Psychometric properties of the Turkish version: the challenges to stopping smoking (CSS-21) scale

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Challenges to Stopping Smoking Scale-21 (CSS-21).

Methods: The methodological study was conducted with 235 participants who meet the inclusion criteria. “Social-demographics Questionnaire”, “Challenges to Stopping Smoking Scale”, “Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence”, and “General Self-Efficacy Scale” were used for data collection. In the validity-reliability analysis of the scale, language and content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, item-total score correlation, split-half reliability analysis, floor and ceiling effects, and test-retest reliability methods were used.

Results: Using exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the CSS-21 has two factors. Its two-factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha values of subscales were 0.84 and 0.83, respectively. In addition, item subscale total correlations and test-retest analysis of the scale had a high correlation.

Conclusions: It was concluded that the Turkish version of the CSS-21 is a reliable and valid instrument to identify the factors affecting quitting smoking.     

Development of the Nurses’ Care Coordination Competency Scale for mechanically ventilated patients in critical care settings in Japan: Part 2 Validation of the scale

ObjectivesTo confirm the validity and reliability of the nurses' care coordination competency draft scale for mechanically ventilated patients in Japan.Design/MethodIn this cross sectional observational study, a draft scale measuring care coordination was distributed to 2189 nurses from 73 intensive care units in Japan from February–March 2016. Based on the valid 887 responses, we examined construct validity including structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), convergent and discriminant validity and internal consistency reliability.Settings73 Intensive care units.ResultsExploratory factor analyses yielded four factors with 22 items: 1) promoting team cohesion, 2) understanding care coordination needs, 3) aggregating and disseminating information, 4) devising and clearly articulating the care vision. The four-factor model was confirmed using a confirmatory factor analysis (confirmatory fit index = 0.942, root mean square error of approximation = 0.062). Scale scores positively correlated with team leadership and clearly identified and discriminated nurses’ attributes. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for each subscale was between 0.812 and 0.890, and 0.947 for the total scale.ConclusionsThe Nurses’ Care Coordination Competency Scale with four factors and 22 items had sufficient validity and reliability. The scale could make care coordination visible in nursing practice. Future research on the relationship between this scale and patient outcomes is needed.     

Development of the ward nurses' discharge-oriented dietary support scale for older adult patients in Japan

Aim

This study aimed to develop a ward nurses' dietary support scale, including physical, psychological, and social background factors in preparation for older adult patients' life after discharge.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale items were created based on a conceptual analysis, and refined by a Delphi survey. In total, 696 nurses across 16 acute care hospitals in Japan were eligible to participate. The questionnaire comprised 51 items that used a five-point Likert-type scale. These items were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine concurrent validity, and construct validity was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

Altogether, 241 surveys were included in the data analysis; 236 nurses participated in both the test and the retest. The exploratory factor analysis identified 20 items from three factors as follows: “Assessment for healthy eating behavior,” “Adjustment of the living environment, including family and caregiver, together with other professions,” and “Continual frailty assessment.” In the confirmatory factor analysis, the fitness indices supported these results. Cronbach's alpha was 0.932 and ICC was 0.867 for the overall scale. In the concurrent validity, the three factors had a moderate correlation (r = 0.295–0.537, P < .01 and r = 0.254–0.648, P < .01), except for one subscale.

Conclusions

We developed a ward nurses' dietary support scale, including physical, psychological, and social background factors in preparation for older adult patients' life after discharge. Its reliability and validity were confirmed.     

Traumatic and Routine Stressors in Emergency Nurses: A Turkish Validity and Reliability Study

IntroductionEmergency nurses face traumatic and stressful events of many different forms and severity. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the Traumatic and Routine Stressors Scale on Emergency Nurses in Turkey.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted with 195 nurses who had been working in the emergency service for at least six months and could be reached via an online questionnaire. Opinions of 9 experts were obtained with the translation-back translation method for linguistic validity, and the Davis technique was used for testing content validity. Test-retest analysis was used to test the time-invariance of the scale. Construct validity was evaluated with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The reliability of the scale was evaluated based on item-total correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficients.ResultsThe expert opinions were found to be in agreement with each other. Factor analysis results were acceptable, the Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the scale were 0.890 for the frequency factor, 0.928 for the impact factor, and 0.866 for the total scale. It was determined that the correlation values for the time-invariance of the scale were 0.637 for the frequency factor and 0.766 for the effect factor, and the scale had good test-retest reliability.DiscussionThe Turkish version of the Traumatic and Routine Stressors Scale on Emergency Nurses, has high levels of validity and reliability. We recommend that the scale be used to evaluate the state of being affected by traumatic and routine stressors among emergency service nurses.     

Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale: A validity and reliability analysis

AimThis study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of validity and reliability of the Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale.BackgroundFundamental nursing practicum is an initial practicum required for nursing students; however, no measurement tool is available to assess students’ core competence during their first practicum.DesignCross-sectional design.MethodsNursing students from six nursing colleges in Southern Taiwan who completed their fundamental nursing practicum within 1 month were recruited. The initial 39-item Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale was drafted and examined for its content, face and factorial validity. The data were randomly assigned into two subgroups and analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal-axis factoring and direct oblimin rotation and numbers of factors were extracted on the basis of eigenvalues > 1 and a scree plot. The exploratory factor analysis derived structure was then verified by a confirmatory factor analysis using maximum likelihood estimation. Reliability was examined in term of internal consistency.ResultsThe exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis samples comprised 405 and 513 students, respectively. Four items were omitted by content validity and another four items were omitted because of the ceiling effect. Six items were removed during the exploratory factor analysis because of their lower factor loadings (< 0.4). The final 25-item Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale comprised 5 domains, namely communication (3 items), application of nursing process (6 items), basic biomedical science (4 items), nursing skills and ability to perform a care process (7 items), and professional attitude (5 items), which collectively explained 70.14% of total variance. The structure was then verified by a confirmatory factor analysis with satisfactory model fit. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale was 0.94.ConclusionsThe 25-item Core Competence in Fundamental Nursing Practicum Scale reliably and validly measures nursing students’ core competence during their fundamental nursing practicum. Instructors can use the scale to identify students’ weak core competencies and refine their courses for novice nurses.     

Development of competence scale for senior clinical nurses

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a new scale, the Competence Scale for Senior Clinical Nurses (CS‐SCN), to assess and evaluate senior clinical nurses in hospitals, and to confirm the validity and reliability of the scale. Method: A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was undertaken at a hospital in Japan, using an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire administered to clinical nurses (n = 374). A useable sample of 218 was achieved, which was used in the analysis. Statistical analysis examined exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and construct validity. Results: A five factor solution with 22 items was extracted for nursing competence in senior clinical nurses, which was the interpretable questionnaire. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the indices of fitness supported these results. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the total score and varied between 0.63 and 0.90 in the five factors. Five factors emerged from an oblique factor analysis, with a cumulative variance of 66.7%: “role accomplishment”; “self‐management”; “research”; “practice and coordination”; and “work implementation”. The five factors had only a moderate correlation (0.30–0.77, P < 0.001) with each other, which indicated construct validity. Conclusion: The CS‐SCN, a concise scale to measure and evaluate the competence of senior clinical nurses, was developed. Results suggest initial support for the new instrument as a measure of competence of senior clinical nurses, but it must be further refined, tested, and evaluated. Both the validity and reliability of the scale were verified. Future studies using the CS‐SCN might lead to improvement in the competence of senior clinical nurses.     

Adaptation of Parental Self-Efficacy Scale for Child Autonomy Toward Minor Surgery to Turkish

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to conduct validity and reliability testing of the Turkish version of the Parent Self-Efficacy Scale for Child Autonomy toward Minor Surgery (PSESCAMS).DesignThe research is a methodological study.MethodsData were collected using an Introductory Form and the PSESCAMS. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and item-total score analysis were used for the data analysis.FindingsThe scale consisted of 18 items and four subscales. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.95, and the Cronbach's alpha values for the subscales were 0.64–0.92. The total factor loading was > 0.45 for both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. GFI, AGFI, and CFI were > 0.90, RMSEA was 0.06.ConclusionPSESCAMS was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish culture.     

The Core Knowledge and Skills of Nursing Competency Regarding Mealtime Assistance for Hemiplegic Patients in China

PurposeHemiplegic patients often experience malnutrition and feeding risks due to disabilities and inadequate nursing support; nursing roles regarding mealtime assistance remain unclear in China. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the core knowledge and skills of nursing competency regarding mealtime assistance for hemiplegic patients in China.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of self-administered questionnaire to 640 nurses (response rate: 57.7%) from two tertiary teaching hospitals and two sanatoriums was conducted. Survey content included 25 items regarding the mealtime assistance competency plus 6 items on demographic characteristics. The factor structure of the 25 items was explored and verified by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha.ResultsThree factors including 22 items with a cumulative rate of 60.9% were identified: “Assistance knowledge and skills for acute period”, “Knowledge about assistance and guidance for recovery period,” and “Professional basic knowledge regarding hemiplegia.” Its reliability was ensured with Cronbach's alpha ranging from .86 to .96. In addition, evidence for its construct validity was obtained, as structural equation modeling revealed a good fit to the data within the allowable range based on various fit indices.ConclusionThis study clarified the core knowledge and skills regarding mealtime assistance competency for hemiplegic patients, with “Assistance for acute period” most concerned, followed by “assistance and guidance for recovery period,” and “Professional basic knowledge,” and the latter two need more attention. Obtained results can provide useful evidence for competent nursing practice to improve the quality of mealtime assistance for hemiplegic patients in China.     

Development of the Nursing Practice Readiness Scale for new graduate nurses: A methodological study

AimTo develop a scale to assess nursing practice readiness and verify its validity and reliability.BackgroundPractice readiness refers to the attitude and characteristics of new employees that enable them to successfully adapt to the workplace. For new graduate nurses to receive on-the-job training appropriate to their individual competency level, a scale to assess nursing practice readiness is needed.DesignA methodological study was conducted in two phases: (1) development of the scale through a literature review and interviews related to nursing practice readiness; (2) confirming construct validity, criterion-related validity and reliability of the developed scale.MethodsData were collected from 430 new graduate nurses in South Korea. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified using maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis with promax factor rotation, confirmatory factor analysis using maximum likelihood estimation, Pearson correlation, analysis of variance and Cronbach’s alpha.ResultsThe Nursing Practice Readiness Scale consisted of 35 items for five factors: clinical judgment and nursing performance, professional attitudes, patient-centeredness, self-regulation and collaborative interpersonal relationship. Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed an adequate model fit. Construct validity and criterion-related validity were verified and all factors achieved a Cronbach’s α greater than 0.80.ConclusionsThe developed scale can evaluate educational outcomes and determine the need for additional support, which can improve the workplace adaptation of new graduate nurses, patient safety and quality of care.     

Development and validation of the simulation-based learning evaluation scale

BackgroundThe instruments that evaluate a student's perception of receiving simulated training are English versions and have not been tested for reliability or validity.PurposeThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a Chinese version Simulation-Based Learning Evaluation Scale (SBLES).MethodsFour stages were conducted to develop and validate the SBLES. First, specific desired competencies were identified according to the National League for Nursing and Taiwan Nursing Accreditation Council core competencies. Next, the initial item pool was comprised of 50 items related to simulation that were drawn from the literature of core competencies. Content validity was established by use of an expert panel. Finally, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted for construct validity, and Cronbach's coefficient alpha determined the scale's internal consistency reliability. Two hundred and fifty students who had experienced simulation-based learning were invited to participate in this study.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty-five students completed and returned questionnaires (response rate = 90%). Six items were deleted from the initial item pool and one was added after an expert panel review. Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed 37 items remaining in five factors which accounted for 67% of the variance. The construct validity of SBLES was substantiated in a confirmatory factor analysis that revealed a good fit of the hypothesized factor structure. The findings tally with the criterion of convergent and discriminant validity. The range of internal consistency for five subscales was .90 to .93. Items were rated on a 5-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that the SBLES is valid and reliable. The authors recommend that the scale could be applied in the nursing school to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based learning curricula.     

Developing the Scale of Parental Participation in Care: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Examining the Scale’s Psychometric Properties

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to develop the Scale of Parental Participation in Care: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to examine the Scale’s psychometric properties.MethodsThe draft scale’ items were created through relevant literature reviews, focus group interviews with nurses, and content validity evaluations by experts. Study data were collected in the neonatal intensive care unit of a public hospital in Turkey from June 2019 to February 2020. The study participants were comprised of 205 parents with an infant in the neonatal intensive care unit. The Scale’s content validity and construct validity were evaluated to determine the validity of the scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, item-total score correlations, and intraclass correlation were calculated to evaluate the Scale’s reliability.ResultsContent validity index values of the draft form of the scale ranged from 0.93 to 1.00. The final scale consisted of 18 items. From the exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the scale structure comprised a single factor that accounted for 51.92% of the total variance. Concerning the reliability of the Scale, it was calculated that Cronbach’s alpha level was 0.93; item total correlations ranged from 0.48 to 0.78; intraclass correlation level was 1.000.ConclusionIt was found that the Parental Participation in Care Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was valid and reliable in this sample.     

Translation and psychometric properties of the German version of the University of the West of England Interprofessional Questionnaire (UWE-IP)

The implementation of a bachelor degree in Interprofessional Health Care at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, has fostered the need to evaluate the impact of this innovative programme. The University of the West of England Interprofessional Questionnaire (UWE-IP) was developed for longitudinal evaluation of an interprofessional curriculum. The UWE-IP consists of 35 items in four scales: “Communication and Teamwork Scale,” “Interprofessional Learning Scale,” “Interprofessional Interaction Scale,” and “Interprofessional Relationships Scale.” The UWE-IP was translated to German according to international guidelines. Psychometrics were assessed: reliability of the four scales was tested with Cronbach‘s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the underlying factor structure. The sample consisted of 326 datasets. Reliability for the scales was between 0.75 and 0.90. The underlying factor structure showed a good fit. We conclude that the German UWE-IP shows good psychometrics and recommend its use for evaluation of interprofessional learning activities. These results add to the body of knowledge on evaluation instruments in interprofessional education.     

Development of the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale

BackgroundThere is a need for a valid and reliable scale to determine the individualised developmental care levels of nurses who provide care for preterm newborns.AimsTo develop the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale for nurses who provide care to preterm newborns and to evaluate its validity and reliability.MethodsThis methodological study was performed with 260 nurses who provide care for preterm newborns in neonatal intensive care units. The content validity of the research was evaluated under the guidance of professionals working in the pediatric field. Collected data were analysed using values, percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and factor analysis methods.ResultsThe total Content Validity Index for all items was found to be 0.930. The result of Bartlett's test of sphericity (x² = 4691.061, p = 0.000) was significant, and the KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.906. The fit indices for confirmatory factor analysis were x²/SD = 4.35, GFI = 0.97, AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.057 and SRMR = 0.062. All of the related fit indices were in the accepted range. The Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale was developed at the end of the study, and 34 items and four dimensions were identified. The Cronbach's alpha of the full scale was 0.937.ConclusionsFrom the results, it can be concluded that the Individualised Developmental Care Knowledge and Attitude Scale is both a reliable and valid measurement tool for determining individualised developmental levels.     

Validity and reliability of the Korean version of authentic leadership among ICU nurses

BackgroundAuthentic leadership affects the safety climate or job satisfaction of nurses, especially in intensive care unit (ICU). It is extremely challenging to find a suitable instrument for measuring authentic leadership among Korean nurses. Because the existing scales were developed within a Western cultural context and among business students, a new scale for measuring authentic leadership among Korean nurses must be evaluated.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the reliability of the Korean version of the Authentic Leadership Inventory (K-ALI) for ICU nurses.DesignA cross-sectional study and secondary data analysis were used.MethodsThis study evaluated 203 ICU registered nurses from four South Korean university hospitals. The ALI developed by Neider and Schriesheim was developed. The reliability and validity of this scale were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis.ResultsThe factor analysis identified two subconstructs that accounted for 57.3 % of the total variance. The overall model fit indices for the K-ALI from the confirmatory factor analysis were an acceptable fit. Cronbach's alpha for the internal consistency of the reliability was 0.92.ConclusionUsing the K-ALI, nurses can assess authentic leadership and develop or demonstrate their professional leadership.     

Clinical learning environment,supervision and nurse teacher (CLES+T) scale: Translation and validation of the Arabic version

AimThis study aimed to translate the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES + T) scale into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties in the context of Morocco.BackgroundThe CLES + T scale is internationally valid and reliable instrument used to evaluate the quality of the clinical learning environment for students in the health professions.DesignTranscultural validation studyMethodsThe present study was carried out between March and May 2019 at two public nursing education institutions in Morocco. The sample included 1550 undergraduate students enrolled in the first, second and third year of nursing, midwifery and health-techniques degree program and who have just completed a course of clinical practicum in hospital ward or primary healthcare settings. The CLES + T scale was translated into Arabic and back-translated. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted.ResultsThe CLES+T scale showed alpha coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 and the five factors identified explained 55% of the variance, with “Role of nurse teacher” and “Supervisory relationship” as the two main factors explaining 41% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis approved the factor structure of the Arabic version of the instrument.ConclusionThe Arabic version of CLES+T displayed suitable psychometric properties for using it in evaluating the quality of clinical learning environment of nursing students in Morocco and likely in other Arabic speaking countries.     

Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the Friedman life balance scale among nursing students: A psychometric analysis

AimTo conduct a Chinese translation and validation of the Friedman Life Balance Scale (FLBS).BackgroundPrevalence of mental disorders is high among nursing students. Life balance is important for nursing students, which may help them increase efficiency in their studies and develop physical and psychological health. Yet, little is known about life balance in nursing students. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the status of life balance of the students to lay the foundation for exploring its associated factors.DesignA multi-centre cross-sectional design.MethodThe study was comprised of 420 nursing students from 15 hospitals and two educational institutes in East, North and Northeast China from July 2021 to January 2022. The Chinese version of the FLBS was translated and adapted based on published, standardized, international guidelines. Psychometric evaluation included floor and ceiling effects, factorial validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, diagnosis accuracy and calibration. The tests used for validity included floor and ceiling effects, confirmatory factor analysis, average extracted variance (AVE) value, composite reliability, correlations with life satisfaction and subjective well-being. The tests used for reliability incudes Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients. Diagnosis accuracy was tested by the area under the curve and calibration was tested by Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test.ResultsThe Chinese version of the Friedman life balance scale did not demonstrate floor or ceiling effect, showing content validity is not limited. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable model fit after it was modified. Convergent validity and discriminant validity of the Friedman life balance scale were supported, except subscales two and three were not discriminated well by AVE technique. The internal consistency was acceptable and the test-retest reliability was good with 0.858. The area under the curve was 0.762 and the optimal cut-off point for depressive symptoms was 44. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed the calibration to be acceptable. Life balance is moderate among Chinese nursing students. The subscale “self-forgive, compassion, love” had the highest correlations with well-being and life satisfaction.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the Friedman life balance scale is a suitable instrument for assessing life balance in Chinese-speaking contexts. It also may have potential utility in identifying nursing students with or without depressive symptoms that may need further examination. Future work should examine additional samples of Chinese nursing students, as well as, perhaps other student populations to determine the extent to which the psychometric properties of the FLBS generalize to other students and contexts.     

Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Patients with Chronic Pain: Scale Development Study

BackgroundOne of the obstacles in chronic pain management is the attitude of healthcare professionals. Although literature reports that the negative attitudes of healthcare professionals such as stigmatizing their patients with chronic pain and applying inadequate treatment cause failure in chronic pain management, there is no scale to measure the attitudes of healthcare professionals towards patients with chronic pain.PurposeThis study aimed to develop a scale for identifying healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards patients with chronic pain.MethodWe prepared a draft scale in the form of five-point Likert. We applied the draft scale to 379 voluntary healthcare professionals working in two hospitals in 2019. Internal consistency and testretest methods were employed to determine the reliability of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for construct validity.FindingsAccording to the EFA, the scale had two factors explaining 45.68 of the total variant. We labelled the first factor “sensitivity orientation” and the second factor was labelled “misconception orientation”. Cronbach Alpha coefficients were 0.88 and 0.75 for the first and second factors respectively. Test-retest method reliability was r = 0.83 in the first factor and r = 0.75 in the second factor. The CFA showed that they were within the limits of acceptable fit values.ConclusionsOur study found that the scale for healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards patients with chronic pain is a valid and reliable tool.Keywords: Healthcare professionals, chronic pain, attitude, scale development.     

Development and evaluation of the health belief model scale for exercise

ObjectivesThis study was aimed to develop a health belief model scale for exercise among Chinese residents to describe the relationships between health beliefs and exercise for promoting residents to adopt or maintain exercise programs.MethodsParticipants were from two projects, Project 1 with 3833 participants and Project 2 with 7319 participants. A pool of 21 items was developed based on a small-scale qualitative study about health beliefs of exercise and literature. Internal consistency and construct validity of the scale were evaluated with Cronbach’s α coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and second-order confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsA final version of 18 items loaded on six factors which could explain 60.30-% of variance was observed after EFA. The internal consistency of the final version with 18 items performed in Project 1 was acceptable (0.609). The reliability of the six subscales was good with Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.628, 0.713, 0.628, 0.801, 0.676 and 0.838 for perceived benefits, perceived objective barriers, perceived subjective barriers, self-efficacy, perceived severity and cues to action, respectively. CFA and second-order CFA indicated a good fit to data.ConclusionsThe Health Belief Model Scale for Exercise(HBMS-E) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess health beliefs of exercise among residents in China. Understanding the health beliefs of exercise will help health professionals to develop effective interventions for health and evaluate the effectiveness.