经正中切口Ⅰ期矫治小儿主动脉弓中断及合并畸形

目的探讨经胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期矫治小儿主动脉弓中断及合并畸形的手术方法和治疗效果。方法2002年7月-2005年10月手术治疗主动脉弓中断及合并畸形13例。男5例,女8例;年龄23 d-1．8岁,平均(4．5±2．4)个月,其中小于3个月8例(61．5％);体重3．0-8．0kg,平均(4．6±1．4)kg;A型8例,B型5例。13例患儿均在深低温停循环下经胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期矫正主动脉弓中断及合并畸形。结果死亡3例:死于肺动脉高压危象1例,心跳骤停1例,急性心包填塞1例;再次手术1例。10例随访2个月-3年,恢复良好。结论经胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期矫治主动脉弓中断及合并畸形效果良好;应在婴儿期尽早手术治疗。     

小婴儿先天性主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形的Ⅰ期手术治疗

目的总结小婴儿主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形Ⅰ期手术治疗经验。方法2001年9月~2004年8月,手术治疗小婴儿主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形10例。男性7例,女性3例,手术年龄18d~7个月,平均年龄(3.37±2.45)个月,平均体重(5.33±1.72)kg。所有病例术前均有反复呼吸道感染史,病例分型A型7例,B型3例。均采用胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期手术纠治主动脉弓中断和心内畸形。结果全组病例均存活,随访3个月~3年,恢复良好。结论小婴儿主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形采用胸骨正中切口,操作简便,术野暴露清楚,创伤小,有利于术后恢复。由于该病早期发生肺动脉高压,宜尽早手术。     

幼儿主动脉弓中断二例

2008年8月我们成功为2例A型主动脉弓中断幼儿经胸骨正中切口行Ⅰ期手术矫治,现报告如下. 病例1:男,1岁,体重10kg.发现心脏杂音1年入院.查体:BP上肢140/80 mmHg,下肢100/60 mmHg.无特殊面容.     

婴儿主动脉弓阻塞病变的外科治疗

目的 总结8年来56例婴儿主动脉弓阻塞病变的外科治疗经验.方法 2001年5月至2009年6月,本院采取经正中切口一期矫治婴儿主动脉弓阻塞病变56例,其中男32例,女24例;年龄16 d至11个月;体重2.3～7.3 kg;主动脉弓中断A型22例,B型3例;主动脉缩窄31例.合并室间隔缺损（VSD）及动脉导管未闭（PDA）55例,房间隔缺损（ASD）6例,右室双出口（DORV）1例,完全性大动脉转位（TGA）1例.均采取经胸骨正中切口深低温停循环下一期矫治手术,采用降主动脉与主动脉弓端端吻合41例,端侧吻合前壁自体心包片加宽弓成形15例.对合并圆锥部VSD者,为避免远期左室流出道梗阻采用0.4 mm Gore-Tex补片Luciani法修补VSD.结果 围术期死亡2例,病死率3.57%;出现喉返神经损伤2例,跨主动脉弓压差3例,均＜20 mmHg.54例存活患儿随访4个月至8年,生长发育良好,无远期主动脉狭窄及左室流出道梗阻,无神经系统并发症.多普勒超声测定跨修复点压力阶差（1.5±0.7）kPa,较术前（6.7±2.3）kPa,显著降低（t=2.51,P＜0.05）.结论 婴儿主动脉弓阻塞合并心内畸形宜早期手术治疗,经胸骨正中切口一期矫治手术安全有效.     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的治疗策略

目的 总结婴幼儿主动脉缩窄(CoA)合并心内畸形的治疗经验.方法 2003年1月至2009年12月手术治疗21例CoA合并心内畸形患儿.15例患儿行左侧开胸矫治CoA,正中开胸修补心内畸形;6例正中开胸同时矫治CoA和心内畸形.结果 因低心排血量综合征和多器官功能衰竭死亡2例,病死率为9.5%.呼吸机应用7 h～13 d,ICU住院时间3～18 d.术后无神经系统并发症,超声检查无残余主动脉缩窄.结论 术前避免漏诊、尽早手术、选择正中切口一期根治、术后严防并发症是CoA矫治手术成功的关键.     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的治疗策略

目的 总结婴幼儿主动脉缩窄(CoA)合并心内畸形的治疗经验.方法 2003年1月至2009年12月手术治疗21例CoA合并心内畸形患儿.15例患儿行左侧开胸矫治CoA,正中开胸修补心内畸形;6例正中开胸同时矫治CoA和心内畸形.结果 因低心排血量综合征和多器官功能衰竭死亡2例,病死率为9.5%.呼吸机应用7 h～13 d,ICU住院时间3～18 d.术后无神经系统并发症,超声检查无残余主动脉缩窄.结论 术前避免漏诊、尽早手术、选择正中切口一期根治、术后严防并发症是CoA矫治手术成功的关键.     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄伴室间隔缺损的Ⅰ期纠治

目的总结婴幼儿主动脉缩窄伴室间隔缺损胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期纠治的手术方法和临床经验。方法2000年1月~2004年5月,采用胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期纠治17例主动脉缩窄伴室间隔缺损患儿,月龄1~41个月;体重3.0~13kg,平均为(6.32±2.35)kg。主动脉缩窄位于导管前11例,邻近动脉导管处6例;其中4例伴主动脉弓发育不良。9例伴有动脉导管未闭,17例均伴有室间隔缺损。结果本组17例中,1例于矫治术后第2d死于肺动脉高压危象;余16例术后恢复良好,其中14例上下肢动脉压差消失,另2例上下肢动脉压差24h内降至15mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),72h后压差消失。随访至今超声心动图检查无假性动脉瘤或主动脉再狭窄。结论采用胸骨正中切口Ⅰ期纠治主动脉缩窄伴室间隔缺损,可同时纠治并发的主动脉弓部发育不良,降低了残余梗阻的发生率。Ⅰ期矫治还具有明显降低手术费用,减少患儿二次手术痛苦的优点。Ⅰ期手术在死亡率和并发症方面与Ⅱ期手术没有显著性差异。     

新生儿期根治主动脉弓中断伴合并畸形

目的介绍新生儿围术期主动脉弓中断伴合并畸形的治疗经验。方法全组13例,年龄3～28d,平均体重3．5kg,伴发畸形有主肺动脉窗、有心室双出口Taussig—Bing畸形、右肺动脉起源于升主动脉、室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损、左室流出道梗阻、动脉导管未闭等。均一期行主动脉弓中断及伴发畸形根治术。结果手术死亡1例。随访中轻度吻合口梗阻1例。结论主动脉弓中断是一种少见的先天性心脏病,新生儿期死亡率高,一经发现须及时采取一期解剖根治手术。     

先天性主动脉缩窄29例临床分析

目的 总结我院心脏中心小儿主动脉缩窄的治疗、监护经验.方法 先天性主动脉阻塞性疾病患儿29例,包括主动脉缩窄28例,主动脉弓离断2例,主动脉双弓1例,单纯性主动脉缩窄3例,合并其他心内畸形23例.年龄15 d～6岁,5 kg以下患儿占40%.单纯主动脉阻塞采用侧开胸左后外侧第4肋间进胸,游离主动脉弓降部,结扎切断动脉导管,切除缩窄段,行端端吻合;对合并心内畸形和其他血管畸形的主动脉狭窄的患儿实施Ⅰ期手术,同时矫治心内畸形与血管畸形.结果 本组患儿29例,手术当日上下肢血压收缩压方面,下肢大于上肢者占68%,一致者(<5mm Hg)占21%,下肢小于上肢者占11%.1例因撤机困难放弃治疗;1例死亡.结论 单纯主动脉阻塞性疾病或合并其他心内畸形的患儿应早期手术治疗,Ⅰ期根治术安全、有效.     

先天性主动脉缩窄29例临床分析

目的 总结我院心脏中心小儿主动脉缩窄的治疗、监护经验.方法 先天性主动脉阻塞性疾病患儿29例,包括主动脉缩窄28例,主动脉弓离断2例,主动脉双弓1例,单纯性主动脉缩窄3例,合并其他心内畸形23例.年龄15 d～6岁,5 kg以下患儿占40%.单纯主动脉阻塞采用侧开胸左后外侧第4肋间进胸,游离主动脉弓降部,结扎切断动脉导管,切除缩窄段,行端端吻合;对合并心内畸形和其他血管畸形的主动脉狭窄的患儿实施Ⅰ期手术,同时矫治心内畸形与血管畸形.结果 本组患儿29例,手术当日上下肢血压收缩压方面,下肢大于上肢者占68%,一致者(<5mm Hg)占21%,下肢小于上肢者占11%.1例因撤机困难放弃治疗;1例死亡.结论 单纯主动脉阻塞性疾病或合并其他心内畸形的患儿应早期手术治疗,Ⅰ期根治术安全、有效.     

小儿主动脉缩窄的外科治疗

目的 回顾和总结小儿主动脉缩窄的外科治疗经验。方法 66例患儿，年龄20d～8．5岁。21例单纯CoA，45例同时合并心内畸形。单纯CoA从左后外侧第4肋间进胸。若合并有心内畸形，早期9例患儿先左后外侧肋间进胸纠治CoA，再正面开胸体外循环下纠治心内畸形，2000年1月之后，35例采取正中劈开胸骨，体外循环下Ⅰ期纠治CoA和心内畸形。另有1例分期手术。纠治CoA方法主要有：缩窄段切除行端端吻合或端侧吻合术，补片扩大成形术和左锁骨下动脉瓣翻转成形术。结果 患儿术后早期下肢动脉血压超过上肢47例，与上肢相同13例，仍低于上肢6例，无一例发生肾功能衰竭和截瘫。死亡2例(1例死于严重心力衰竭，另1例死于心律失常)。随访39例，下肢动脉血压超过上肢34例，相同4例，1例伴有主动脉弓发育不良术后6个月仍存在缩窄(上肢血压高于下肢35mmHg)。3例有声音嘶哑，远期随访无高血压出现。结论 单纯主动脉缩窄或合并心内畸形宜早期手术治疗，Ⅰ期根治术是安全和有效的。     

主肺动脉窗25例临床分析

目的 分析主肺动脉窗（APW）的发病、分型和伴发畸形情况,总结诊断及治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属儿科医院2003至2013年诊治的25例APW患儿的临床症状、病理分型、合并畸形、诊断、治疗和预后资料。结果 25例APW患儿进入分析,男14例,女11例,年龄5 d至13岁（6月龄以下12例）,占同期住院先天性心脏病患儿的0.18%。Ⅰ型5例（20%）,Ⅱ型16例（60%）,Ⅲ型1例（4%）,Ⅴ型3例（12%）。单纯APW 10例,APW合并单纯卵圆孔未闭3例;余12例（48.0%）均合并其他需纠正的心血管畸形,其中合并单纯房间隔缺损（ASD）1例,单纯动脉导管未闭（PDA）2例,单纯室间隔缺损(VSD)3例,右室双出口和ASD 1例,主动脉瓣狭窄和右位主动脉弓1例,肺动脉瓣闭锁伴VSD、右位主动脉弓、永存左上腔静脉1例, 主动脉弓离断及PDA 3例。超声心动图诊断17例,误诊或漏诊8例（32%）中5例通过心导管检查及造影诊断,3例外科术中诊断。25例均有不同程度肺动脉高压,其中2例心导管检查评估为阻力性肺动脉高压,4例家长放弃诊治,其余19例施行一期根治术,术后死亡2例（10.5%）。17例术后随访3个月至9年3个月,平均（23±27）个月,其中15例临床无症状,复查超声心动图APW修补无残余,肺动脉压力逐渐下降至正常。结论 APW缺损主要发生在主动脉远端,常伴有间隔缺损、PDA和主动脉弓病变等;超声心动图为首选检查方法,但必要时需行心导管检查及造影。APW患儿易早期发生肺动脉高压,一经诊断尽早手术,可获得较好的中长期疗效。     

Interrupted aortic arch in infancy: A 10-year experience

Summary Fifty infants with interrupted aortic arch (IAA), admitted between 1979 and 1988, were reviewed. They usually presented early in severe cardiac failure or shock. In the initial 5-year period, 17 of the 21 infants underwent diagnostic or confirmatory cardiac catheterization, in contrast with the latter 5 years when only eight of the subsequent 29 patients underwent catheterization. Since 1987, all patients underwent surgery after cross-sectional echocardiography. Fifteen infants had a type A IAA and 35 had type B. All had associated cardiac anomalies. Four infants were not operated on.In the initial 5-year period, of 17 infants who were surgically treated, four had a one-stage total repair, the remaining had a two-stage repair with initial reconstruction of the arch and pulmonary artery banding. There was an overall surgical mortality of 65%, reffecting the precarious state of many of these infants before surgery with a significant contribution from unrelieved subaortic stenosis.In the latter 5-year period, 29 underwent surgery, 22 had a one-stage total repair. There were three deaths, all in infants whose active treatment was withdrawn. The outcome of the survivors has generally been good, subsequent surgery being mainly related to the associated anomalies (e.g., recurrent subaortic stenosis, conduit replacement).Over this 10 year period the greater accuracy of noninvasive diagnoses, and perioperative intensive care, have led to an improvement in the preoperative state of these infants. Singlestage total repair is our procedure of choice.Presented in part to the Third World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology, Bangkok, November 1989.     

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目的分析主动脉弓离断(IAA)的发病情况,总结诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属儿童医院1995—2004年收治的21例IAA患儿的临床资料。结果21例IAA患儿年龄在12d至11岁(中位数1·5个月),男11例,女10例。占同期先天性心脏病患儿的0·1%。其中A型18例(占85·7%),B型3例(占14·3%),无C型病例。所有病例均合并粗大动脉导管未闭及大型室间隔缺损,其它伴发畸形包括继发孔房间隔缺损、主动脉瓣单瓣或两瓣畸形、主动脉瓣下狭窄。超声心动图明确诊断10例,提示IAA或重度缩窄8例,未提示主动脉弓病变3例,漏诊率为14·3%。21例中3例超声心动图诊断比较明确且患儿心功能差,未做心导管检查直接手术治疗,术中发现与超声心动图一致;9例施行手术治疗;2例分期手术均为年长儿,手术效果理想;余7例施行一期根治术(6例为3个月以下婴儿,1例为5岁男孩),其中4例手术顺利,术后恢复好,3例围手术期死亡,死亡原因分别为术后室颤、鱼精蛋白过敏和术后严重肺炎呼吸衰竭。结论超声心动图为初步诊断IAA的重要方法,但有一定漏诊率,确诊宜结合心导管检查及心血管造影;婴儿期治疗采取一期根治术,病死率仍较高,围手术期并发症是导致死亡主要原因。     

Multislice CT angiography of interrupted aortic arch

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is defined as complete luminal and anatomic discontinuity between the ascending and descending aorta. Because almost all patients with IAA become critically ill during the neonatal period, they should undergo urgent corrective surgery. This clinical urgency necessitates a fast and accurate noninvasive diagnostic method. Although echocardiography remains the primary imaging tool for this purpose, it is not always sufficient for planning surgical correction of IAA, principally due to a limited acoustic window and the inexperience of imagers. In this context, multislice CT angiography is regarded as an appropriate imaging technique complementary to echocardiography because it is fast, accurate, and objective for the diagnosis of IAA. In this article we describe what cardiac radiologists should know about IAA in their clinical practice, including clinicopathological features, CT features with contemporary surgical methods and postoperative complications, and differentiation from coarctation of the aorta and aortic arch atresia.     

主动脉弓中断的外科治疗进展

主动脉弓中断足一种少见的先天性心脏病,在前列腺素E1未能普遍应用于临床之前,其病死率很高.早期的手术治疗主要采用分期纠治,包括一期重建主动脉弓,二期纠治其他心内畸形,其病死率高且社会经济负担较重.从20世纪90年代起,随着外科技术及围术期监护、体外及麻醉技术的不断提高,主动脉弓中断合并其他相关心内畸形多采用一期纠治.主动脉弓中断的手术死亡率已明显降低,但针对其存在较高的远期再狭窄及左室流出道梗阻,外科治疗仍存在较大的挑战,文章就此对其外科治疗及相关进展以及有关远期并发症的发牛进行综述.     

Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion in children with conotruncal heart defects: frequency,associated cardiovascular anomalies,and outcome following cardiac surgery

The association of conotruncal heart defects with 22q11.2 chromosomal microdeletions is well established. However, it is not clear whether particular types of conotruncal malformations or additional cardiovascular anomalies are associated with microdeletions. In addition, cardiac surgery outcome in children with conotruncal defects and del22q11.2 is not well described. We prospectively enrolled 214 children with conotruncal defects: 126 with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 18 with pulmonary atresia-ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD), 15 with truncus arteriosus communis (TAC) type I, one with interrupted aortic arch (IAA) type B, and 54 with the transposition of great arteries, who were consecutively hospitalized at the Pediatric Cardiology Department between 2003 and 2005. 22q11.2 microdeletion was identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The postoperative course following cardiac surgery was compared in patients with TOF and its more severe form, PA-VSD, with/without del22q11.2 (groups A and B) and TAC with/without del22q11.2 (groups C and D). In 15 of 214 patients, 22q11.2 microdeletion was diagnosed (in 11 with TOF/PA-VSD, in three with TAC, in one with IAA type B). In patients with TOF/PA-VSD and microdeletion anatomic features that were significantly associated with 22q11.2, deletion included right aortic arch (p = 0.018), aberrant right subclavian artery (p < 0.001), and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (p = 0.016). A complicated postoperative course was more frequent and mortality was higher in patients with conotruncal defects and with/without microdeletion. We conclude that additional cardiovascular anomalies are significantly more frequent in children with 22q11.2 microdeletion and TOF/PA-VSD. Children with conotruncal heart defects and 22q11.2 microdeletion more frequently experienced complicated postoperative course after cardiac surgery.     

Ipsilateral hemangioma and aortic arch anomalies in posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta, and cardiac defects and eye abnormalities (PHACE) anomaly: report and review

Posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta, and cardiac defects and eye abnormalities (PHACE) is a rare congenital anomaly with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations with a striking female predominance. We describe an infant with PHACE anomaly and aortic coarctation who underwent cardiac catheterization to clearly define the complex anatomy of the aortic lesion before surgical repair. Review of the literature documents a highly significant association between ipsilateral hemangiomas and cerebrovascular and aortic arch anomalies. We conclude that cardiac catheterization is required to define the complex anatomy of aortic lesions and should be performed in all patients with PHACE and evident aortic involvement to plan appropriate and safe surgical repair.