主动脉弓部畸形的产前超声诊断

目的 探讨产前超声诊断主动脉弓部畸形的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析65例主动脉弓部畸形的超声表现特征,主动脉弓部畸形主要是指右位主动脉弓、主动脉弓缩窄、主动脉离断及主动脉曲折和伸长.结果 65例主动脉弓部畸形中55例经尸解或生后超声心动图证实,其中右位主动脉弓23例,主动脉弓缩窄18例,主动脉弓离断13例,主动脉弓曲折和伸长1例.另8例主动脉弓缩窄胎儿经生后超声心动图检查无缩窄,2例右位主动脉弓胎儿引产未尸解.结论 产前超声检查对胎儿主动脉弓部异常有很好的临床应用价值.     

主动脉弓缩窄的产前超声诊断

目的探讨胎儿主动脉弓缩窄(CoA)的产前超声诊断线索、诊断方法与技巧及畸形特征。方法所有胎儿均常规获得四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管(3VT)切面(即主动脉弓横切面)的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流显像。当四腔心切面发现左心系统偏小、3VT切面显示主动脉弓和动脉导管内径比例失调疑CoA时,进一步获得主动脉弓纵切面和冠状切面(Y平面)并测量峡部内径。结果产前超声共诊断56例CoA患儿,28例有解剖或新生儿超声心动图和手术结果,产前超声误诊和漏诊4例。其中8例合并单心室、心内膜垫缺损、右心室双出口、大动脉转位、永存动脉干等其他严重复杂心脏畸形,7例合并心脏外严重畸形。22例合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和永存左上腔静脉(LSVC)等非复杂心脏畸形。产前超声诊断的28例CoA患儿均首先于3VT切面发现两大动脉内径比例失调,主动脉弓异常小,四腔心切面显示左、右心室比例不对称,左心明显小于右心。此28例CoA患儿中有23例(82.1%)同时获得了3VT切面、主动脉弓纵切面及Y平面,14例于主动脉弓纵切面显示有来自降主动脉的反流。而误诊和漏诊的4例CoA患儿均未能获得满意的主动脉弓纵切面和Y平面。结论 3VT切面显示主动脉弓和动脉导管内径比例失调和四腔心切面不对称、左心偏小是CoA的诊断线索,进一步获取主动脉弓的特殊切面以获得至少2个平面的印证是提高CoA产前诊断率的主要技巧。CoA可以单独发生,也可合并其他心内外畸形。     

产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓部连接异常的临床观察

临床观察产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓部连接异常的价值。选取2012年1月~2014年12月,我院确诊的31例主动脉弓部连接异常胎儿作为研究对象,所有胎儿均采取产前超声检查,根据胎儿超声心动图诊断标准、分型标准及产后随访,综合分析胎儿主动脉弓部连接异常的产前超声特征。31例主动脉弓部连接异常胎儿中,主动脉缩窄23例、主动脉弓离断5例、主动脉弓位置异常3例;诊断准确率为90.32%;18例主动脉弓部连接异常胎儿合并严重的心内外畸形和/或染色体异常,预后较差;单纯主动脉弓部连接异常的新生儿结局良好;以三血管气管切面显示率及主动脉弓长轴切面显示率最大。胎儿主动脉弓部连接异常各类型均具有特征性的产前超声表现,结合其产前超声的主要切面显示情况,可提高诊断准确率,根据合并症情况,进一步评估新生儿结局,有利于为产前咨询而提供依据。     

产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓离断

目的 观察产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓离断(IAA)的价值，探讨胎儿IAA的病理演变过程。方法 回顾性分析经产前超声诊断(n=33)或引产后尸检证实(n=6)IAA的39胎胎儿超声心动图表现，并追踪其狭窄段主动脉演变情况。结果 39胎中，32胎产前超声诊断IAA,其中6胎主动脉缩窄(CoA)进行性加重，经超声心动图追踪复查诊断为IAA。其余7胎中，6胎产前超声误诊为主动脉弓病变，后均经尸检证实为IAA;1胎产前超声心动图显示左颈总动脉(LCA)与左锁骨下动脉(LSA)之间主动脉横弓无血流信号而误诊为B型IAA,经引产后尸检证实为LCA与LSA之间主动脉弓严重狭窄但未闭锁。38胎确诊IAA胎儿中，A型18胎、B型19胎、C型1胎；超声心动图表现主要为心脏四腔心切面左心室明显小于右心室或差别不明显，三血管切面主动脉明显小于肺动脉，三血管-气管切面和主动脉弓切面主动脉与降主动脉不相连，主动脉弓切面见主动脉弓弯曲度变小、走行僵直，主动脉、动脉导管及降主动脉之间无正常“V”字形结构；彩色多普勒显示主动脉弓中断处无连续血流信号，动脉导管内见血流反转。6胎最初产前超声心动图表现为CoA的IAA胎儿后经多...     

胎儿主动脉弓缩窄的产前超声诊断分析

目的:探究产前超声诊断对胎儿主动脉弓缩窄的诊断价值。方法:回顾我院2015年1月至2019年11月34例产前超声诊断或提示主动脉弓缩窄胎儿,根据随访引产后或产后检查结果,对比正常胎儿的超声图像,分析主动脉弓缩窄产前超声图像的特征和诊断价值。结果:产前超声诊断或提示主动脉弓缩窄胎儿34例,随访引产后或产后检查结果:确诊25例,误诊9例(6例出生后复查为正常,3例为主动脉弓离断误诊为严重主动脉弓缩窄),胎儿主动脉弓缩窄产前诊断率约为73.5%。结论:对疑诊主动脉弓缩窄的胎儿进行多次追踪复查,多切面多指标综合评价有利于胎儿主动脉弓缩窄的检出,减少误诊和漏诊。     

超声心动图诊断主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图诊断主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良的准确性.方法 分析7例主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良患儿的二维超声图像,并与心血管造影,心脏CT及手术结果对比分析,总结其诊断要点.结果 除主动脉缩窄的超声表现外,超声特异表现为:胸骨上凹主动脉弓长轴切面可见主动脉横弓部及弓降部明显变窄.发育不良的范围可自无名动脉起始后或左颈总动脉起始后;发育不良主动脉弓的内径/膈肌处降主动脉胸段的内径<0.5;多普勒测定主动脉缩窄处血流速度均在正常范围.超声诊断均与心血管造影、心脏CT及手术结果相符.结论 超声心动图诊断丰动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良具有较高的准确性,在主动脉缩窄的诊断中.应提高对合并主动脉弓发育不良的认识.     

胎儿主动脉弓发育异常产前超声诊断

目的 探讨胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的产前超声诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析45例胎儿主动脉弓发育异常产前超声图像特征。结果 经产后证实胎儿主动脉弓发育异常45例, 其中主动脉弓缩窄15例(13例合并心内畸形,6例合并心外畸形);主动脉弓离断3例(均合并心内畸形);右位主动脉弓并迷走左锁骨下动脉、左位动脉导管12例(1例合并心内畸形);镜面右位主动脉弓14例(7例合并心内畸形,4例合并心外畸形);双主动脉弓1例(未合并心内畸形)。结论 主动脉弓离断、主动脉弓缩窄、镜面右位主动脉弓常合并心内畸形,部分合并心外畸形,产前明确主动脉弓发育异常及其合并心内、心外畸形情况,对于评价胎儿预后有重要指导意义。     

胎儿主动脉弓异常的产前超声声像图特征

目的 探讨主动脉弓异常的产前超声声像图特征,以提高其产前超声诊断率.方法 回顾性分析73例先天性主动脉弓异常胎儿的产前超声声像图、引产后胎儿尸检结果或新生儿超声心动图结果,并与正常胎儿产前超声图像进行对比,研究主动脉弓异常的产前超声图像特征.结果 73例先天性主动脉弓异常胎儿中,主动脉弓位置异常33例,正常左位主动脉弓伴右锁骨下动脉迷走9例,主动脉弓离断5例,主动脉弓缩窄26例.本组66例经产后证实的病例资料显示主动脉弓异常产前超声诊断准确率为86.36%.最有效的扫查切面是三血管切面和三血管气管切面.结论 先天性主动脉弓异常各类型均有特征性的超声表现,掌握其产前超声诊断的主要切面及产前超声声像图特征,其产前超声诊断准确率较高.但是主动脉弓严重缩窄与主动脉弓离断产前超声鉴别诊断有一定难度.     

超声在产前诊断胎儿肺动脉闭锁中的应用价值

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿肺动脉闭锁的临床价值.方法回顾分析7例经解剖证实的肺动脉闭锁胎儿的超声心动图资料,总结其异常声像图特点.结果7例在二维超声心动图各切面观中仅1例显示主肺动脉显著窄于主动脉,6例未显示主肺动脉;5例显示室间隔缺损伴主动脉骑跨,2例室间隔完整者均合并右室发育不良;彩色多普勒血流显像示5例动脉导管反向血流,3例显示三尖瓣反流.产前超声诊断胎儿肺动脉闭锁5例,诊断右心发育不良1例,误诊永存动脉干1例.结论产前超声检出动脉导管反向血流是诊断胎儿肺动脉闭锁的重要依据,具有重要的临床意义.     

产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉闭锁

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉闭锁的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析9例经引产后尸检证实的主动脉闭锁胎儿的产前超声心动图表现,总结其声像图特征.结果 9例主动脉闭锁胎儿声像图显示升主动脉及主动脉弓细窄7例,升主动脉及主动脉弓显示不清2例,彩色多普勒血流显像9例胎儿均显示主动脉与左心室无血流连接,主动脉弓显示反向血流.9例胎儿中6例伴发左心发育不良,2例伴发室间隔缺损,左心室发育良好,1例伴发完全型房室间隔缺损.9例胎儿检出时平均孕龄(26.0±2.6)周,孕龄最小者仅为孕16周.结论 产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉闭锁具有重要临床价值;升主动脉、主动脉弓细窄或显示不清,主动脉与左心室无血流连接及主动脉弓内反向血流是主要诊断依据;彩色多普勒血流显像有助于早期诊断.     

胎儿法洛四联症合并单侧肺动脉缺如的超声心动图特征分析

目的探讨法洛四联症合并单侧肺动脉缺如胎儿的超声心动图特征。 方法回顾性选取2017年10月至2020年12月在河北生殖妇产医院进行胎儿超声心动图检查，诊断为法洛四联症的胎儿177例，其中合并单侧肺动脉缺如4例。分析4例胎儿的超声心动图资料。 结果177例法洛四联症胎儿中，4例合并单侧肺动脉缺如，单侧肺动脉缺如在法洛四联症胎儿中的发生率为2.26%（4/177）。3例左肺动脉缺如，1例右肺动脉缺如。4例胎儿均有典型法洛四联症超声心动图表现：主动脉瓣下室间隔缺损、肺动脉狭窄、主动脉骑跨；单侧肺动脉缺如表现为肺动脉分叉切面显示“八”字型结构消失。3例左肺动脉缺如胎儿，肺动脉分叉切面左肺动脉近端无法探及，主动脉弓冠状切面显示左肺动脉远端通过动脉导管连接于主动脉弓腹侧，左肺动脉远端由动脉导管逆向灌注供血；1例合并右肺动脉缺如胎儿，肺动脉分叉切面显示右肺动脉近端无法探及，远端分支起源于降主动脉，由体肺侧支供血。1例法洛四联症合并左肺动脉缺如胎儿，另外合并残存左上腔、房间隔缺损；法洛四联症合并右肺动脉缺如胎儿，另外合并右位主动脉弓伴镜像分支。 结论掌握胎儿期法洛四联症合并单侧肺动脉缺如的超声心动图特征，对于提高该病检出率、为孕妇家庭决策提供科学依据具有重要意义。     

超声心动图检测正常和主动脉缩窄胎儿主动脉及其意义

目的 探讨中晚孕期胎儿主动脉各段及分支内径的正常参考值范围,研究主动脉缩窄胎儿相应值的变化.方法 检测234例14~41孕周正常胎儿主动脉矢状断面上主动脉根部、升主动脉、主动脉横部、主动脉峡部、降主动脉、头臂干、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉内径,并建立孕周与各项检测指标的直线相关方程.计算正常组与病例组主动脉各段与升主动脉的比值并比较.结果 主动脉各段及分支内径随孕周的增加而增加(P<0.01).主动脉缩窄组胎儿主动脉峡部/升主动脉及降主动脉/升主动脉比值与对照组比较明显降低(P<0.01).结论 监测中晚孕期胎儿主动脉峡部/升主动脉及降主动脉/升主动脉比值可作为主动脉缩窄的产前诊断筛查指标.

Abstract：

Objective To establish normal reference indexes of aorta during gestation and cut-points for detection of fetuses with coarctation of aorta.Methods From long-axis views of the aortic arch,the internal diameter of the aortic root,ascending aorta,transverse aortic arch,aortic isthmus,descending aorta,anonyma,left common carotid artery,left subclavian artery were measured in 234 normal fetuses at different time ranging from 14 to 41 weeks during gestation.Reference values of each aortic segment were constructed by linear regression analysis.The ratio of each aortic segment to the ascending aorta were calculated.ResultsThe internal diameter in each aortic segments increased as pregnancy progressed (P<0.01).In the prenatal diagnosis of fetus with coarctation of the aorta,the ratio of the aortic isthmus to the ascending aorta and descending aorta to the ascending aorta were significantly lower than the normal fetuses(all P<0.01).Conclusions The ratio of the aortic isthmus to the ascending aorta and ratio of descending aorta to the ascending aorta detected by echocardiography may be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of aorta.     

产前超声检查对胎儿心脏大动脉畸形的诊断价值

目的 探讨胎儿心脏大动脉畸形产前超声诊断的操作技巧,提高产前超声诊断符合率.方法 回顾分析我院诊断并经产后证实的20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿的超声图像,总结不同类型大动脉畸形的声像图特征.结果 20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿均经产后新生儿超声心动图检查或引产后尸体解剖证实,大动脉畸形在三血管气管(3VT)切面上均呈阳性特征,分别表现为大动脉内径异常10例,包括肺动脉狭窄7例,主动脉狭窄1例,主动脉弓离断1例及主动脉弓缩窄1例;永存动脉干4例;大动脉交叉关系消失5例,包括右室双出口3例,大动脉转位2例;右位主动脉弓1例.17例胎儿合并心内其他结构异常.结论 3VT切面是诊断胎儿心脏大动脉异常敏感且有效的切面,其他切面可作为诊断和鉴别诊断的辅助切面.     

Fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of vascular rings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this series is to describe the prenatal echocardiographic findings of vascular rings. METHODS: The 3-vessel and trachea view consists of the axial view of the upper mediastinum. The normal left aortic arch appears as a V-shaped confluence of the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, with the trachea situated posterior and to the right. No vessel should encircle the trachea. The diagnoses of vascular rings were made prenatally and were confirmed in all patients postnatally. RESULTS: Six fetuses had diagnoses of vascular rings. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 23.3 weeks (range, 18-31 weeks). The indications for fetal echocardiography were family history of congenital heart disease, echogenic focus in the left ventricle, and abnormal 4-chamber view. There were 2 fetuses with a double aortic arch; 3 fetuses with a right aortic arch, an aberrant left subclavian artery, and a left ductus arteriosus; and 1 with a right circumflex aortic arch with a left ductus arteriosus and an aberrant left subclavian artery. Two fetuses had associated structural cardiac defects, 1 with an unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect and trisomy 21 and the other with a double-outlet right ventricle, pulmonary atresia, and multiple other congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular rings can be accurately diagnosed prenatally with recognition of a vascular structure that courses around the trachea and absence of the usual V-shaped relationship of the aortic and ductal arches. The color Doppler findings and the presence of a ductus arteriosus aid in identifying various components of the vascular ring.     

胎儿主动脉弓异常的超声诊断线索和方法研究

目的 探讨胎儿主动脉弓异常的超声诊断方法技巧、诊断线索,提高主动脉弓异常的产前超声诊断率.方法 选择2006年1月至2009年12月在我院行产前系统超声检查并获得结果验证的1472例正常和异常胎儿为研究对象,每个胎儿均进行四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管切面的观察,当怀疑主动脉弓异常时,进一步获得主动脉弓长轴切面和冠状切面及经过气管的冠状切面.结果 产前超声共诊断148例主动脉弓异常,漏诊1例,92例获得结果验证,包括主动脉弓缩窄28例,主动脉弓离断10例,右位主动脉弓及主动脉弓分支异常52例,双主动脉弓2例.24例合并其他严重心脏畸形.主动脉弓缩窄、主动脉弓离断的线索为三血管气管平面均显示主动脉弓内径和动脉导管内径比例失调,主动脉弓内径异常小,四腔心切面显示左心小,左右心不对称;右位主动脉弓及其分支异常在3VTV平面显示主动脉弓位于气管右侧、主动脉弓和动脉导管之间距离增大呈"U"形和(或)在气管后方有发自降主动脉起始段的血管分支-锁骨下动脉.主动脉弓横切面即三血管气管切面、纵切面、冠状切面的显示率分别为 98.4%、90.0%、81.9%.结论 四腔心切面显示左心小,左右心不对称和3VT平面显示主动脉弓内径异常小,主动脉弓与动脉导管内径比例失调是诊断主动脉弓缩窄、离断的线索,主动脉弓和动脉导管之间距离增大是诊断右位主动脉弓的线索,三血管气管平面是诊断主动脉弓异常最易显示和最敏感的切面,主动脉弓冠状切面、纵切面及经过气管的冠状切面对诊断具有补充和鉴别意义.

Abstract：

Objective To study the ultrasonographic clues and methods for fetal anomalies of the aorta arch and improve prenatal detection of anomalies of the aorta arch.Methods One thousand four hundred and seventy-two cases fetus who were carried out detailed scan and whose results were confirmed were chose as study objects.Every routine fetal echocardiography included four chamber and left and right outflow tract and three-vessel trachea view(3VT).The more views which included longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch and coronary view of the trachea and main bronchus were obtained when the abnormality of aorta arch was suspected.Results One hundred and forty-eight cases with anomalies of aorta arch were diagnosed by ultrasonography.One case was misdiagnosed.Ninety-two fetus with anomalies of aorta arch which included 28 aortic coarctation(CoA) and 10 interrupted aortic arch (IAA) and 52 right-side aortic arch and abnormal aortic branch and 2 double aortic arch were confirmed by postmortem or postnatal echocardiography and surgery.Of the 92 confirmed cases,24 had prenatally diagnosed additional complex intracardiac anomalies.All cases with CoA and IAA presented ventricular and/or great arterial disproportion with smaller left ventricle and aorta diameter on four chamber view and 3VT.Right aortic arch (RAA) and abnormal aortic branch(AAB) displayed aortic arch located on the right side of the trachea and increased distance between the aortic arch and arterial duct and abnormal aortic arch branch-subclavian artery originating from the beginning section of the descend aorta which coursed behind the trachea with U-shaped appearance on the 3VT plane.The display rate of the transverse and longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch was 98.4%,90.0%,81.9%,respectively.Conclusions Disproportional ventricular and /or great arterial with smaller left ventricle and aorta diameter are the clues for CoA and IAA.Increased distance between the aortic arch and arterial duct is the clue for RSA.The transverse view of the aortic arch 3VT is the most sensitive for detecting the anomalies of the aortic arch and the most easily be obtained.The longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch and coronary view of the trachea and main bronchus are helpful in differentiating the anomalies of the aortic arch.     

Sonographic sign suggesting the prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta is a serious heart defect that can be successfully treated if identified early. Actual narrowing of the aortic isthmus is very difficult if not impossible to demonstrate on prenatal sonography; however, the indirect sign of discrepant ventricular sizes (right ventricle [RV] greater than left ventricle [LV]) is potentially useful to identify fetuses at risk for having coarctation of the aorta. We report on nine fetuses, 18 to 38 weeks gestation, in which the left ventricle was smaller than the right ventricle. After birth, four of the nine had coarctation of the aorta. One infant with Down's syndrome had a patent ductus arteriosus as well as foramen ovale. Another infant had a small left ventricle and parachute mitral valve but no coarctation. The last three infants had a normal cardiac workup at birth. We conclude that a small left ventricle compared to the right ventricle on prenatal sonography can be a sign of congenital heart disease and that one of the defects that can give this appearance is aortic coarctation. Careful neonatal follow-up is warranted.     

肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉产前超声诊断并文献回顾

目的探讨肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉的产前超声图像特征。方法回顾性分析产前超声诊断的2例左肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉胎儿临床资料,总结肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉产前超声诊断特点,与引产后胎儿的高频超声及病理解剖结果进行对比,并对国内外相关文献进行回顾分析。结果 2例产前超声诊断左肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉均经尸体解剖证实,近端型与远端型各1例,1例合并法洛四联症,右位主动脉弓,动脉导管缺如;1例合并肺动脉瓣缺如,室间隔缺损,永存左上腔静脉,三尖瓣反流,右心增大。2例羊水染色体核型均正常。结论肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉有特征性超声表现,产前超声检查可作出诊断。     

Berry综合征的产前超声心动图及病理解剖诊断研究

目的探讨Berry综合征产前超声心动图及病理解剖异常特征。 方法对2012年8月至2015年10月在广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院产前超声诊断的3例Berry综合征胎儿声像图特征进行分析,结合文献对引产后胎儿标本心脏解剖异常所见与产前超声心动图特点进行对照研究。 结果3例Berry综合征均因三血管气管观（3VT）首先发现主动脉弓异常和主动脉弓缩窄1例,主动脉弓离断2例。三血管肺动脉分支观（3VP）均显示主-肺动脉间隔远端缺损,右肺动脉起源于升主动脉,左肺动脉起源于主肺动脉,在此切面上升主动脉、主肺动脉、左肺动脉及右肺动脉可呈"羊角征"特征性声像改变;彩色多普勒显示主-肺动脉间隔缺损处均可测及主动脉至肺动脉分流信号。2例胎儿产前超声心动图诊断与引产标本心脏解剖病理诊断结果相符合,1例胎儿引产后未行病理解剖检查。 结论Berry综合征在三血管肺动脉分支具有特征性声像表现,三血管肺动脉分支观结合三血管气管观可对Berry综合征进行诊断。