循经低流阻通道组织液压的初步观察

目的 测量循经低流阻通道与周围的组织液压,观察其差异及变化情况。方法 在麻醉的小型猪上,使用连续流阻测量仪测出低流阻点和非低流阻点,然后采取针中芯方法测量组织液压。结果 统计结果表明,小型猪胃经、肾经和任脉的低流阻通道平均压力均显著低于旁开的高流阻区域,其压力差分别为1.06、0.70、3.69 mmHg（1 mmHg=0．133 kPa）,总压力差为1.44 mmHg,压力梯度为1.44~2.88 mmHg/cm。在一些低流阻点上发现了与呼吸频率一致的压力波。结论 外周皮下组织中存在着指向经脉低流阻通道的压力差,可能构成组织液向经脉流动的动力。     

组织水肿的一个力学模型及生理分析

水肿是一种常见的生理现象 ,但其发生发展机理尚未得到合理的解释 ,我们根据组织液压力对其结构的影响和血液、组织液物质交换理论 ,建立一种描述水肿发生和发展的力学模型。模型的理论计算结果显示物质交换动态平衡的破坏所产生的组织液压和组织结构的变化将引发水肿 ,这与临床的实验发现一致 ,水肿形成机理的讨论指出水肿治疗的关键在组织结构破坏前调整血浆与组织液间物质交换的不平衡。     

试论经络的解剖定位

本文利用非线性科学分维学说的成果，认为经络确实没有实体物，它恰如一枚树叶的叶脉，纵横交错，寓于人体组织的间隙维之中，间隙维中的组织液就是经络物质。心包囊中的心包液是经络物质的源头，利用心脏舒张时搏出，与三焦中组织液及三焦以下间隙维中组织液相通，所以祝总骧教授才在经脉线下观察到微小的与心率一致的脉搏波（再观察时应注意是否为附近真正脉搏波的干扰，并在论文中提到这种区别）。文章认为余安胜和祝总骧的实验结果是对人体间隙维就是经络系统假说的证实。还认为存在人体间隙维系统本身，就是一种“以无为有”的解剖定位。     

新生儿前脑动脉血流速度波的测定及临床意义

本文应用ＳＯＢ－Ⅱ型伪彩色血流分析仪对围产期窒息新生儿前脑动脉血流阻抗指数（ＲＩ）进行测定。结果表明：宫内窘迫和出生窒息，新生儿ＲＩ值分别为０．６３８±０．０７２，０．６１２±０．０７６，显著高于正常对照组（０．５６６±０．０６３），３例诊断为ＨＩＥ及ＰＶＨ－ＩＶＨ，新生儿不仅ＲＩ值显著升高，而且前脑动脉的血流速度波表现为不规则形。认为ＲＩ值的测定可以较为直接地反映新生儿中枢神经系统的血流灌注情况，结合其血流速度波型的改变，对新生儿ＨＩＥ及ＰＶＨ－ＩＶＨ的早期诊断有一定价值。     

脑内物质的淋巴引流与脑细胞微环境

直接参与组织、细胞的物质、信息、能量传递和交换的血液、淋巴液、组织液间的流动，称为微循环．包括血管微循环系统、组织通道系统和淋巴系统。毛细血管向组织输送的氧、营养物质和信息物质以及组织的代谢产物的输出需经细胞间隙(extracellular space，ECS)(有人认为它与组织通道意义相同)，因此ECS中的组织液(interstitial fluid，ISF)构成了细胞的微环境。脑内ISF构成了脑细胞的微环境(brain extracellular microenvironment，BEM)，ISF的动态平衡对结构复杂功能精密的神经活动具有十分重要的意义。目前，     

家族性预激综合征并右束支传导阻滞一家系六例

家族性预激综合征并右束支传导阻滞一家系六例党瑜华，樊国华，崔钟玺先证者男，６３岁。阵发心悸１３年，１３年前心电图示：心率４６次／分，Ｐ－Ｒ间期０．０９秒，ＱＲＳ０．１２秒，ＱＲＳ波初始钝挫，有δ波，Ｖ１ＱＲＳ波呈ｒｓＲ１型，Ｖ５呈ｑＲｓ型，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ａ...     

QRS波群功率谱与心率、QRS波宽、QRS峰-峰值相关性的研究

本文分别对２０个人和２１只小鼠各作为一个群体以及将２０个人和２１只小鼠合在一起作为一个群体,研究了ＱＲＳ波群功率谱与心率、ＱＲＳ波宽、ＱＲＳ峰－峰值的相关性（本文只分析了Ⅱ、ａＶＦ、Ｖ３导联）。发现人、鼠各作为一个群体时,ＱＲＳ波群的１００－１０００Ｈｚ、８０－３００Ｈｚ的相对能量及绝对能量,０－１０００Ｈｚ的总能量与心率、ＱＲＳ波宽、ＱＲＳ波群的峰－峰值之间的相关关系,在不同导联中,无明显的规律性。而当人、鼠合在一起作为一个群体时,ＱＲＳ波群功率谱中１００－１０００Ｈｚ、８０－３００Ｈｚ的相对能量和绝对能量都与心率呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而０－１０００Ｈｚ总能量与心率呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＱＲＳ波群功率谱中１００－１０００Ｈｚ、８０－３００Ｈｚ的相对能量和绝对能量都与ＱＲＳ波宽呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而０－１０００Ｈｚ总能量与ＱＲＳ波宽呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１００－１０００Ｈｚ、８０－３００Ｈｚ的相对能量、绝对能量和０－１０００Ｈｚ总能量与ＱＲＳ波群的峰－峰值均呈正相关。     

经皮二氧化碳释放量机理的研究

为探讨经皮二氧化碳释放量（ＴＣＥ）的机理，使用ＦＲＥＷＩＬ高灵敏度二氧化碳测定仪进行了ＩＣＥ与温度、电阻（四电极法）相关性的研究。发现ＴＣＥ与温度呈一定的正相关（Ｒ＝０．１９，Ｐ〈０．０１），与电阻呈一定的负相关（Ｒ＝－０．１８，Ｐ〈０．０１），说明ＴＣＥ与相应部位的能置代谢及组织液含量有关。进行剥离角质层的实验，发现降低角质层厚度可ＴＣＥ显著增高，说明与皮肤通透性有关。用大面积机械压迫静脉血管，     

家兔卵巢毛细淋巴管的超微结构

为探讨卵巢淋巴管的形态特征，用透射电镜观察和图像分析方法研究了家兔卵巢毛细淋巴管的超微结构。结果发现，卵巢毛细淋巴管内皮细胞间的连接方式有３种，即端端连接（１４．０％）、重叠连接（３２．７％）及插入连接（５３．３％）。其中伴有粘着装置的占４８．６％，未见到开放的连接。卵巢毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的质膜小泡，分布于管腔内表面、管腔外表面和游离于胞质内，其中游离于胞质中的最多（４５．７％）；小泡的平均最大直径为６１．５±１．５ｎｍ；体密度为０．０７６２±０．００１５；数密度为１３０．９±４．０个／μｍ３。本研究认为，在组织液和大分子物质转运途径中，卵巢毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的转运功能可能是以质膜小泡的运输为主，内皮细胞间连接所形成的通道作用可能较小。     

针刺对周围性面神经麻痹患者甲襞微循环和穴位二氧化碳释放量的影响

本文应用甲襞微循环和穴位二氧化碳释放量为指标，观察针刺对周围性面神经麻痹的治疗作用。周围性面神经麻痹患者３０例，平均病程６．７个月。针刺取穴，除针采用三阳经并治，以阳明胃经穴位为主。结果显示：周围性面神经麻痹患者大部分存在甲襞微循环障碍。针刺后，甲襞微循环总积分值和流态积分值低于针刺前（Ｐ〈０．００１）。穴位二氧碳释放量除右冲阳穴外，其它各穴在针刺后均高于针前，大溪穴针刺前后有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．     

一种针刺补泻法对小型猪皮下组织液压的影响

目的研究《灵枢》卷首《九针十二原》针刺补泻法对小型猪皮下组织液压(interstitial fluid pressure,IFP)的作用,探讨其调节组织液的生物力学机制。方法在9只健康实验用小型猪腹部随机取点行补法(提/按法)和泻法(摇大针孔),观察正常状态(normal state,NS)、抽取组织液的低组织液量(low volume,LV)状态和注入生理盐水的高组织液量(high volume,HV)状态下针刺前后IFP。结果 NS下提/按法可极显著升高IFP;泻法可极显著降低IFP,针后5 min泻法组IFP降低较快。LV状态提/按法均能升高IFP,针后10 min二者IFP下降较慢。HV状态下泻法可极显著降低IFP,针后5 min与对照组变化趋势不同。结论该补泻法可升高或降低IFP,证明其对IFP有相反方向的调节作用。研究结果为针灸临床使用补泻手法提供新的科学依据。     

小型猪经脉区皮肤微血管的三维重建

目的 利用小型猪后肢膀胱经经脉线区皮肤连续组织切片,通过三维重建软件构筑后肢膀胱经经脉线区微血管三维图像.方法 3月龄中国农业大学Ⅲ系小型猪,经络定位仪定位后肢膀胱经.在第3腰椎与荐骨之间取1.2cm×0.5cm×0.5cm中间标有经脉线的皮肤.在取材皮肤的经脉线正下方真皮网状层与皮下组织交界处(距离表皮层约1mm),...     

Compliance of the interstitial space in rats I. Studies on hindlimb skeletal muscle

Interstitial compliance, defined as the ratio between changes in interstitial fluid volume (ΔIFV) and interstitial fluid pressure (ΔIFP), was determined for rat skeletal muscle. IFV was measured as the extravascular distribution space for ⁵¹Cr-EDTA, while sharpened micropipettes connected to a servo-controlled counterpressure system were used to measure IFP. The experimental protocol was designed to bring about acute (2–4 h) and chronic (24–28h) tissue over- and dehydration. During dehydration, the average compliance was 0.056 ml/g dry weight · mmHg, corresponding to 1.40 ml/100 g wet tissue mmHg, and was not significantly different in acute and chronic experiments. In hydration (acute and chronic), compliance increased several-fold when IFV increased. Even at greatly increased IFV, IFP did not rise more than 1 to 1.5 mmHg above control level. Since control IFV amounts to 10 ml/100 g wet tissue, IFV will decrease by 14% when IFP falls by 1 mmHg from this control level. Provided unchanged interstitial protein mass the dehydration will cause interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure to increase by somewhat more than 1 mmHg—from a control level of 9 mmHg. Furthermore, since IFP was not increased by more than 1 to 1.5 mmHg during hydration, an increase in IFP plays a minor role in edema-prevention compared to dilution and/or washout of interstitial proteins.     

Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics.

Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon proliferative lesion. When sampled by biopsy, IFP can be mistaken for various lesions, from granulation tissue to high-grade sarcoma. We present an unusual case of IFP and review a large series of IFPs to characterize clinical, histologic, and molecular features of diagnostic value. A total of 42 IFPs were gathered from the pathology archives of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center over the past 22 years. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features were collected. A random subset of IFPs (n = 12) underwent microdissection genotyping for a broad panel of tumor suppressor gene-associated mutations (loss of heterozygosity). IFPs occurred in both sexes (male, 17; female, 25) over a broad age range (29-85 years). IFPs varied in size from 0.2 to 8 cm. The stomach (n = 19) was the most common location, followed by large bowel (n = 13) and small bowel (n = 10). Most IFPs displayed typical morphologic features (eosinophils admixed with loose, mature fibrous tissue), and in 2 instances, sampled by biopsy, IFP was confused for sarcoma. All IFPs lacked c-kit staining. No mutations were identified in any IFPs examined. IFP is a clinically underrecognized entity with unique morphologic and immunohistochemical features. On biopsy alone, the differential diagnosis may include sarcoma and other malignancies. The absence of mutational change may help to exclude malignant lesions.     

Quantification and localisation of damage in rat muscles after controlled loading; a new approach to study the aetiology of pressure sores.

To obtain more insight in the aetiology of deep pressure sores, an animal model was developed to relate controlled external loading to local muscle damage. The tibialis anterior muscle (TA) and overlying skin of a rat were compressed between indentor and tibia. Loads of 10, 70 and 250kPa at skin surface were applied for 2 or 6h. During half of the 10 and 250kPa experiments interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in the TA was measured. The TAs were excised 24h after load application. Both amount and location of damage were assessed by histological examination using a semi-automated image-processing program. In six of eleven loaded muscles damage was found. The damage was located from superficial to deep muscle tissue in a zone never exceeding the diameter of the indentor. The IFP measurements interfered with the occurrence of damage; application of 10 and 70kPa loads only caused damage when combined with IFP measurements, whereas IFP measurements increased damage at 250kPa loads. The results showed that the developed animal model can be used to provoke local damage by applying a controlled load and that the amount and location of damage can be assessed using the newly developed techniques.     

Case of an inflammatory fibroid polyp of the cecum

An inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare benign lesion, originating in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. It is histopathologically characterized by distinctively arranged fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels with inflammatory cell infiltration. It typically arises in the stomach and small intestine but also arises infrequently in the colon. This report describes a case of IFP of the cecum. A 63-year-old woman presented with persistent bloody stool for more than 1 month. Colonoscopy revealed a polypoid lesion, measuring 2.5 cm in diameter and 4 cm in length, with a thick pedicle in the cecum. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen showed hyperplastic changes of the mucosa. The lesion was diagnosed to be a submucosal tumor. We concluded that endoscopic mucosal resection would be difficult because the polyp showed signs of infiltration into the submucosa. Furthermore, the possibility of malignancy could not be ruled out. Laparoscopy-assisted ileocecal resection with lymphnode dissection was performed after the patient's informed consent was obtained. The lesion was finally diagnosed to be IFP on the basis of histopathological examination of the resected specimen. Immunohistochemical staining of the spindle-shaped cells, which were present around the small vessels in the stroma of the tumor, showed that the tissue expressed vimentin but not alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, S-100, c-kit or CD 34. IFP is difficult to diagnose without the recognition of its clinical and pathological characteristics. It is also important to determinate the depth of the lesion before selecting the therapeutic method.     

Activating PDGFRA mutations in inflammatory fibroid polyps occur in exons 12, 14 and 18 and are associated with tumour localization

Huss S, Wardelmann E, Goltz D, Binot E, Hartmann W, Merkelbach‐Bruse S, Büttner R & Schildhaus H‐U (2012) Histopathology  61, 59–68 Activating PDGFRA mutations in inflammatory fibroid polyps occur in exons 12, 14 and 18 and are associated with tumour localization Aims: Inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFP) are mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. This study was performed to broaden the base of evidence of the pathogenic role of PDGFR mutations in IFP with particular regard to clinicopathological data and mutational patterns among IFP subtypes. Methods and results: Molecular analysis of 38 tumours revealed activating mutations in three different exons of PDGFRA in 25 IFP. For the first time we report two cases with PDGFRA‐exon 14 mutations (p.N659K; p.[N659K(+)T665A]). The results of our study and cases reported earlier indicate clearly that there is a localization‐specific pattern: exon 12 mutations predominate in the small intestine, while exon 18 mutations occur frequently in the stomach (P < 0.001). Codons 567–571 of PDGFRA represent an IFP specific mutational hot spot and are affected most frequently by deletions. Furthermore, in our series IFP of the stomach share common features. In contrast to intestinal IFP, gastric tumours occur at higher age, show heavy inflammation and tend to be smaller. IFP located in the small intestine are frequently associated with intussusception. Conclusion: We conclude that there is a ‘small bowel’ and a ‘gastric’ phenotype of IFPs which are associated with exon 12 and exon 18 PDGFRA mutations, respectively.     

A Model of Slow Wave Propagation and Entrainment Along the Stomach

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) isolated from different regions of the stomach generate spontaneous electrical slow wave activity at different frequencies, with cells from the proximal stomach pacing faster than their distal counterparts. However, in vivo there exists a uniform pacing frequency; slow waves propagate aborally from the proximal stomach and subsequently entrain distal tissues. Significant resting membrane potential (RMP) gradients also exist within the stomach whereby membrane polarization generally increases from the fundus to the antrum. Both of these factors play a major role in the macroscopic electrical behavior of the stomach and as such, any tissue or organ level model of gastric electrophysiology should ensure that these phenomena are properly described. This study details a dual-cable model of gastric electrical activity that incorporates biophysically detailed single-cell models of the two predominant cell types, the ICC and smooth muscle cells. Mechanisms for the entrainment of the intrinsic pacing frequency gradient and for the establishment of the RMP gradient are presented. The resulting construct is able to reproduce experimentally recorded slow wave activity and provides a platform on which our understanding of gastric electrical activity can advance.     

Concomitant presence of inflammatory fibroid polyp and carcinoma or adenoma in the stomach

Four instances (8%) of inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) with concomitant adenocarcinoma or adenoma, in the same area, were noted among 50 cases of IFP of the stomach. Adding two cases from other sources, four cases of gastric IFP concomitant with an adenocarcinoma and two of gastric IFP concomitant with an adenoma were studied histopathologically and immunohistochemically. All lesions were located in the gastric antrum and they were restricted to the mucosa in three, and they involved both mucosa and submucosa in the other three. Neither S100 protein nor factor VIII-associated antigen was recognized in the principal component cells, using an immunoperoxidase technique. This finding suggests the conventional view that the proliferating cells were neither neurogenic nor angioblastic, but rather, were fibroblastic in origin. The four concomitant carcinomas were early adenocarcinomas restricted to within the mucosa, and the two concomitant adenomas were tubular adenomas with a moderate epithelial atypia. All these neoplasms were present in or adjacent to the IFP. We emphasize that the IFP, albeit benign, may carry an adenocarcinoma or an adenoma.