颈椎三维运动对关节突关节压力的作用

背景:颈椎关节突关节压力变化是颈椎生理运动中的一个重要环节,但目前缺少对颈椎生理载荷下关节突间接触压力的直接测量研究.目的:通过测量颈椎三维运动中关节突关节压力的变化,探讨关节突对颈椎应力分布和运动协调的作用.方法:6具成年男性新鲜尸体颈椎标本(C2～C7)作为测试对象,将预制的压敏片置于C3～4、C4～5和C6～7左侧关节突关节内.标本先给予75 N跟随载荷,再以持续加载模式加载力偶.屈伸和侧弯最大2.0 N·m载荷,轴向旋转最大4.0 N·m载荷,测量零力偶和最大力偶时的关节突关节内压力.结果与结论:零载荷时,C3～4、C4～5和C6～7左侧关节突分别承受75 N跟随载荷的20.6%,20.0%,21.3%.在运动加载后,完整颈椎在后伸、左侧弯和右旋时均表现为左侧关节突间压力明显增大(P<0.05);但前屈、右侧弯和左旋时左侧关节突间压力无明显改变.3个节段在各运动方向关节间压力变化无显著性差异(P>0.05).结果提示关节突关节内压力变化主要取决于关节突的角度和加载方向.颈椎关节突在传递分散颈椎应力和协调三维运动中发挥重要作用.     

神经根型颈椎病的CR及MSCT三维重建诊断价值分析

目的:探讨CR及MSCT三维重建对神经根型颈椎病的影像学诊断价值。方法:对37例临床颈椎病患者采用颈椎正、侧及双斜位CR摄片、进行多层螺旋CT薄层扫描,采用椎间孔内口、外口、轴位显示及斜位重建,观察颈椎骨质增生及神经根走行情况。结果:CR颈椎正、侧及双斜位片37例中有36例可见椎体及小关节骨质增生硬化,但仅发现变形狭窄的椎间孔61个,其中83.6%位于C4～5、C5～6。而MSCT三维重建、多平面重建图像能够多方向立体而又直观地显示各椎间孔的形态特点,37例神经根型颈椎病患者中发现狭窄的椎间孔97个,其中92.8%位于C4～5、C5～6、C6～7。椎间孔狭窄的原因包括钩突关节骨质增生、椎间盘突出、椎体肥大、小关节突骨质增生或错位。结论:MSCT三维重建、多平面重建较CR颈椎正、侧及双斜位片在观察颈椎椎体骨质有无改变方面基本相同,但对于显示各小关节突的改变、椎间盘突出及各椎间孔的大小形态特点等空间关系信息方面具有更重要的诊断价值,能较容易地断定病变的程度和范围,是一种诊断神经根型颈椎病非常有效的影像学检查方法。     

颈椎旋转对颈椎间孔形态的影响

目的　分析旋转对颈椎间孔形态的影响 ,并探讨其对临床工作的指导意义。方法　对 10名健康志愿者分别于颈椎中立位及旋转位利用多层螺旋CT进行自C3 椎体上缘至C7椎体下缘的横断面扫描 ,并在C3～ 4、C4～ 5、C5～ 6、C6～ 7椎间孔斜 45°的重建图像上测量椎间孔的上下径、上前后径、下前后径及截面面积 ,比较旋转时颈椎间孔形态的变化。结果　旋转时旋转侧颈椎间孔截面面积减小 ,对侧椎间孔截面面积增大 ,C3～ 4椎间孔面积变化率与C3 、C4间旋转角度亦存在相关性。结论　旋转可影响颈椎间孔的形态 ,且其相互间存在一定的相关性。此结果对颈椎病 ,尤其是神经根型颈椎病的预防、诊断和治疗有临床指导意义。     

下腰椎关节突关节的CT诊断

目的:提高下腰椎关节突关节的异常改变对椎间盘突出症诊断的重要性的认识。材料与方法:随机抽取临床症状、体征及CT表现典型的腰椎间盘突出症病例的CT片1 0 0份,对该症发生的部位、类型进行统计;同时对关节突关节角进行测量并对关节角差值≥1 0°的进行按节段分类统计;对关节突关节面的形态和相互关系按4种类型进行分类。结果:单个椎间盘突出占6 8%,两个椎间盘同时突出占3 1 %,共计1 3 1个椎间盘突出发生于L3、4的1 7个占1 2 . 98%;L4、5的6 7个占5 1. 1 4 %;L5、S1的4 7个占3 5 . 88%。双侧关节突关节角不对称共有83个,占2 7. 6 7%,其中L3、4水平1 5个占1 8. 0 7%;L4、5水平3 8个占4 5 78%;L5、S1水平3 0个占3 6 . 1 4 %。双侧关节突关节形态不对称改变6 1个椎体,占2 0 .3 %。呈Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的最多,计3 4 1个,占94 .46 %,呈Ⅲ、Ⅳ型改变共计2 0个,其中1 6个发生于L5、S1水平,3个发生于L4、5水平。结论:关节突关节角小,不对称及关节面呈Ⅲ、Ⅳ型改变是腰椎间退变和突出症的潜在病因学因素之一,因此,提高对关节突关节的异常改变的认识在腰椎间盘突出症的诊断中至关重要     

诊断颈椎骨质增生的新途径--彩色多普勒能量图(CDE)

目的：利用CDE对椎动脉（VA）显示可间接判定颈椎骨质增生，进一步探讨其对增生部位的诊断准确性。方法：应运CDE常规显示C6－C2段VA，并分段测量其内径，峰值流速（Vmax)。68例患者全部行X线检查。结果：68例CDE发现62例（占91．1％），根据增生部位及增生程度的不同，椎动脉段表现为迂曲型，连续型，错位平行型。结论：与传统X线相比，CDE诊断颈椎骨质增生的准确性较高，具有方便，省时快捷，使患者免受X线对机体损害等优点，CDE可作为颈椎骨质增生的辅助诊断手段，是临床诊断颈椎增生的又一新途径。     

颈椎侧弯对颈椎间孔形态的影响

目的:分析侧弯对颈椎间孔形态的影响,并探讨其对临床工作的指导意义。方法:对10名健康志愿者分别于颈椎中立位及侧弯位利用多层螺旋CT进行自C3椎体上缘至C7椎体下缘的横断面扫描,并在C3/4、C4/5、C5/6、C6/7椎间孔斜45°的重建图像上测量椎间孔的上下径、上前后径、下前后径及截面面积,比较侧弯时颈椎间孔形态的变化。结果:侧弯时侧弯侧颈椎间孔截面面积因孔的上下径、上前后径及下前后径的减小而减小13.07%,对侧因孔的上下径、上前后径及下前后径的增大而增大19.84%,C3/4椎间孔面积变化率与C3/C4间侧弯角度存在相关性。结论:侧弯可影响颈椎间孔的形态,且相互间存在有一定的相关性。此结果对颈椎病,尤其是神经根型颈椎病的预防、诊断和治疗有临床指导意义。     

椎-基底动脉供血不足性眩晕与颈椎不稳

目的:探讨椎-基底动脉供血不足(VBI)眩晕与颈椎不稳之间的关系方法:对2000/2002门诊和住院的84例VBI患者和30例健康志愿进行颈椎X线检查,在过伸过屈位X片上测量椎体间角度位移和水位移,在自然侧位X片上记录颈椎曲线。结果:VBI组有68例(81%)共74个节段有颈椎不稳,其中C5～619C3～416例,C2～3,C6～7各1例;正常对照组有4例(13%)共4个节段颈椎不稳,其中C4～52例,C3～4,C5～6各1例。两组颈椎不稳例数比较检验差异存在非常显著性意义(χ2=43.44,P<0.01)。VBI组颈椎线异常39例(46%),正常对照组颈椎曲线异常4例(13%),两组比χ2检验差异有非常显著性意义(χ2=10.31,P<0.01)。结论:VBI眩晕与颈椎不稳密切相关,颈椎不稳很可能是导致临床眩晕反复发作的原因之一。     

颈椎终板Modic改变分布特点与退变的关系

背景:关于Modic改变在腰椎中分布及特点的相关性研究比较多,而在颈椎中的相关研究则较少.目的:分析颈椎终板Modic改变的临床分布特点,并探讨其发生与颈椎退变的相关性.方法:随机抽取因颈肩痛行颈椎MRI和常规X射线检查的患者共200例,年龄20～83岁.记录MRI颈椎Modic改变发生的节段,改变类型,改变的位置等,并分析其发生与性别、年龄、椎间盘退变节段及程度、椎间隙高度、颈椎曲度的相关性.结果与结论:200例共计1 200个颈椎椎间盘中23例(11.5%),29个(2.4%)个椎间盘邻近终板发生Modic改变.Ⅰ型8例(4%),10个椎间盘(0.8%);Ⅱ型13例(6.5%),16个椎间盘(1.3%);Ⅲ型2例(1.0%),3个椎间盘(0.25%).按照各个椎间盘节段发病数统计,C2/3节段O个,C3/4节段4个,C4/5节段6个,C5/6节段12个,C6/7节段7个,C7/T1节段0个,发病率分别为0%,0.33%,0.5%,1.0%,0.58%,0%.结果表明颈椎终板也存在Modic改变的现象,但发生率较腰椎低,Ⅱ型最多见,Ⅰ型次之,Ⅲ型最为少见,多发生于C5/6椎间盘,多位于邻近终板的后方.50岁以上为其好发年龄,其发生与年龄、椎间盘退变、椎间盘节段及颈椎曲度之间存在相关性.     

多排螺旋CT扫描多模式重建对颈椎病的诊断价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT扫描多模式重建诊断颈椎病的价值。方法161例颈椎病患者根据临床症状分为：神经根型、动脉型、脊髓型、混合型和食管压迫型，分别为84例、40例、22例、13例和2例。采用多排螺旋CT扫描多模式重建技术观察颈椎骨质增生情况、椎间孔大小、椎动脉和颈椎骨质增生的关系、骨性椎管狭窄的改变。结果84例神经根型中，发现椎间孔狭窄438处，其中C5-6和C6-7椎间孔狭窄占79．6％，椎间孔狭窄的成因有钩突关节骨质增生、椎间盘突出、椎体肥大、小关节突骨质增生、错位等；40例椎动脉型表现为骨赘压迫椎动脉（52．5％），导致椎动脉变细、粗细不均和椎动脉迂曲。22例脊髓型表现为颈椎椎管狭窄、椎体后缘骨质增生、后纵韧带钙化、椎间隙狭窄和颈椎间盘突出等。结论多排螺旋CT扫描多模式重建能全面评价颈椎骨质增生及颈椎间盘退变对神经、血管和脊髓的影响，是颈椎病诊断较实用的检查方法。     

颈椎终板Modic改变分布特点与退变的关系

背景：关于Modic改变在腰椎中分布及特点的相关性研究比较多,而在颈椎中的相关研究则较少。目的：分析颈椎终板Modic改变的临床分布特点,并探讨其发生与颈椎退变的相关性。方法：随机抽取因颈肩痛行颈椎MRl和常规X射线榆查的患者共200例,年龄20-83岁。记录MRl颈椎Modic改变发生的节段,改变类型,改变的位置等,并分析其发生与性别、年龄、椎间盘退变节段及程度、椎间隙高度、颈椎曲度的相关性。结果与结论：200例共计1200个颈椎椎间盘中23例（11.5％）,29个（2.4％）个椎间盘邻近终板发生Modic改变。I型8例（4％）,10个椎间盘（0.8％）;II型13例（6.5％）,16个椎间盘（113％）;III型2例（1.0％）,3个椎间盘（O.25％）。按照各个椎间盘节段发病数统计,C2/3节段O个,C3/4节段4个,C4／5节段6个,C5/6节段12个,C6/7节段7个,C6/7T1节段0个,发病率分别为O％,0.33％,O.5％,1.0％,O.58％,0％。结果表明颈椎终板也存在Modic改变的现象,但发生率较腰椎低,II型最多见,I型次之,III型最为少见,多发生于C5/6椎间盘,多位于邻近终板的后方。50岁以上为其好发年龄,其发生与年龄、椎间盘退变、椎间盘节段及颈椎曲度之间存在相关性。     

人类颈、腰椎关节突关节内“半月板样物”的显微形态学和组织学研究

目的：对人类颈、腰椎关节突关节内“半月板样物”进行形态学和组织学研究。方法：对5具国人成年尸体福尔马林固定标本，2具成人新鲜尸体标本的脊柱颈、腰椎关节突关节。进行手术显微镜下的形态学和光学显微镜下的组织学研究。结果：7具尸体的所有颈椎和腰椎关节突关节内均存在有“半月板样物”。该结构为关节囊滑膜向关节腔内的延伸．充填关节腔的边缘空隙。组织学研究：其结构由滑膜、脂肪和纤维组织构成。在颈椎，自上而下，其结缔组织逐渐增加、变厚．有的深部有钙盐沉积。而在腰椎。所有“半月板样物”均较厚，底部可见大量致密结缔组织，并伴有多少不等的软骨化生和钙盐沉积。结论：在颈、腰椎的活动过程中。该关节内结构的存在可维持关节突关节的动态稳定性：“半月板样物”的厚度．软骨化生和钙化等。与该部位所受到的张力和应力有关；在病理状况下可能是一些临床表现．如“绞锁腰”和“绞锁颈”的病理学基础。     

颈椎小关节切除前后的蠕变特性

背景：创伤和颈椎退变都会使颈椎丧稳定性,需手术治疗,有时需切除小关节,目前对单独切除小关节后的蠕变特性评价鲜有报道。目的：比较正常颈椎标本和切除颈椎C5~6小关节的蠕变力学特性,确定小关节切除是否对蠕变力学特性造成影响。方法：在日本岛津电子万能试验机上对正常和切除小关节标本进行蠕变实验,模拟人体温在（36.5±0.5）℃的温度场下以5%/s的应变增加速度对标本施加应力,设定时间为7200s。采集100个数据采用三参数模型计算蠕变方程。结果与结论：正常和小关节切除颈蠕变曲线是以指数关系变化的,在最初600s应变变化较快,随时间延长应变缓慢上升,正常和小关节切除组7200s蠕变量差异显著（P〈0.05）。说明三参数模型计算简便,能很好的拟合蠕变曲线,通过这种理想化的方程,可以定量说明两组标本差异显著。     

颈椎小关节切除前后的蠕变特性

背景:创伤和颈椎退变都会使颈椎丧稳定性,需手术治疗,有时需切除小关节,目前对单独切除小关节后的蠕变特性评价鲜有报道.目的:比较正常颈椎标本和切除颈椎C5~6小关节的蠕变力学特性,确定小关节切除是否对蠕变力学特性造成影响.方法:在日本岛津电子万能试验机上对正常和切除小关节标本进行蠕变实验,模拟人体温在(36.5±0.5) ℃的温度场下以5%/s的应变增加速度对标本施加应力,设定时间为7 200 s.采集100个数据采用三参数模型计算蠕变方程.结果与结论:正常和小关节切除颈蠕变曲线是以指数关系变化的,在最初600 s应变变化较快,随时间延长应变缓慢上升,正常和小关节切除组7 200 s蠕变量差异显著(P < 0.05).说明三参数模型计算简便,能很好的拟合蠕变曲线,通过这种理想化的方程,可以定量说明两组标本差异显著.     

颈椎单侧关节突交锁脱位的软组织损伤及其相关因素

目的研究颈椎单侧关节突交锁的软组织损伤、旋转角度、椎体脱位程度及其相关性。方法 4具C1-T1段40g/L甲醛浸泡成人颈椎标本,破坏C4-5双侧关节囊前侧、内侧部分。用自制夹具,分别在侧屈旋转、前屈旋转下模拟颈椎单侧关节突交锁,并部分模拟肌肉收缩。结果前屈旋转比侧屈旋转对软组织损伤大;单侧关节突交锁平均旋转角度为19.75°,椎体脱位均为Ⅰ度脱位。结论 屈曲旋转的复合暴力是颈椎单侧关节突交锁的力学机制,关节囊的破坏是成功建立模型的关键,交锁侧黄韧带、1/2以上纤维环的破坏是必须的,棘上、棘间韧带的阻力较小,软组织的损伤程度和椎体的旋转角度无关,与椎体的脱位程度相关。     

Experimental cervical interspinous ligament pain altered cervical joint motion during dynamic extension movement

BackgroundAlthough the cervical interspinous ligament is a potential source of neck pain, the effects on cervical joint motion and pressure pain sensitivity has never been investigated. The understanding of the relationship will broaden our understanding of cervical biomechanics and improve diagnosis and treatment of neck pain.MethodsFluoroscopy videos of cervical flexion and extension movements and pressure pain thresholds over bilateral C2/C3 and C5/C6 facet joints were collected in fifteen healthy subjects before and after injections of hypertonic and isotonic saline in C4/C5 ISL. The videos were divided into 10 even epochs and the motion of individual joints during each epoch was extracted. Joint motion parameters including anti-directional motion, pro-directional motion, total joint motion and joint motion variability were extracted across epochs. Joint motion parameters and PPTs were compared before and after injection of hypertonic and isotonic saline separately.FindingsCompared with baselines: hypertonic saline injection 1) decreased anti-directional motion and joint motion variability at C4/C5 (P < 0.05) and increased at C2/C3 (P < 0.05) during extension; 2) increased total joint motion of C0/C1 during first half range (P < 0.05) and decreased during second half range of extension, and total joint motion of C2/C3 increased during second half range of extension (P < 0.05) and; 3) increased pressure pain thresholds over left C2/C3 facet joint (P < 0.01).InterpretationThe cervical interspinous ligament pain redistributed anti-directional motion between C4/C5 and C2/C3 during dynamic extension and decreased pressure pain sensitivity over the left C2/C3 facet joint.     

Ultrasound-guided facet joint injections in the middle to lower cervical spine: a CT-controlled sonoanatomic study

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound as a guiding tool for simulated cervical facet joint injections in cadavers. METHODS: A total of 40 ultrasound examinations at 5 levels (C6-7 to C2-3) were performed on 4 embalmed cadavers. The zygapophyseal joints were located with ultrasound. First, the transverse processes of C6 and C7 were established and the facet joint of C6-7 was demonstrated. The midpoint of this joint space, defined as the middle of its cranio-caudal extension on its lateral surface, was taken as a reference point. Ipsilateral distances (A, B, C, and D) between this point and each one of the 4 facet joints of the cervical spine up to the facet joints C2-3 were then computed. Subsequently, coronal computed tomography (CT) scans were taken to verify these distances. In a second experiment, a spinal needle was advanced under ultrasound guidance to the zygapophyseal joints from C2-3 to C6-7 on both sides of 1 cadaver. The exact placement of the needle tips was again verified by CT. RESULTS: In 4 attempts, a depiction of the joint space was not possible. Ultrasound and CT provided the same mean measurements of 1.2+/-0.2 cm, 2.0+/-0.3 cm, 3.0+/-0.2, and 4.0+/-0.5 cm for distances A, B, C, and D, respectively. All 10 needle tips were located in the joint space during simulated facet joint injections, as also verified by CT. DISCUSSION: This preclinical study suggests that ultrasound is a useful guiding tool for facet joint injections in the cervical spine.     

不同时期颈椎病患者颈椎骨密度变化与椎体变形关系

目的:通过对颈椎病患者X线和颈椎骨密度的测量,探讨不同年龄段颈椎病患者颈椎椎体变形与骨密度变化之间的关系。方法:分3组,正常组20例,平均年龄23岁;颈椎间盘突出症组(颈椎组)22例,平均年龄43岁,腰椎骨密度正常;骨质疏松合并颈椎管狭窄症组(疏松组)28例,平均年龄58岁,腰椎骨密度显示骨质疏松。所有病例测量颈椎侧位C3～C6的椎管、椎体矢状径比,椎体变形指数,C4～C6骨密度。数据进行统计学处理。结果:与正常组相比,颈椎组患者仅在C5,C6椎体出现轻度椎管狭窄,椎体变形,骨密度无明显变化;疏松组则是颈椎高度减低,周径增宽,骨密度升高,3值之间有明显的相关性。结论:椎体骨质疏松的发展与颈椎病的自然发展病程具有明确的相关性,可能是颈椎开始退变进而发展为颈椎病的始动因素之一。     

Comparison of axial and flexural stresses in lordosis and three buckled configurations of the cervical spine

OBJECTIVE: To calculate and compare combined axial and flexural stresses in lordosis versus buckled configurations of the sagittal cervical curve. DESIGN: Digitized measurements from lateral cervical radiographs of four different shapes were used to calculate axial loads and bending moments on the vertebral bodies of C2-C7.Background. Osteoarthritis and spinal degeneration are factors in neck and back pain. Calculations of stress in clinically occurring configurations of the sagittal cervical spine are rare. METHODS: Center of gravity of the head (inferior-posterior sella turcica) and vertebral body margins were digitized on four different lateral cervical radiographs: lordosis, kyphosis, and two "S"-shapes. Polynomials (seventh degree) and stress concentrations on the concave and convex margins were derived for the shape of the sagittal cervical curvatures from C1 to T1. Moments of inertia were determined from digitizing and the use of an elliptical shell model of cross-section. Moment arms from a vertical line through the center of gravity of the head to the atlas and scaled neck extensor moment arms from the literature were used to compute the vertical component of extensor muscle effort. Segmental lever arms were calculated from a vertical line through C1 to each vertebra. RESULTS: In lordosis, anterior and posterior stresses in the vertebral body are nearly uniform and minimal. In kyphotic areas, combined stresses changed from tension to compression at the anterior vertebral margins and were very large (6-10 times as large in magnitude) compared to lordosis. In kyphotic areas at the posterior vertebral body, the combined stresses changed from compression (in lordosis) to tension. CONCLUSIONS: The stresses in kyphotic areas are very large and opposite in direction compared to a normal lordosis. This analysis provides the basis for the formation of osteophytes (Wolff's Law) on the anterior margins of vertebrae in kyphotic regions of the sagittal cervical curve. This indicates that any kyphosis is an undesirable configuration in the cervical spine. Relevance. Osteophytes and osteoarthritis are found at areas of altered stress and strain. Axial and flexural stresses at kyphotic areas in the sagittal cervical spine are abnormally high.     

颈椎病的X线平片及螺旋CT征象探讨

目的探讨X线平片及螺旋CT扫描对颈椎小关节病变的诊断价值。方法回顾分析156例颈椎病的小关节X线平片及CT表现。结果颈椎小关节病变主要累及颈3～7，其中以颈4-6发生率最高，颈3～4及颈6～7次之。病变可累及多个小关节。结论常规X线平片及CT扫描能够清楚地显示椎小关节的解剖结构及病理改变，为颈椎病的临床的诊断和治疗提供了可靠的影像学依据。     

多排螺旋CT对成人腰椎小关节病的诊断价值

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT对成人腰椎小关节病的诊断价值及临床意义.方法:回顾性分析临床及影像资料齐全的71例腰椎小关节病,对发病的腰椎小关节形态、病变数目、椎间盘形态及密度等指标进行了观察.结果:所有病例均有多排螺旋CT检查,其中52例同时有X线检查.腰椎小关节病的多排螺旋CT表现关节突增生肥大56例,小关节间隙变窄49例,32例关节面凹凸不平并伴有骨性关节面下小的囊性变.18例腰椎小关节内出现真空征象,12例关节脱位或半脱位,7例椎小关节囊钙化,表现为小关节间隙内或外侧缘出现新月形钙化.同时合并椎问盘膨出25例,椎间盘突出37例.在52例X线片中,23例椎小关节模糊,间隙狭窄,同时伴有骨质增生硬化,29例未发现确切的异常征象.结论:X线对腰椎小关节病的诊断仅限于对关节面骨质及关节间隙宽窄度的评价,而多排螺旋CT是诊断成人腰椎小关节病的首选方法,它能清楚地鉴别椎小关节病和椎间盘病变.