54例儿童与成人强迫症的比较

目的:探讨儿童少年强迫症的临床特征。方法:将符合国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)中强迫性神经症诊断标准,年龄≤17岁的患儿54例与随机抽取的同期住院的54例成人强迫症患者的临床特征进行比较。结果:儿少组首次发病住院时的病期少于成人组(P<0.001);疗效比较显示儿少组有效率明显高于成人组(P<0.05);在发病的心理因素中,儿少组多倾向于无明显诱因(P<0.05);临床症状分析发现:儿少组在强迫表象、强迫触摸、强迫询问、仪式动作、伴抽动、与家属共同完成强迫动作、自知力缺乏上显著高于成人组。结论:儿童期强迫症某些症状更多见,自知力不完整较多。     

儿童少年期与未成年期精神分裂症的临床特征对照分析

作者根据生理年龄的特征对我院近10年来所收治的儿童少年期与未成年期精神分裂症住院患者临床资料进行了对照分析,现报告如下：     

强迫症的临床特征

目的：探讨强迫症（ＯＣＤ）的临床表现。方法：对４０例符合ＤＳＭ－ⅣＯＣＤ诊断标准病人进行以下量表和问卷评定：强迫症量表（Ｙ－ＢＯＣＳ）,Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ抑郁量表（ＨＡＭＤ）,Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ焦虑量表（ＨＡＭＡ）,Ｍａｒｋｓ恐怖强迫量表（ＭＳＣＰＯＲ）,临床疗效总评量表（ＣＧＩ）和艾森克个性问卷（ＥＰＱ）;并对６５名正常人进行ＥＰＱ测试。结果：１５岁以前发病患者的ＭＳＣＰＯＲ的工作适应能力下降（ＷＤ）分显著高于１５岁以后发病患者;合病组病人的ＨＡＭＤ和ＥＰＱ的神经质分显著高于非合病组;洗涤／回避组的ＨＡＭＡ评分显著较高,迟缓／仪式化组的发病年龄显著较低,两组的ＭＳＣＰＯＲ的ＷＤ评分均显著高于强迫检查行为组。结论：１５岁以前发病,合病组,主要表现迟缓／仪式化或洗涤／回避症状的病人是ＯＣＤ较为严重的亚型。     

儿童精神分裂症强迫症状的临床特征研究

目的　了解儿童精神分裂症强迫症状的临床特征。方法　采用自编的调查表 ,对 110例住院精神分裂症患者 (年龄≤ 15岁 )的病案资料进行分析。根据有无强迫症状 ,分为两组 ,即研究组 (有强迫症状 )和对照组 (无强迫症状 )。结果　 (1)强迫症状的发生率为 2 2 .73% (2 5 / 110 ) ;(2 )强迫观念主要见于 13～ 15岁儿童 ,强迫动作主要见于 8～ 12岁儿童 ;(3)研究组和对照组在住院天数、住院次数以及疗效方面差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。结论　强迫症状可能出现于儿童精神分裂症的各个时期 ,表明它是精神分裂症的一个组成部分 ,并且与精神分裂症的预后有关     

森田疗法治疗强迫症的疗效对照分析

为探讨森田疗法治疗强迫症的效果,我们采用氯丙咪嗪与其对照观察。现将结果报告如下：     

盐酸氟西汀治疗强迫症临床开放性对照研究

为观察氟西汀对强迫症病人的疗效和不良反应，进行了开放性对照研究，对照药物为氯丙咪嗪，氟西汀组30例，氯丙咪嗪组30例，均符合CCMD－2－R有关强迫症的诊断标准。疗程8周，予临床疗效评定和Y－BOCS则反应量表评定。结果显示，氟西汀治疗强迫症显效率与氯丙咪嗪相近，见效时间4－6周，不良反应明显低于氯丙咪嗪，提示氟西汀对强迫症安全、有效。     

儿童精神分裂症的强迫症状临床分析

对符合ＣＣＭＤ－２诊断标准的２１１例住院儿童精神分裂症患者进行分析，发现具有临床意义的强迫症状者２８例，占１３．２％，表明强迫症状在儿童精神分裂症中并不少见，其临床症状以强迫怀疑、强迫穷思竭虑、强迫洗涤、强迫仪式动作为最多见，多数同时具有强迫观念和强迫动作；儿童精神分裂症的强迫症状常见于各种妄想出现之前，其特点是荒谬仪式的早期形成，以及其异常迅速的自动化；强迫症状与性别、年龄及疗效无关；需抗精神病     

城市和农村癔症患者的临床特征对照分析

癔症是一种心因性疾病，为了探讨不同文化背景下癔症与心理社会因素、个性和临床特征的关系，进一步提高对癔症的认识，作者对城乡癔症患者的临床特征差异作对照分析。现报道于后。１对象与方法１．１对象对象来源于我院１９９６年１月～２０００年６月的住院病例，均符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ癔症诊断标准，排除了器质性疾病和其它功能性疾病，共计１０４例。初发年龄１６～６１岁。１．２方法采用自编的临床资料调查表逐项统计、归类（以首次入院资料为准），参照杨德森等［１］编制的生活事件量表，记录病前１年内的各种社会心理问题，并根据…     

Developmental and clinical predictors of comorbidity for youth with obsessive compulsive disorder

ObjectiveTo date, few studies of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have been adequately powered to examine patterns and predictors of comorbidity, despite the frequency with which it occurs. We address this gap, drawing on a large sample of youth with OCD who were systematically assessed through research and clinical programs in a university-based specialty program for children and adolescents with OCD. We examine patterns of comorbidity across different epochs of development and predict specific classes of OCD (comorbidity internalizing/externalizing/both) from key demographic and clinical variables that may be useful in guiding individualized treatment.MethodA total of 322 youths (mean age = 12.28, 53% male) were assessed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS; Silverman and Albano, 1996), the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS; Scahill et al., 1997) and other standardized measures.ResultsConsistent with prior research, 50% of youth met criteria for a co-occurring anxiety or depressive disorder. Rates of externalizing disorders were lower (16%). Developmental differences emerged such that older youth met criteria for a higher number of co-occurring disorders. As expected, adolescents in particular were more likely to have a co-occurring internalizing disorder compared to early or pre-adolescent peers. Surprisingly, they were also more likely to have a comorbid externalizing disorder. Developmental trends were particularly striking with respect to depression, with adolescents with OCD demonstrating a six-fold greater likelihood of co-occurring depressive disorder compared to younger counterparts.DiscussionClinical implications are discussed with eye toward tailoring interventions, particularly during the transition to adolescence when youth are at heightened risk for depression.     

Oxidative imbalance in child and adolescent patients with obsessive compulsive disorder

Various psychological, social, genetic and biochemical factors are thought to be involved in etiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). To the best of our knowledge there are no studies investigating the effects of free radicals in children and adolescents with OCD. This study evaluated total oxidant and antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, and arylesterase and paraoxonase activity in children and adolescents with OCD. The study included 28 patients diagnosed with OCD and 36 healthy children as an age- and sex-matched control group. Their serum total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Although serum TOS and OSI values in the OCD patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (p = 0.008, p < 0.001, respectively), TAS and paraxonase activity were significantly lower ( p < 0.001 for both). However, no statistically significant difference in arylesterase activity was found (p > 0.05). The increase in oxidative status and decrease in antioxidants in patients with OCD demonstrate that oxidative stress may have an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. It has been suggested that drugs that contain antioxidants should be added to conventional pharmacotherapy during follow-up.     

Avoidance and behavioural flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder

Three experiments measured differences in responding between participants scoring either higher or lower on obsessive-compulsive trait measures. A Sidman avoidance procedure was employed in Experiment 1, in which participants were required to identify an avoidance response that postponed an aversive event, and noted that higher scorers maintained this response more successfully. Experiments 2 and 3 involved an operant variability procedure to differentiate between variable and rigid responding among participants demonstrating high versus low obsessive-compulsive traits, and revealed no differential sensitivity to rigid responding between the groups. The results provide insight into the nature of obsessive-compulsive behavioural traits, suggesting that avoidance but not stereotypy is primary in OCD.     

难治性强迫症与非难治性强迫症临床特征比较

目的 比较难治性强迫症与非难治性强迫症的临床特征之间的差异.方法 分别用YBOCS量表评估51例难治性强迫症和59例非难治性强迫症患者的强迫症状,并比较两组临床症状特征的差异.结果 难治性强迫症组中的强迫思维分(11.18±3.07)、强迫行为分(7.35±4.92)及强迫总分(18.53±6.09)均显著性高于非难治性强迫症组(8.12±4.01,4.59±4.67,12.63±5.67;P＜0.05).难治性强迫症与非难治性强迫症两组中有无伴发其他精神症状(x2=0.016,P=0.899)、有无阳性家族史(x2=0.053,P=0.818)、发病年龄(20.29±8.72,20.56±8.00; t=0.113,P=0.911)及病程(7.56±3.23,8.56±3.52;t=0.486,P=0.629)无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 难治性强迫症的临床症状严重程度(特别是强迫思维)显著性高于非难治性强迫症.     

儿童烟雾病与成人烟雾病79例临床及影像学分析

目的 分析并总结儿童烟雾病与成人烟雾病的临床及影像表现的差异.方法 对回顾性分析79例烟雾病患者的临床资料,儿童30例,成人49例,对其临床症状和影像特征进行对照研究.结果 儿童组首次发病以缺血性脑血管病表现为主,显著高于成人组（P＜0.05）,成人组首次发病以出血性脑血管病表现为主,显著高于儿童组（P＜0.05）.结论 儿童烟雾病与成人烟雾病的临床症状和影像表现具有差异,临床接诊应区别对待.     

Evaluation of exposure with response-prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence

The present study was undertaken to estimate the effect of exposure plus response-prevention (E/RP), delivered alone intensively over 5-weeks and without concomitant pharmacotherapy, for children and adolescents with OCD. Twenty children and adolescents with OCD, not receiving medication for this condition, were randomized to E/RP or a wait-list condition. Statistically and clinically significant symptomatic improvement was found in the E/RP group compared with controls, with improvement maintained at follow-up an average of 14 weeks later. Effect size in the main intention-to-treat analysis was 1.23 and in the secondary per protocol analysis was 1.64. This study lends further support to the view that E/RP is an effective treatment for childhood OCD.     

Designing and validation of a yoga-based intervention for obsessive compulsive disorder

Abstract

Some yoga-based practices have been found to be useful for patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The authors could not find a validated yoga therapy module available for OCD. This study attempted to formulate a generic yoga-based intervention module for OCD. A yoga module was designed based on traditional and contemporary yoga literature. The module was sent to 10 yoga experts for content validation. The experts rated the usefulness of the practices on a scale of 1–5 (5 = extremely useful). The final version of the module was pilot-tested on patients with OCD (n?=?17) for both feasibility and effect on symptoms. Eighty-eight per cent (22 out of 25) of the items in the initial module were retained, with modifications in the module as suggested by the experts along with patients’ inputs and authors’ experience. The module was found to be feasible and showed an improvement in symptoms of OCD on total Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score (p?=?0.001). A generic yoga therapy module for OCD was validated by experts in the field and found feasible to practice in patients. A decrease in the symptom scores was also found following yoga practice of 2 weeks. Further clinical validation is warranted to confirm efficacy.     

Training interpretation biases among individuals with symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder

The current study tested the causal premise underlying cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) that negative interpretations of intrusive thoughts lead to the distress and impairment associated with symptoms of OCD. Specifically, we sought to determine: (a) whether it was possible to train healthier (defined as more benign/less threatening) interpretations regarding the significance of intrusive thoughts; and (b) whether there was a link between modifying negative interpretations and subsequent emotional vulnerability to an OC stressor. A nonclinical sample of students high in OC symptoms completed either a Positive (n = 50) or Neutral (n = 50) interpretation training procedure designed to alter OC-relevant interpretations and beliefs. As expected, participants in the Positive (versus Neutral) training condition endorsed healthier OC-relevant interpretations and beliefs following training. Additionally, when controlling for baseline affect, participants in the Positive (versus Neutral) training condition reported less negative affect during the OC-stressor task (at the level of a non-significant trend) and reported less desire to perform neutralizing activities. In general, results provide some support for cognitive models of obsessions and suggest that negative interpretations of intrusive thoughts may be causally related to symptoms of OCD.     

Late-onset obsessive compulsive disorder: clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity

There has been little research examining clinical correlates of late-onset OCD in a large sample of individuals with a primary diagnosis of OCD. Using a sample of 293 consecutive subjects with lifetime DSM-IV OCD, we compared subjects with late-onset (after age 30 years) OCD to those with earlier onset on a variety of clinical measures. Symptom severity was examined using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Thirty-three (11.3%) of the 293 subjects with OCD reported onset of OCD on or after age 30 years (mean age of OCD onset of 38.8+/-9.7 years). Subjects with late-onset had significantly shorter durations of illness prior to receiving treatment, less severe obsessinality, and a trend demonstrating a greater likelihood of responding to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Late-onset OCD subjects were also significantly less likely to report contamination, religious, or somatic obsessions. Comorbidity, insight, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and social functioning did not differ between groups. These preliminary results suggest that although onset on or after age 30 years is fairly uncommon among people with OCD, individuals developing OCD later in life have similar clinical characteristics as those with earlier onset and may respond better to CBT.     

利培酮与喹硫平联合氯米帕明治疗难治性强迫症的疗效比较

目的比较利培酮和喹硫平分别联合氯米帕明治疗难治性强迫症的疗效。方法将62例难治性强迫症患者随机分为利培酮联合氯米帕明组和喹硫平联合氯米帕明组,于治疗前和治疗后第8、及24周末16分别使用Yale-Brown量表(Y-BOCS)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评分,以Y-BOCS减分率评定疗效。结果两组治疗后第8、及24周末各量表评分较疗前均有明显下降,差异具有显16著性(P<0.01);两组同期比较,喹硫平联合氯米帕明组评分明显低于利培酮联合氯米帕明组,差异具有显著性(P<0.01);治疗第24周末喹硫平联合氯米帕明组的显效率明显高于利培酮联合氯米帕明组,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论氯米帕明联合利培酮或喹硫平均能有效治疗难治性强迫症,联合喹硫平的疗效优于联合利培酮。