Perioperative complications of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass for the treatment of complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms

Object

Only a few studies have reported the risk of ischemic complications occurring when superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis is performed during surgery for complex MCA aneurysms.

Subjects and methods

This is a retrospective study of 10 patients (age 52–73) with MCA aneurysms treated with revascularization surgery. The aneurysms were 10–50 mm in size (mean: 21 mm). We studied the causes and frequency of ischemic complications by analyzing postoperative magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Postoperative diffusion-imaging confirmed ischemic complications in six of the 10 patients (in two of the five ruptured aneurysms and in four of the five unruptured). The ischemic complications that observed were infarction of the lenticulostriate artery territory in three cases, cortical infarction in two cases, and cerebral infarction that was likely to be due to cerebral vasospasm in one case. In one case, both cortical infarction and infarction of the lenticulostriate artery territory were observed. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at the time of discharge indicated good recovery (GR) and moderate disability (MD) in seven cases, severe disability (SD) in two cases, and death (D) in one case.

Conclusions

The present study suggests the possibility that STA–MCA anastamosis in surgeries for MCA aneurysms can be performed with comparatively better safety. However, the temporary occlusion time with this surgery is longer than that with a temporary clipping for aneurysmal surgery; thus, we believe that adequate countermeasures are required to prevent ischemic complications.     

Intraoperative indocyanine green angiography in intracranial aneurysm surgery: Microsurgical clipping and revascularization

Background

The goal of this report is to illustrate the use of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) angiography in the surgical management of intracranial aneurysms, including microsurgical clipping and revascularization.

Methods

This study included a series of 45 patients who were surgically treated between June 2007 and May 2008 for intracranial aneurysms. Fourty-three of the patients had anterior circulation aneurysms, and 2 had posterior circulation aneurysms. Forty-one patients were treated with microsurgical clipping. Four patients underwent revascularization combined with aneurysm dissection or trapping. Intraoperative ICG angiography was used to visualize the aneurysm clipping, patency of parent artery or graft. The ICG angiography technique is described, with particular reference to evaluation of the aneurysm clipping and revascularization.

Results

Eighty-nine ICG angiography procedures were performed in 45 patients with intracranial aneurysms. The aneurysms were completely obliterated for all patients, and the grafts were patented for all except 1 patient. Pre-clipping ICG angiography showed the relationship of aneurysm and its parent artery clearly. After aneurysms being clipped, intraoperative ICG angiography found remnant of aneurysms, stenosis or occlusion of parent arteries and grafts in 8 cases, which were revised in the same surgical procedure. The results of ICG angiography correlated well with postoperative DSA in 97% patients.

Conclusion

ICG angiography can provide real-time information and guide revision in the same surgical procedure for the management of intracranial aneurysms.     

Superficial Temporal Artery to Anterior Cerebral Artery Hemi-bonnet Bypass Using Radial Artery Graft for Prevention of Complications after Surgical Treatment of Partially Thrombosed Large/Giant Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm

Background

Partially thrombosed large/giant aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery is still challenging because this complex aneurysm requires arterial revascularization in the deep operation field. Therefore, direct neck clipping is often impossible. We describe our experiences with extracranial-intracranial bypass as an insurance bypass prior to clipping of partially thrombosed anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, and discuss the microsurgical technique and strategy.

Intracranial Fusiform Aneurysms: It's Pathogenesis, Clinical Characteristics and Managements

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate clinical characteristics, management methods and possible causes of intracranial fusiform aneurysm.

Methods

Out of a series of 2,458 intracranial aneurysms treated surgically or endovascularly, 22 patients were identified who had discrete fusiform aneurysms. Clinical presentations, locations, treatment methods and possible causes of these aneurysms were analyzed.

Results

Ten patients of fusiform aneurysm were presented with hemorrhage, 5 patients with dizziness with/without headache, 4 with ischemic neurologic deficit, and 1 with 6th nerve palsy from mass effect of aneurysm. Two aneurysms were discovered incidentally. Seventeen aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, other five in the posterior circulation. The most frequent site of fusiform aneurysm was a middle cerebral artery. The aneurysms were treated with clip, and/or wrapping in 7, resection with/without extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in 6, proximal occlusion with coils with/without EC-IC bypass in 5, EC-IC bypass only in 1 and conservative treatment in 3 patient. We obtained good outcome in 20 out of 22 patients. The possible causes of fusiform aneurysms were regard as dissection in 16, atherosclerosis in 4 and collagen disease or uncertain in 2 cases.

Conclusion

There is a subset of cerebral aneurysms with discrete fusiform morphology. Although the dissection or injury of internal elastic lamina of the cerebral vessel is proposed as the underlying cause for most of fusiform aneurysm, more study about pathogenesis of these lesions is required.     

Sole Stenting Technique for Treatment of Complex Aneurysms

Objective

Complex aneurysms such as fusiform and very small aneurysms (< 3 mm) are challenging in neurovascular and endovascular surgery. Author reports follow-up results of 9 cases treated by sole stent technique with pertinent literature review.

Methods

A retrospective study was made of 9 patients who were treated by sole stenting technique for cerebral aneurysm between January 2003 and January 2009. Two of them had fusiform aneurysm, 5 had very small aneurysm, and 2 had small saccular aneurysm. Five patients had ruptured aneurysms and four had unruptured aneurysms. Seven aneurysms were located in the internal carotid artery (ICA), 1 in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and 1 in the basilar artery. Follow-up cerebral angiography was performed at post-procedure 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Mean follow-up period is 30 months (ranged from 3 days to 30 months).

Results

Aneurysm size was decreased in 6 of 9 cases on follow-up images and was not changed in 3 cases. Although total occlusion was not seen, patients had stable neurological condition and angiographic result. The procedural complication occurred in 2 cases. One was coil migration and the other was suboptimal deployment of stent, and both were asymptomatic. Re-bleeding and thromboembolic complication had not been occurred.

Conclusion

Sole stenting technique is relatively effective and safe as an alternative treatment for fusiform and very small aneurysms.     

Result of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery in the Treatment of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms : Outcomes in 15 Cases

Objective

The standard treatment strategy of intracranial aneurysms includes either endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping. In certain situations such as in giant or dissecting aneurysms, bypass surgery followed by proximal occlusion or trapping of parent artery is required.

Methods

The authors assessed the result of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery in the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms in one institute between 2003 and 2007 retrospectively to propose its role as treatment modality. The outcomes of 15 patients with complex aneurysms treated during the last 5 years were reviewed. Six male and 9 female patients, aged 14 to 76 years, presented with symptoms related to hemorrhage in 6 cases, transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 2 unruptured cases, and permanent infarction in one, and compressive symptoms in 3 cases. Aneurysms were mainly in the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 11 cases, middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 2, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in one and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in one case.

Results

The types of aneurysms were 8 cases of large to giant size aneurysms, 5 cases of ICA blood blister-like aneurysms, one dissecting aneurysm, and one pseudoaneurysm related to trauma. High-flow bypass surgery was done in 6 cases with radial artery graft (RAG) in five and saphenous vein graft (SVG) in one. Low-flow bypass was done in nine cases using superficial temporal artery (STA) in eight and occipital artery (OA) in one case. Parent artery occlusion was performed with clipping in 9 patients, with coiling in 4, and with balloon plus coil in 1. Direct aneurysm clip was done in one case. The follow up period ranged from 2 to 48 months (mean 15.0 months). There was no mortality case. The long-term clinical outcome measured by Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) showed good or excellent outcome in 13/15. The overall surgery related morbidity was 20% (3/15) including 2 emergency bypass surgeries due to unexpected parent artery occlusion during direct clipping procedure. The short-term postoperative bypass graft patency rates were 100% but the long-term bypass patency rates were 86.7% (13/15). Nonetheless, there was no bypass surgery related morbidity due to occlusion of the graft.

Conclusion

Revascularization technique is a pivotal armament in managing complex aneurysms and scrupulous prior planning is essential to successful outcomes.     

大脑中动脉瘤的显微外科治疗

报告34例大脑中动脉瘤显微外科手术的经验,其中1例有2个动脉瘤,共计35个动脉瘤.本组中大型和巨型动脉瘤14个(40%).除2个大脑中动脉主干梭形动脉瘤行动脉瘤包囊,2个巨型动脉瘤行M_1阻断伴颅内外动脉吻合外,其余(88%)均做动脉瘤颈夹闭或动脉瘤切除.无手术死亡,2例术后发生神经功能缺失.平均随访6年,优良率达93.8%.对手术入路、手术方法加以讨论.     

Parent artery occlusion with bypass surgery for the treatment of internal carotid artery aneurysms: Clinical and hemodynamic results

Objective

Parent artery occlusion with/without bypass surgery is one of the treatment choices for the internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm difficult to treat by clipping or coiling. There have been few reports regarding postoperative cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes after surgery. This study evaluated the present bypass selection strategy based on balloon test occlusion (BTO) in terms of clinical and hemodynamic outcomes.

Methods

Twenty-one consecutive patients with ICA aneurysms underwent parent artery occlusion. High flow bypass (n = 9), superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery bypass (n = 10), or no bypass (n = 2) was performed depending on the changes in clinical symptoms and CBF during BTO. Quantitative CBF measurement with acetazolamide challenge was performed in the chronic stage.

Results

Overall outcome at discharge was good recovery 18, moderate disability 2, and severe disability 1. Two patients suffered symptomatic embolic or perforator infarction associated with the surgical manipulations. Preoperative cranial nerve pareses improved completely or partially in all patients except one. CBF in the chronic stage (n = 18) demonstrated no significant difference between the surgical and non-surgical cerebral hemispheres. No cerebral ischemic event was observed during the follow-up period (mean 2.9 years).

Conclusion

The present surgical strategy based on preoperative BTO provides a reliable tool to achieve acceptable clinical and hemodynamic outcomes in patients with complex ICA aneurysms to be treated by parent artery occlusion.     

颅内复杂动脉瘤的颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术远期疗效评价

目的 探讨颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的远期疗效.方法 采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)和日常生活活动能力(ADL)量表(Barthel指数),评价17例接受颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术患者术后临床症状和13常生活活动能力改善程度,以及日常工作能力恢复情况.结果 17例患者入院时平均mRS评分为1.06 ±0.87、ADL评分91.10±10.30,分别施行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(8例)、颈外动脉-大隐静脉-大脑中动脉(5例)、颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉(3例)和枕动脉-小脑后下动脉(1例)血管吻合或搭桥术,以及经翼点入路动脉瘤孤立术.共随访19～39个月,平均28.67个月,其中手术相关病残率为5.88%(1/17)、病死率5.88%(1/17),总体病死率11.76%(2/17);平均mRS评分1.07±1.16,ADL评分96.40±10.30.结论 对于难以通过手术直接夹闭或血管内栓塞治疗的复杂动脉瘤患者,采用颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术可获得较好的结局.     

颅内外血管重建用于颅内复杂动脉瘤的治疗(附11例分析)

目的探讨应用颅内外血管重建技术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的技术要点。方法回顾性分析应用颅内外血管重建技术治疗11例颅内复杂动脉瘤的经验。行颈外动脉-大隐静脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术5例,颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术3例,颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术2例,枕动脉-小脑后下动脉搭桥手术1例。搭桥手术后行动脉瘤孤立术5例,载瘤动脉近心端阻断术6例。结果术后血管造影或3D-CTA显示吻合血管通畅9例,急性闭塞1例,慢性闭塞1例;动脉瘤不显影10例,动脉瘤接受对侧椎动脉供血而需行进一步介入栓塞治疗1例。术后随访6～67个月,平均40.6个月;1例移植血管慢性闭塞病人在术后第50个月死亡,余10例病人临床表现不同程度改善,未发生再出血。结论颅内外血管重建结合载瘤动脉近心端阻断或动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的有效方法。     

Efficacy of the revascularization surgery for adult-onset moyamoya disease with the progression of cerebrovascular lesions

Object

In moyamoya disease, despite its progressive nature of the occlusive lesions in pediatric patients, the prevalence of the progression in adult patients is undetermined. Furthermore, the optimal timing of the revascularization surgery for progressive cases is controversial. To address these issues, we retrospectively investigate four cases with the adult-onset moyamoya disease manifesting as progression before revascularization surgery.

Methods

From March 2004 to May 2007, 49 patients with adult-onset moyamoya disease aged from 19 to 62 years old (mean 40.5) underwent superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA–MCA) anastomosis on 63 hemispheres. All patients were strictly followed up by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging/angiography postoperatively. Twenty-seven hemispheres of 15 adult patients without surgery were also followed up at outpatient service during the same period. If the patients manifest as the progression of the steno-occlusive lesion on the hemisphere without surgery, they undergo revascularization surgery after the confirmation of hemodynamic compromise.

Results

During this period, 47 hemispheres including those of outpatient cases were conservatively followed up after initial diagnosis. Among them, six hemispheres (12.8%) of four patients had been proven to show apparent progression of steno-occlusive lesion and were subjected to revascularization surgery. Postoperative courses were uneventful in all four cases, and no patient suffered cerebrovascular event on the operated hemisphere after surgery.

Conclusion

Adult-onset moyamoya disease, either bilateral or unilateral, has a substantial risk for progression, and careful follow-up is necessary for asymptomatic hemisphere. Once the patient manifests as the progression of cerebrovascular occlusive lesions or ischemic symptoms, we recommend revascularization surgery after the confirmation of the hemodynamic compromise.     

Outcomes of multidisciplinary treatment for posterior cerebral artery aneurysms

Objective

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms are rare and often challenging to manage. Since Drake's historical report regarding PCA aneurysms, there has been limited additional information on recent advancements in either microsurgical or endovascular tools. We report a series of 25 consecutive cases and attempt to extrapolate useful information for managing PCA aneurysms.

Methods

A total of 25 cases of PCA aneurysm that were treated either by microsurgical or endovascular methods were selected and retrospectively reviewed. The clinical data, radiographic findings, and outcomes associated with the treatment modality were analysed.

Results

The case series included 13 women and 12 men with a mean age of 52 years, ranging from 11 to 75 years. Fourteen aneurysms were ruptured, 7 aneurysms caused a direct mass effect, and the remaining 4 aneurysms were found incidentally. Most aneurysms were located in the P1 through P2A segment of the PCA (19 aneurysms, 76%). Seven aneurysms (28%) were large-giant in size (>20 mm), 4 of which had a thrombosed sac. Microsurgical treatment was the primary treatment in 15 aneurysms, including 9 successful direct clip ligations, 3 aneurysms that were surgically trapped without a bypass, and 2 wrapped aneurysms. One giant thrombosed aneurysm was incompletely clipped; subsequently, the large remnant was coil-embolised. Endovascular coil embolisation was performed for 6 aneurysms, stent-assisted coil embolisation was performed for 2 aneurysms, and 2 aneurysms were treated by endovascular occlusion of the parent artery. Permanent deficits acquired after treatment included limb weakness, palsy of the third cranial nerve, and hemianopsia in 5 cases (20%). There was no mortality. Overall, 22 patients (88%) showed favourable clinical outcomes according to the modified Rankin Scale Score (≤2) at the mean clinical follow-up period of 43.2 months (range: 2–130 months).

Conclusions

The present case series suggests that treating PCA aneurysms with microsurgical or endovascular options can achieve a comparable outcome when a judicious decision is made. Endovascular treatment had excellent anatomical and clinical outcomes for non-mass compressing, non-giant, saccular aneurysms. Given the propensity for the large-giant, dysplastic nature of PCA aneurysms to develop in younger patients, microsurgical competence should be maintained. Along with careful evaluation of the anatomic collaterals over the PCA territory, therapeutic parent artery sacrifice may be an appropriate option without adding bypass.     

显微手术治疗大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤

目的 探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)分叉部动脉瘤的解剖特点、临床特征、影像学表现、显微手术技巧及临床疗效.方法 回顾分析41 例MCA 分叉部动脉瘤显微外科治疗患者的临床资料,39 例有动脉瘤破裂出血的临床表现,按Hunt-Hess 分级:0～Ⅰ级5 例,Ⅱ级15 例,Ⅲ级11 例,Ⅳ级9 例,Ⅴ级1 例.64 排螺旋CT 血管造影(CTA)确诊.41 例均行显微手术治疗,手术入路为翼点入路或扩大翼点入路.对多发动脉瘤采取早期与择期、一期与分期相结合的方法处理动脉瘤,原则是先处理破裂动脉瘤,再处理未破裂动脉瘤.结果 动脉瘤夹闭38 例,动脉瘤夹闭+包裹2 例,夹闭一侧动脉瘤,另一侧动脉瘤未处理1 例.依据GOS 判断:优良31 例,轻残6 例,重残2 例,死亡2 例.结论 显微外科手术治疗MCA 分叉部动脉瘤效果显著.熟悉MCA 分叉部动脉瘤的解剖特征有助于减少术中血管损伤和术后神经功能障碍;对合并脑内血肿的MCA 分叉部动脉瘤,应急诊手术清除血肿并夹闭动脉瘤.     

Early superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass in acute ischemic stroke

Objective

To evaluate the effects and safety of superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA–MCA) anastomosis in the early stage after an acute ischemic event and the improvement of present symptoms in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic occlusive disease with stroke/stroke in progress.

Methods

From 2006 to 2010, 20 patients (15 males and five females) with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease were treated with an STA–MCA bypass. All of the patients presented with an acute ischemic stroke or stroke in progress despite maximal medical treatment. The patients underwent an STA–MCA bypass within 7 days from symptom onset. The clinical outcome and hemodynamic study of the 20 patients were preoperatively and postoperatively investigated. A pooled analysis was performed, and the results were compared with those obtained from other delayed STA–MCA bypass studies.

Results

Among the 20 patients who underwent an early STA–MCA bypass, fourteen (70%) patients achieved a good functional outcome (mRS 0, n = 3; mRS 1, n = 9; mRS 2, n = 2). Prior to surgery, the mean basal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVR) in the symptomatic hemisphere were 37.3 ± 4.3 ml/100 g/min and −1.68 ± 2.9%. The mean basal rCBF and CVR had significantly increased postoperatively, and no reperfusion-induced hemorrhage had occurred. In the pooled analysis, no significant differences were observed in the clinical outcome (P = 0.328) or in the incidence of postoperative complications (P = 0.516) between patients who underwent an early STA–MCA bypass and in patients who underwent a delayed STA–MCA bypass in previous studies.

Conclusions

In this study, which consisted of 20 carefully selected patients with acute ischemic stroke, an early STA–MCA bypass was safely and effectively performed, and in some cases, an early STA–MCA bypass resulted in rapid neurological improvement. An early STA–MCA bypass was beneficial in select patients who had acute ischemic stroke with imaging evidence of a small infarction.     

脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的外科治疗方式及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月收治的18例脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的临床资料。根据病人的具体情况选择个体化治疗方案。结果 10例非血流相关性破裂动脉瘤中,5例行动脉瘤夹闭+颞肌贴敷术,4例行动脉瘤栓塞术,1例行动脉瘤栓塞+二期单侧颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉（STA-MCA）分流术;3例烟雾血管破裂出血中,1例行血肿清除+脑室外引流术,1例保守治疗,1例行STA-MCA分流术;5例未出血病人中,1例行STA-MCA分流+动脉瘤夹闭术,2例行STA-MCA分流术,2例行动脉瘤栓塞+STA-MCA分流术。围手术期死亡1例;存活17位出院后随访1～5年,1例保守治疗2年因再出血死亡;1例发生颅内再出血。16例存活病人末次随访改良Rankin量表评分0分10例,1分3例,2分2例,4分1例（再出血病人）。结论 脑底异常血管网病合并颅内动脉瘤的病人,可以根据是否有出血症状及所合并的是否为血流相关性动脉瘤,采取相应的手术方式。存在血流相关性动脉瘤,但没有颅内出血的病人,可以行单纯STA-MCA分流术,而不需要处理动脉瘤...     

大脑中动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗(附72例报告)

目的 探讨大脑中动脉动脉瘤(MCAA)的临床特点和显微手术治疗的疗效.方法 回顾性分析72例显微手术治疗的MCAA患者的临床资料.72例共发现MCAA 75个,位于M1段10个,M2分叉处61个,远端4个.以蛛网膜下腔出血为主要表现66例,伴有血肿23例.入院时Hunt-Hess分级:0级6例,Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级28例,Ⅲ级18例,Ⅳ级9例,V级5例.所有患者均经翼点入路显微镜下行动脉瘤夹闭或包裹术,术中用微血管多普勒监测血流情况.结果 手术成功夹闭动脉瘤68例,夹闭加包裹4例.随访3-24个月,恢复良好62例(86%),重残4例(6%),植物状态2例(3%),死亡4例(5%).无复发或再出血的患者.结论 术前评估和手术入路是治疗MCAA的关键.术中应尽量避免对穿支血管的损伤,防止术后发生脑梗死.     

Cerebral vasospasm and delayed ischaemic deficit following elective aneurysm clipping

Although common after subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and delayed ischaemic neurological deficit (DIND) rarely occur following elective clipping of unruptured aneurysms. The onset of this complication is variable and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We report two patients with CVS associated with DIND following unruptured aneurysmal clipping. The literature is reviewed and the potential mechanisms in the context of patient presentations are discussed. A woman aged 53 and a man aged 70 were treated with elective clipping of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms, the older patient also having an anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipped. The operations were uncomplicated with no intra-operative bleeding, no retraction, no contusion, no middle cerebral artery (MCA) temporary clipping, and no intra-operative rupture. Routine post-operative CT scan and CT angiogram showed that in both patients the aneurysms were excluded from the circulation and there was no perioperative subarachnoid blood. Both patients had no neurological deficit post-operatively, but on day 2 developed DIND and vasospasm of the MCA. Both patients had angiographic improvement with intra-arterial verapamil treatment. In one patient, this was done promptly and the patient made a complete recovery, but in the other, the diagnosis was delayed for more than 24 hours and the patient had residual hemiparesis and dysphasia due to MCA territory infarction. CVS and DIND following treatment of unruptured aneurysms is a very rare event. However, clinicians should be vigilant as prompt diagnosis and management is required to minimise the risk of cerebral infarction and poor outcome.     

Multimodal Treatment for Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: Clinical Research

Objective

For patients with giant or dissecting aneurysm, multimodal treatment consisting extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery plus clip or coil for parent artery occlusion may be necessary. In this study, the safety and efficacy of multimodal treatment in 15 patients with complex aneurysms were evaluated retrospectively.

Methods

From January 1995 to June 2007, the authors treated 15 complex aneurysms that were unable to be clipped or coiled. Among them, nine patitents had unruptured aneurysms and 6 had ruptured aneurysms. Aneurysms were located in the internal cerebral artery (ICA) in 11 patients (4 in the dorsal wall, 4 in the terminal ICA, 1 in the paraclinoid, and 2 in the cavernous ICA), in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 2, and in the posterior circulation in two patients

Results

Fifteen patients with complex aneurysms were treated with bypass surgery previously. Thirteen patients were treated with external carotid middle cerebral artery (ECA-MCA) anastomosis, and one patient with superficial temporal to posterior cerebral artery (STA-PCA) and another patient with occipital artery to posterior inferior cerebellar artery (OA-PICA) anastomosis. Parent artery occlusion was then performed with a clip in 9 patients, with a coil in 4, with balloon plus coil in one patient. All 15 aneurysms were successfully treated with clip or coil combined with bypass surgery. Follow-up angiograms showed good patency of anastomotic site in 10 out of 11 patients, and perfusion study showed sufficient perfusion in 6 out of 9 patients.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that for patients with complex aneurysms, clip or coil for parent vessel occlusion with additive bypass surgery can successfully exclude the aneurysm from the neurovascular circulatory system.     

3D-CTA对破裂大脑中动脉瘤诊断及手术指导意义

目的探讨3D-CTA对破裂大脑中动脉瘤诊断和手术指导作用。方法我院神经外科从2010年1月-2011年12月经3D-CTA对收住自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病人检查证实的122例颅内动脉瘤,其中18例为大脑中动脉动脉瘤,进行了术前CTA手术模拟。17例行翼点入路开颅显微外科手术,动脉瘤夹闭手术,与术前CTA影像学资料进行了对比。结果术前经3D-CTA诊断不同部位大脑中动脉瘤术中所见完全一致。术中除1例大脑中动脉瘤M2段梭形动脉瘤行包裹术外,其余17例动脉瘤均成功行夹闭手术。术后16例病人恢复良好痊愈出院。1例术前破裂大脑中动脉瘤病人,Hunt-Hess分级V级,术后双侧脑疝死亡。1例病人入院做术前准备时,动脉瘤二次破裂出血,急诊手术,术后病人偏瘫生活不能自理。结论术前单独依靠CTA对不同部位大脑中动脉瘤进行诊断及模拟手术,对破裂大脑中动脉瘤成功手术夹闭具有较好应用价值。     

Internal Carotid Artery Reconstruction Using Multiple Fenestrated Clips for Complete Occlusion of Large Paraclinoid Aneurysms

Objective

Although surgical techniques for clipping paraclinoid aneurysms have evolved significantly in recent times, direct microsurgical clipping of large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms remains a formidable surgical challenge. We review here our surgical experiences in direct surgical clipping of large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms, especially in dealing with anterior clinoidectomy, distal dural ring resection, optic canal unroofing, clipping techniques, and surgical complications.

Methods

Between September 2001 and February 2012, we directly obliterated ten large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms. In all cases, tailored orbito-zygomatic craniotomies with extradural and/or intradural clinoidectomy were performed. The efficacy of surgical clipping was evaluated with postoperative digital subtraction angiography and computed tomographic angiography.

Results

Of the ten cases reported, five each were of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Five aneurysms occurred in the carotid cave, two in the superior hypophyseal artery, two in the intracavernous, and one in the posterior wall. The mean diameter of the aneurysms sac was 18.8 mm in the greatest dimension. All large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms were obliterated with direct neck clipping without bypass. With the exception of the one intracavenous aneurysm, all large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms were occluded completely.

Conclusion

The key features of successful surgical clipping of large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms include enhancing exposure of proximal neck of aneurysms, establishing proximal control, and completely obliterating aneurysms with minimal manipulation of the optic nerve. Our results suggest that internal carotid artery reconstruction using multiple fenestrated clips without bypass may potentially achieve complete occlusion of large paraclinoid aneurysms.