Moss-Miami脊柱内固定系统微创治疗腰椎退行性滑脱

目的观察Moss-Miami脊梓内固定系统微创治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的手术疗效。方法21例合并椎管狭窄的退行性腰椎滑脱患者中L3～4 4例,L4～5 12例,L5～S1 5例;Ⅰ度滑脱13例,Ⅱ度滑脱8例：均采用了Moss—Miami内固定做创手术治疗,术后定期随访患者的症状改善、滑脱复位情况以及有无并发症等。结果21例患者术后平均随访18．6个月（15～11个月）,术后及末次复查X线片均显示滑脱腰椎良好复位;18例患者术前临床症状均消失;未发现与植人物或手术相关的并发症。结论用Moss—Miami脊柱内固定系统做创手术治疗退行性腰椎滑脱可以获得满意疗效。     

后路内固定并椎间融合治疗退变性腰椎滑脱

目的探讨后路内固定并椎间融合治疗退变性腰椎滑脱的临床效果。方法对23例退变性腰椎滑脱患者(Meyeding分度：Ⅰ度9例，Ⅱ度14例)，采用后路减压椎弓根钉系统(AF系统13例，RF．Ⅱ系统10例)复位内固定并椎体间融合。结果23例均获随访，平均2．5(1—5)年，经X线证实均骨性融合，18例合并神经系统受损症状者手术后1年JOA评分优良率88．9％(16／18)。结论后路椎弓根钉系统复位内固定并椎间融合是治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症的有效方法，但应严格掌握其手术适应证。     

DRFS椎弓根螺钉系统治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的：探讨腰椎整复减压和DRFS固定及植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法：自1998年2月～2002年2月，22例经保守治疗无效的腰椎滑脱患者接受上述方法手术治疗，Ⅰ度滑脱8例，Ⅱ度滑脱12例，Ⅲ度滑脱2例；L4／5 5例，L5／S1 17例。比较手术前后临床症状和X线片滑脱程度。结果：术后平均随访6个月(3～12个月)，20例(90．9％)滑脱完全复位，其余2例滑脱明显改善。17例腰腿痛症状全部消失，4例腰腿痛症状大部分消失，1例腰腿痛症状较前有所减轻。结论：应用DRFS内固定复位效果良好，临床效果满意。     

后路椎间植骨椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 报道后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法 应用后路椎体间自体髂骨植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱36例，I度滑脱18例，Ⅱ度滑脱15例，Ⅲ度滑脱3例；峡部裂型30例，退变性5例，外伤性1例，结果 随访6个月1～2年，术后6个月植骨处均骨性愈合，无内固定物松动、脱出或断裂现象。临床疗效综合评价：优14例，良20例，可2例。结论 后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合加椎弓根钉系统复位固定治疗腰椎滑脱可以取得良好复位、坚强内固定、彻底减压、融合率高等效果。     

RF-Ⅱ系统内固定手术治疗腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱

目的 探讨RF-Ⅱ系统内固定手术治疗腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法 采用椎管开窗减压、RF-Ⅱ系统复位内固定、横突间植骨融合或椎间植骨融合术治疗腰椎滑脱52例。结果 37例完全复位，15例部分复位。术后随访49例，随访时间平均4年，优良率83．7％。结论 RF-Ⅱ系统纵向撑开力大，能恢复椎间隙高度；复位拉力大，能使滑脱的椎体复位；固定可靠，能明显提高脊椎融合率；是治疗腰椎弓峡部裂性腰椎滑脱的有效方法之一。     

退变性和峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的治疗及比较

[目的]比较采用不同植骨方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术疗效。[方法]2002～2010年1月,共收治腰椎滑脱症患者173例,其中退变性滑脱74例,峡部裂性滑脱99例。应用后路椎弓根钉复位内固定后,分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨术。比较不同术式的手术时间与出血量、手术疗效及椎体滑脱复位率等。[结果]因合并糖尿病切口感染1例,经再次清创、冲洗等疗法治愈;切口脂肪液化5例,经2～3周换药后切口愈合;7例有神经根袖破裂或硬膜撕裂,术后发生脑脊液漏,观察3～7 d夹闭引流管脑脊液漏停止后拔管,经换药引流愈合;2例出现L5一侧神经根损伤。随访3～7年,平均4.2年,临床满意率退变性滑脱组86.7%,另一组为87.2%;滑脱复位率退变性滑脱组77.9%,另一组79.7%。[结论]退变性腰椎滑脱宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加后外侧植骨融合术;峡部裂性腰椎滑脱宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术,Ⅱ度以上者辅以横突间及峡部植骨。     

SF椎弓根内固定器治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 研究SF椎弓根内固定系统在治疗腰椎滑脱症中的疗效。方法 对68例腰椎滑脱症患行SF椎弓根内固定器固定加植骨融合术，对其复位效果、植骨融合率及临床疗效进行评价。结果 68例获平均36个月的随访，复位率95.6％，植骨融合率97.1％，临床优良率94.1％。结论 SF椎弓根内固定器操作简单，复位效果好，固定牢靠，适用于腰椎滑脱症的治疗。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间融合器治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的：探讨后路椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间Cage融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法：手术治疗62例腰椎滑脱患者，其中行椎弓根螺钉内固定加Cage(21例)或植骨(3例)椎体间融合共24例：峡部裂型16例，退变性8例；腰4椎体滑脱13例，腰5椎体滑脱11例。按Meyerding分度：I度滑脱18例，Ⅱ度滑脱6例。2例先作后路椎弓切除减压椎弓根螺钉复位内固定，再作前路Cage植入，一期完成手术；其余22例均作后路切口行椎弓切除或椎板切除神经减压，椎弓根螺钉复位内固定，后路椎体间融合，其中19例加用单枚Cage后外侧斜向植入行椎体间融合，另3例行椎体问植骨融合，而使用Cage病例中有6例在其前方加用骨碎块植骨。结果：24例均获得3～48个月的随访，平均随访时间为18个月。根据Asher的疗效观察项目：优12例、良10例、可1例、差1例，优良率达91．7％。结论：腰椎滑脱的治疗减压后的融合是关键；为了达到融合的目的，复位内固定是必要的；减压后椎弓根螺钉内固定加后路腰椎椎体间融合是一个值得推荐的治疗腰椎滑脱的手术方法；而后外侧斜向放置单个Cage是一种安全有效的后路椎体间融合的方法。     

退变性腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗

目的探讨采用后路腰椎椎管减压、钉棒内固定并椎间植骨融合术和后路腰椎减压并Dynesys系统内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱的效果。方法应用后路腰椎椎间融合（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）术进行椎管减压、钉棒系统固定并椎体间植骨融合手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱37例;应用后路腰椎管减压并Dynesys内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱5例。结果随访9～39个月,平均26个月,腰痛疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分术前为8.7分,随访时为2.1分;腿痛VAS评分术前为7.6分,随访时为2.3分。术前Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）为58.2%,随访时为21.2%。无严重手术并发症发生。术后X线片复查显示椎间高度均得到不同程度的恢复,滑脱椎体完全复位或者基本复位,椎间植骨融合。无融合器移位或螺钉松动、断裂。结论后路腰椎椎管减压、钉棒内固定并椎间植骨融合术和后路腰椎减压并Dynesys内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱效果满意,安全彻底的神经根管减压是取得满意临床效果的关键。     

应用RF-Ⅱ复位固定加BAK椎间融合治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的：观察RF-Ⅱ复位固定、神经根通道减压、颗粒骨椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法：31例腰椎滑脱症患者术前按Meyerding分类，Ⅰ度9例，Ⅱ度19例，Ⅲ度3例，手术彻底切除卡压神经根的致病因素后采用RF-Ⅱ椎弓根系统复位固定，椎间隙内填充自体骨颗粒，再放入一枚BAK行椎间融合。结果：31例获得11--51个月，平均24个月的随访，滑脱复位率100％，椎间融合率100％，无滑脱丢失。未发现器械本身引起的并发症。22例临床症状接近或完全缓解，7例大部分缓解，1例无变化。按LBOS标准评分，疗效优良率为73．5％。结论：用RF-Ⅱ复位固定加BAK椎间融合治疗腰椎滑脱症复位满意，效果良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.