阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的心率变异性分析

目的:分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者的心率变异性(HRV),探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对HRV的影响。 方法:对118例鼾症患者行多导睡眠图监测,根据呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)分为OSAS组(AHI≥5,n=56)与非OSAS组(AHI<5,n=62),分别观察两组患者觉醒期及睡眠期的心率变异性指标,包括:正常RR间期平均值及其标准差值(SDNN)、正常RR间期差值均方根(rMSSD)、低频峰(LF,0.04-0.10 Hz)、高频峰(HF,>0.15 Hz)、总频谱(TP,0-0.4 Hz)。 结果:OSAS组觉醒期与睡眠期各项指标均低于同期非OSAS组,均有显著差异(P<0.05-0.01),非OSAS组组内比较觉醒期与睡眠期的各指标差异有显著性(P<0.05-0.01)。 结论:OSAS对心率变异性有较大影响,且在睡眠的不同阶段有着不均衡的影响,这可能是OSAS患者发生恶性心律失常等严重心脏事件甚至猝死的重要原因,应予以积极防治及进一步研究。     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Referral Population in India

There are few published studies of obstructive sleep apnea in the Asian subcontinent. The objectives were to describe the syndrome and evaluate the utility of computed tomography (CT) cephalometry in patients found to have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by polysomnography. This article reports on a retrospective case series in a referral population. A total of 880 patients (560 males and 320 females) were seen in a referral center in Hyderabad, South India, during the last 7 years. All patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated with 16-channel polysomnogram by overnight sleep study; 600 subjects (68%; 480 males and 120 females) underwent evaluation with CT cephalometry. Mean age was 51.4 ± 9.5 years (standard deviation). The mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 27.93 ± 3.8. The majority of patients had more than 10 AHI; mean percentage of sleep efficiency was 80.62 ± 15.38; mean percentage of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was 13.79 ± 7.89; mean awake arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) was 90%; mean sleep SaO₂ was 84% ± 4.4%; mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score was 12.3 ± 2.8. The tongue base area (TBA) was found to be significantly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with mean TBA 1032.8 ± 427 mm² compared with normal controls at 561.1 ± 197.6 mm² (p < 0.001). Mean gonion-gnathion-hyoid angle (Go-Gn-H) was 28.5 ± 10.5 in OSA and 16 ± 16.7 in controls; uvula area was 452.5 ± 145.8 mm² in OSA and 221.4 ± 49.85 mm² in controls; uvula diameter was 13.8 ± 2.74 mm in OSA and 10.1 ± 1.72 mm in controls. A total of 704 patients with OSA (80%) were found to be hypertensive, with daytime mean blood pressure of 160/100 ± 8.5/4.8 mm Hg. Mean duration of reported hypertension was 2 years. The present study showed moderate to severe OSA in a majority of suspected cases referred for polysomnogram. Mild disease was seen in 20.45% of patients (n = 180). On CT cephalometry, the TBA correlated significantly with OSA; hypertension is common in patients with OSA.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与冠心病的相关性及临床特点

目的了解国人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患者中冠心病(CAD)的发生率,并探讨两者之间关系和临床特点。方法对2009年01月-2010年6月以胸痛待查入住阜外医院心内科五区行冠状动脉造影(CAG)的患者,进行多导睡眠呼吸监测,收集其临床资料和常规生化指标。结果 257例患者入选,无OSA组、轻度OSA、中度OSA和重度OSA中,经CAG确诊CAD的患者分别为44.6%:60.0%:70.5%:72.1%(P0.01);Logistic回归分析,最低血氧饱和度与CAD的发生显著相关(P=0.024)。结论 CAD的发生率在OSA患者中明显增加,随着OSA的严重程度呈递增趋势;多元回归分析,OSA是冠心病的独立危险因素。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压关系的研究进展

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种睡眠时呼吸停止的睡眠障碍.最常见的原因是上呼吸道阻塞,经常以大声打鼾、身体抽动或手臂甩动结束,主要以睡眠中反复发作的呼吸暂停或低通气导致的低氧血症及高碳酸血症为特点.主要分为中枢型、阻塞型及混合型,其中以阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)最为常见,是多种全身性疾病的危险因素,肥胖、年纪大、肌肉松弛的人群高发.多导睡眠图(PSG)是诊断此病的金标准,量化指标是呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)及夜间最低血氧饱和度.研究表明,OSAS常与高血压、冠心病、脑卒中等疾病并存[1],这一现象受到越来越多的心脑血管专家的关注.值得指出的是,流行病学及临床研究证实OSAS与高血压之间存在密切因果关系[2-4].本文主要就阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与高血压的关系进行综述.     

Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea on the Internet: Randomized Trial

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea is underdiagnosed. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of an online intervention to promote obstructive sleep apnea screening among members of an Internet weight-loss community.

Methods

Members of an Internet weight-loss community who have never been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea or discussed the condition with their healthcare provider were randomized to intervention (online risk assessment + feedback) or control. The primary outcome was discussing obstructive sleep apnea with a healthcare provider at 12 weeks.

Results

Of 4700 members who were sent e-mail study announcements, 168 (97% were female, age 39.5 years [standard deviation 11.7], body mass index 30.3 [standard deviation 7.8]) were randomized to intervention (n = 84) or control (n = 84). Of 82 intervention subjects who completed the risk assessment, 50 (61%) were low risk and 32 (39%) were high risk for obstructive sleep apnea. Intervention subjects were more likely than control subjects to discuss obstructive sleep apnea with their healthcare provider within 12 weeks (11% [9/84] vs 2% [2/84]; P = .02; relative risk = 4.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.002-20.21). The number needed to treat was 12. High-risk intervention subjects were more likely than control subjects to discuss obstructive sleep apnea with their healthcare provider (19% [6/32] vs 2% [2/84]; P = .004; relative risk = 7.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.68-37.02). One high-risk intervention subject started treatment for obstructive sleep apnea.

Conclusion

An online screening intervention is feasible and likely effective in encouraging members of an Internet weight-loss community to discuss obstructive sleep apnea with their healthcare provider.     

慢性心力衰竭合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的临床表现和超声心动图特点

目的了解心力衰竭(HF)合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)患者的临床表现和超声心动图特点。方法连续入选2003年11月-2005年8月住院慢性心力衰竭患者,进行睡眠呼吸监测和超声心动图检查。睡眠呼吸暂停指发生在睡眠过程中与睡眠相关的呼吸调节和上呼吸道开放调节失常的病理生理改变,一次呼吸暂停定义为气流停止≥10s,睡眠呼吸暂停定义为睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥10次/h。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停和低通气分别是源于完全或部分狭窄咽腔的塌陷,鼻气流消失而胸腹运动存在,超过总呼吸暂停事件的50%。低通气定义为气流与基础水平比较减低50%以上,同时伴有脉搏血氧饱和度降低≥3%。结果 223例符合标准的慢性心力衰竭患者入选,160例心力衰竭[160/223(71.7%)]合并有睡眠呼吸暂停,其中心力衰竭合并OSA为HF+OSA组[n=77;77/223(34.5%)],不合并睡眠呼吸暂停的心力衰竭患者为HF组[n=63;63/223(28.3%)]。HF+OSA组的升主动脉内径大于HF组[(31.7±4.2)比(29.7±3.7)mm,(P0.05)],HF+OSA组的左室后壁厚度大于HF组[(9.32±1.39)比(8.72±1.44)mm,(P0.05)]。Logistic回归分析显示,心力衰竭合并OSA者的独立危险因素是年龄(OR=1.068)和高血压病史(OR=3.76),其显著临床特点是习惯性打鼾(OR=8.29)。结论高龄和有原发性高血压病史的心力衰竭患者易合并OSA。心力衰竭合并OSA患者显著临床特点是习惯性打鼾,超声心动图特点是升主动脉内径增宽,左室后壁厚度增厚。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压的关系

目的探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者中高血压的患病情况。方法选取90例有睡眠打鼾的儿童,实施多导睡眠监测并同步进行24 h 动态血压监测。按呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为(OSAS 组(AHI≥5次/h)和对照组(AHI<5次/h),比较两组的临床血压指数值、高血压的发病率和非杓型血压的情况。结果 1)OSAS 组的体质量指数(BMI)、氧减指数(ODI)和睡眠期间血氧饱和度<92%的时间(TST92%)均比对照组高(P<0.05);2)OSAS 组夜间睡眠时的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)指数,以及白昼的收缩压指数较对照组高(P<0.05);3)OSAS 组的高血压发病率及非杓型血压情况比对照组多(P<0.01)。结论儿童 OSAS 与高血压密切相关,且是高血压发病的危险因素,血压多呈非杓型改变。     

吸烟与打鼾及阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征关系的调查研究

目的调查吸烟与打鼾及阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的关系。方法于2010年3—5月采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法选择我市10个社区25岁以上常住居民进行入户调查,共调查3 624名,打鼾者1469名,从基线人群中随机选取打鼾2级且经多导睡眠图检查确诊为OSAHS的患者100例,根据其是否吸烟分为吸烟组(56例)和不吸烟组(44例)。采用问卷调查,内容包括人口学信息、吸烟行为、打鼾分级等。OSAHS患者采用美国ALICE3型多导睡眠仪进行整夜睡眠呼吸监测,记录两组患者呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)和SaO2。结果打鼾人群吸烟率为40.64%(597/1 406),高于非打鼾人群的33.17%(715/2 155)(P0.05);打鼾随着吸烟量的增加打鼾程度加重,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);OSAHS患者吸烟组AHI高于不吸烟组,平均SaO2低于不吸烟组(P0.05)。结论吸烟与打鼾及OSAHS的关系密切,吸烟量越大打鼾程度越严重。     

Supine-Dependent Changes in Upper Airway Size in Awake Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

The purpose of this study was to define the changes in upper airway size in response to a body position change from upright to supine. A total of 15 male Caucasian obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients with a mean apnea hypopnea index of 31.0 ± 13.9/hr were recruited for this study. A set of upright and supine cephalograms was traced and digitized for each patient. The most constricted site in the upright position was located in the velopharynx. When the body position was changed from upright to supine, a significant reduction in the anteroposterior dimension was observed only at the level of the velopharynx (p < 0.05). Sagittal cross-sectional areas of the velopharynx and the oropharynx significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but the soft palate area increased (p < 0.05). We conclude that the velopharynx is not only the narrowest site in both upright and supine body positions but also the most changeable site in response to an alteration in body position during wakefulness. Backward displacement of the soft palate with a change in shape may reflect less functional compensation in the velopharynx than that in the oropharynx and the hypopharynx and partly explain why upper airway occlusion occurs primarily in the velopharynx in OSA patients.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征和高血压靶器官损害的相关性

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压靶器官损害的相关性. 方法 观察40例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并高血压患者（观察组）心脏结构指标、血管结构指标、肾功能指标、心律失常及脑血管意外的发生率,并与30例非睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的高血压患者（对照组）对比. 结果 观察组心脏结构和血管结构的改变,心律失常和脑血管意外的发生率显著增高（P〈0.05或0.01）. 结论 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是引发高血压靶器官损害的重要原因之一.     

The Characteristics of Five Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Whose Apnea-Hypopnea Index Deteriorated after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

The objective of this retrospective, consecutive, case series design study was to determine the number of unselected patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who deteriorated after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). Sixteen of 27 patients at the Sleep Clinic at Veterans Affairs Medical Center who underwent UPPP for OSA and who completed both a pre- and postpolysomnogram were studied. After comparing the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) before and after UPPP, three groups of patients were identified: deteriorators, unchanged, and improvers. In five patients (31%), the AHI increased by more than 10% after UPPP (deteriorators); in four (25%), the AHI showed a change in either direction of less than 10% (unchanged); and in the remaining seven (44%), the AHI decreased by more than 10% after UPPP (improvers). The AHI deteriorated in five of 16 (31%) unselected patients with OSA in our clinic population who underwent UPPP. The mean pre-UPPP AHI was lower in the patients who deteriorated relative to all other patients (P = 0.02). We suggest that patients who undergo UPPP should have a post-UPPP polysomnogram to determine whether they have improved or deteriorated after the procedure and that alternative forms of treatment may be needed in some patients.     

男性高血压病患者长期饮酒与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的 探讨男性高血压病患者长期饮酒与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的相关关系.方法 以男性高血压患者304例为研究对象,经标准多导睡眠呼吸监测后分为OSAHS组220例和非OSAHS对照组84例.采用回顾性问卷调查所有研究对象的饮酒史,包括饮酒种类、平均饮酒频率、平均每次饮酒量、饮酒年限等,计算平均每月饮酒量及累积饮酒量,分析长期酒精摄入与OSAHS的相关关系.结果 1)OSAHS组和非OSAHS对照组的平均每次饮酒量(白酒)、平均每月饮酒量及累积饮酒量的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).2)以平均每月饮酒量≥50 g定义为饮酒者,将研究对象分为饮酒组244例和非饮酒组60例,饮酒组和非饮酒组的睡眠呼吸监测参数及OSAHS患病状况的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3)将所有研究对象按睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)水平分层,在AHI＜20次/h的样本中,均衡了年龄、体质量指数及血压等危险因素后,与非饮酒组比较,饮酒组的AHI增大、平均及最长呼吸暂停时间延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).4)进一步以累积饮酒量的中位数(108 kg)将饮酒组划分为少量饮酒组和大量饮酒组,与非饮酒组进行睡眠呼吸监测参数的比较;在AHI＜20次/h的样本中,大量饮酒组(累积饮酒量＞108 kg)的最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)、平均、最长呼吸暂停持续时间比非饮酒组明显加重,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但在AHI≥20次/h的样本中比较未见上述结果.结论 在AHI＜20次/h的男性高血压患者中,长期大量饮酒与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的频率、时程及缺氧程度有关.