertain the molecular landscape of tumors to design better therapeutic strategies.