老年II型糖尿病患者下肢动脉彩超检测及临床意义

目的:探讨老年II型糖尿病患者下肢动脉彩超检测及其临床意义。方法:对60例老年糖尿病患者(患者组)下肢动脉作自上而下的超声检测,测量血管的内径、中-内膜层(IMT)、粥样斑块及血流频谱,与同龄正常人进行比较。结果:①患者组IMT、粥样斑块较对照组明显增厚(P<0.01)。②患者组下肢动脉明显狭窄段检出率为12.64%、闭塞段检出率为1.39%,明显高于对照组的3.19%和0(P<0.01),90.11%的明显狭窄段和91.30%的闭塞段位于膝关节以下管径较小动脉。③18.8%的无症状老年糖尿病患者存在动脉明显狭窄和闭塞,患者组中有肢体症状者动脉狭窄和闭塞的检出较无症状者多。结论:高分辨率B超可清楚地显示老年II型糖尿病患者下肢动脉内膜和斑块,结合CDFI及频谱检测可以对狭窄程度和闭塞作出判断,尤其适于膝关节以下管径较小的动脉。     

彩色多普勒超声对2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检查对2型糖尿病(DM)患者下肢动脉病变的诊断价值。方法105例2型DM患者与57例正常对照组进行下肢动脉彩色多普勒超声检查对比,观察其内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、粥样硬化斑块、管腔狭窄部位、管腔闭塞部位及血流动力学情况。结果①下肢动脉动脉病变的发生率,2型DM组明显高于对照组(P0.01);②2型DM组下肢动脉粥样硬化斑块、狭窄、闭塞的发生率明显高于对照组,2型DM组所致下肢动脉粥样硬化为弥漫性或多节段性,对照组动脉粥样硬化多为血管分叉处局灶性病变;③有下肢症状组动脉狭窄和闭塞检出率明显高于无症状组(P0.01);④病程较长组动脉狭窄及闭塞检出率明显高于病程较短组(P0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声检查对2型DM下肢动脉病变早期诊断、预防及早期治疗具有重要的临床价值。     

超声对2型糖尿病患者颈部及下肢动脉病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声对2型糖尿病患者颈部及下肢动脉病变的诊断价值.方法选取2型糖尿病患者127例（糖尿病组）,其中检查颈部动脉56例,检查下肢动脉71例;另选同期年龄相近非糖尿病患者151例（对照组）,其中检查颈部动脉68例,检查下肢动脉83例,比较分析两组患者血管形态、血管壁内-中膜厚度（IMT）、有无斑块、管腔狭窄或闭塞及血流动力学改变情况.结果糖尿病组颈部及下肢动脉IMT明显增厚,管腔的硬化斑块、狭窄及闭塞的发生率明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.颈动脉斑块以颈总动脉分叉处及颈内动脉最多见;糖尿病组所致下肢动脉粥样硬化多呈弥漫性,以双侧及多节段性分布,管腔狭窄、闭塞以腘动脉以下远端的足背动脉、胫前动脉、胫后动脉受累最为明显.而对照组病变多为单发,局灶性.结论 超声对2型糖尿病患者颈部及下肢动脉病变的早期诊断,可为临床预防和治疗2型糖尿病提供依据.     

老年2型糖尿病并发缺血性脑卒中与颈动脉内膜中层厚度及视网膜病变的相关性研究

【目的】探讨老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）并发缺血性脑卒中与颈动脉狭窄及视网膜病变程度的相关性。【方法】老年T2DM 患者161例,并发脑卒中58例（脑卒中组）,非脑卒中103例（非脑卒中组）。超声检测两组患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）,并行眼底检查。【结果】两组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生部位多见于颈总动脉近分叉处,脑卒中组颈动脉不稳定性斑块的检出率、颈动脉 IMT值显著高于非脑卒中组（P＜0．05）,且脑卒中组单纯型糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）及增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）患者 IMT值、颈动脉不稳定斑块数检出率均显著高于非脑卒中组（P＜0．05）;相关性分析显示 IMT与眼底病变程度显著相关（r＝0．5509,P ＜0．05）。【结论】颈动脉 IMT和视网膜病变程度与老年T2DM并发缺血性脑卒中存在相关性。     

糖尿病合并下肢动脉硬化彩色多普勒超声观察分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病（DM）患者下肢动脉超声特征及血流动力学变化。方法2型DM患者80例,男50例,女30例,年龄38-75岁;对照组50例,男女各25例,年龄40-75岁。应用PHILIPSIU-22型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,观察下肢动脉内-中膜（IMT）厚度、斑块大小、狭窄及闭塞情况。结果2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉粥样硬化发生率明显高于对照组;DM患者的年龄和发病年限与下肢动脉粥样硬化病变率有关;狭窄处血流速度增高,较严重者足背动脉呈单项双峰,频谱消失。结论2型糖尿病与下肢动脉粥样硬化显著相关,彩色多普勒超声能准确地反映2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉损害的情况,早期诊断糖尿病患者下肢血管病变,对治疗和预后具有重要的临床参考价值。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉及下肢动脉的超声特征

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)观察2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉、下肢动脉的形态学特征及血流动力学变化,探讨2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉、下肢动脉粥样硬化的超声特征.方法 选择2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者208例,观察及测定颈动脉和下肢动脉的内-中膜厚度(IMT)、动脉粥样硬化斑块情况、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)及动脉频谱形态.结果 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉及下肢动脉IMT均增厚,但颈动脉不稳定斑块检出率高于下肢动脉(P<0.05);下肢动脉狭窄程度比颈动脉严重(P<0.01);颈动脉RI、PI升高,而下肢动脉无明显改变.结论 CDFI显示2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉及下肢动脉IMT增厚,颈动脉比下肢动脉更容易检出不稳定斑块,但其狭窄程度不及下肢动脉严重.     

单纯2型糖尿病、糖尿病前期与颈动脉病变的超声研究评价

目的：应用超声技术评价单纯2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者的颈动脉病变情况,为早期诊断和治疗糖尿病提供临床依据。方法随机选取于该院接收治疗的68例单纯2型糖尿病患者,102例糖尿病前期患者,对照组50例为研究对象,分为单纯2型糖尿病组、糖尿病前期组和对照组。对以上被试者均进行颈动脉超声的影像学分析,测量患者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）、斑块的大小、位置和斑块回声强度、测量动脉内血流动力学数据、管径狭窄及闭塞情况。结果糖尿病前期组和单纯2型糖尿病组患者的双侧颈总动脉（CCA）、颈总动脉分叉处（BIF）及IMT与对照组相比均有所增加。此外,单纯2型糖尿病组患者的CCA、BIF及IMT较糖尿病前期组患者有显著增加;糖尿病前期组和单纯2型糖尿病组患者的IMT增厚、斑块检出情况、血流阻力指数与对照组相比均有所增加（P＜0．05）。此外,单纯2型糖尿病组患者的IMT增厚、斑块检出情况、血流阻力指数较糖尿病前期组患者有显著增加（P＜0．05）;糖尿病前期组和单纯2型糖尿病组患者的动脉狭窄总发生率与对照组相比均有所增加。此外,单纯2型糖尿病组患者的动脉狭窄总发生率较糖尿病前期组患者有显著增加（P＜0．05）。结论颈动脉超声检查可以对糖尿病前期及糖尿病患者达到早发现、早治疗的目的,具有重要的临床意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在老年糖尿病患者足背动脉病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对老年糖尿病患者足背动脉病变的诊断价值.方法对60例非糖尿病者和90例2型糖尿病患者应用7.5～12 MHz探头彩色多普勒超声检测其血管内径,峰值流速、血流量、谱宽度等血流动力学指标以及粥样斑块、狭窄、闭塞等病理改变.结果2D超声显示糖尿病患者足背动脉的管壁增厚,伴管腔动脉粥样斑块、管腔狭窄及部分闭塞,彩色多普勒显示病变血管有不同程度的远端血流减慢;糖尿病病人病程超过4年时发生足背动脉病变的病例数明显增多.结论彩色多普勒超声结合频谱检测可以判断糖尿病患者足背动脉狭窄或闭塞的程度.     

彩超对老年高血压及糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的评价与分析

目的探讨彩超在观察老年高血压及糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化中的应用。方法应用超声分别对正常组（A组）、高血压患者组（B组）及高血压合并糖尿病组（C组）的颈部动脉的粥样斑块形成情况及颈总动脉血流频谱数值的变化。结果高血压患者和高血压合并糖尿病患者的颈部动脉血管的超声多支异常明显增多,并且两组的各项颈动脉血流动力学的指标较正常组明显异常,均以高血压合并糖尿病最为严重。结论高血压合并糖尿病会增加老年人颈动脉粥样斑块的发生几率,彩超检查对该病的诊断提供确切的证据,对病情的评价有很大的帮助。     

下肢动脉血栓形成所致血管狭窄的彩超诊断及定量分析

本文应用彩超检查了下肢动脉血栓形成患者50例。二维图像显示血栓形成；彩色多普勒（CD-FI）彩色血流束包绕血栓，血栓附着于血管壁导致管腔狭窄。狭窄度＜25％时，远端脉冲多普勒频谱无明显变化；狭窄度达25％～50％时，动脉远端血流速度下降，但脉冲多普勒频谱无原则变化；狭窄度＞50％时，动脉远端脉冲多普勒频谱为收缩期峰值速度降低的单相波形；闭塞时，血流信号消失。讨论了血栓形成致血管狭窄程度的分级及其与临床体征的相关性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.