肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗多发肾下盏结石

目的探讨肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗多发肾下盏结石的安全性及临床疗效。方法 2005年1月～2011年10月,对12例多发肾下盏结石采用B超引导下肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术。建立经皮肾通道F16～F24,经皮肾镜下钬激光或EMS碎石清石系统碎石。结果本组12例均成功建立经肾上盏通道,手术时间35～80 min,平均48 min。一期结石清除率83%(10/12),2例术后有结石残留者中,1例术后1周行二次经皮肾镜取石术,1例随访观察。1例术后发热经抗感染治疗后好转,无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。结论 B超引导下肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗多发肾下盏结石安全、有效。     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的安全性及效果分析

目的 总结肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析237例应用肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾或输尿管上段结石的患者资料.男135例,女102例.年龄8-76岁,平均42岁.其中结石长径＞1.5 cm或嵌顿性输尿管上段结石94例,长径≥2.0 cm或嵌顿性肾盂结石26例,鹿角形结石或多发性结石68例,复杂性肾下盏结石13例,不适合行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)或输尿管镜碎石术(URS)的肾上盏结石12例,肾上盏憩室结石3例,肾结石并肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)梗阻或输尿管上段狭窄8例,过度肥胖结石患者3例,马蹄肾肾结石6例,移植肾肾输尿管结石4例.其中经第12肋上入路175例(73.8％),第11肋上入路46例,第12肋下入路12例,移植肾患者经下腹部入路4例.结果 采用单一通道结石完全清除176例(74.3％),同期或分期建立多通道取石55例,联合ESWL 6例.术后3个月复查结石清除209例(88.2％).出现胸膜损伤16例(6.8％),行胸腔穿刺术8例,行胸腔闭式引流术5例,保守治愈3例.拔除肾造瘘管后出现胸膜刺激征12例(5.1％),予对症处理.无肺及其他内脏损伤.输血5例,其中行选择性肾动脉造影及拴塞术2例.结论 肾上盏入路PCNL操作视野开阔、硬镜操作方便、结石清除率高,可选择性地应用于治疗输尿管上段结石和部分复杂性肾结石.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾下盏结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗有症状肾下盏结石的临床疗效.方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2005年4月采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗有症状的肾下盏结石患者33例,结石直径平均2.8 cm.33例均为单通道取石,10例为中盏通道,23例为下盏通道;14 F通道9例,16 F通道24例.结果33例患者中,一期结石清除率为85%（28/33）;3例因术中出血,留置肾造瘘管后改二期取石;1例残留结石者辅以ESWL治愈,1例残留结石＜4 mm者未处理.平均手术时间93min,术中平均出血量113 ml,平均住院11d.1例肝硬化患者术中输血200 ml.1例患者术后7 d出现迟发性大出血,采用高选择性肾动脉明胶海绵栓塞治愈.19例患者随访2～48个月,未见肾结石复发.结论微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾下盏结石安全、微创,恢复快.     

微通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾铸型结石的应用体会

目的总结经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗铸型结石的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析PCNL治疗95例铸型结石的病例资料。男性60例，女性35例，平均48．6岁。结石直径3～8．4cm。结果本组95例PCNL治疗105次，其中一期PCNL85例（89．5％），二期PCNL治疗10例（10．5％）；1个工作通道75例，2个工作通道20例。一期结石完全清除率72．7％（70／95），二期完全清除率91．6％（87／95）。结合ESWL，完全清除率98．0％（93／95）。结论在操作熟练的前提下，PCNL是治疗铸型肾结石安全、有效的方法；根据手术和结石和情况，联合ESWL成功率更高。     

肾下盏结石的治疗首选经皮肾镜取石术

<正>肾下盏结石是较为常见的肾结石,占肾结石的36%。体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)、输尿管软镜碎石(flexible ureteroscopy,f-URS)、镜皮肾镜取石(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PNL)均可作为治疗肾下盏结石的方法。三种方法中ESWL的并发症和损伤相对较少,输尿管软镜逆行肾内手术(retrograde renal surgery,RIRS)次之,PNL相对较多,但随着结石体积的     

输尿管软镜碎石与微创经皮肾取石术治疗肾盏结石的对比研究

目的 探讨输尿管软镜及微创经皮肾镜(mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)钬激光碎石治疗肾盏结石的疗效.方法 分别采用输尿管软镜碎石术和微创经皮肾取石术治疗单发肾盏结石患者55例和83例,统计2种方法治疗各个肾盏结石的手术时间、碎石成功率、术后住院天数和并发症.结果 上盏直径≥2 cm的结石,输尿管软镜碎石和MPCNL的手术时间分别为(56±7.0) min 和(52±9.2) min,碎石成功率分别为66.7%和87.5%;直径<2 cm的结石,手术时间分别为(42±9.0) min 和(44±9.9) min,碎石成功率分别为91.7%和100%.中盏直径≥2 cm的结石,2组的手术时间分别为(59±7.9) min 和(48±10.3) min,碎石成功率分别为66.7%和95.2%;直径<2 cm的结石,手术时间分别为(38±8.4) min 和(43±10.5) min,碎石成功率分别都为100%.下盏直径≥2 cm的结石,2组的手术时间分别为(68±9.3) min 和(44±10.2) min,碎石成功率分别为51.7%和92.6%;直径<2 cm的结石,手术时间分别为(56±5.3) min 和(40±10.1) min,碎石成功率分别为66.7%和100%;2组均无重要并发症.PCNL组的术后住院天数显著高于输尿管软镜组.结论 对于有手术指征的肾盏结石,若直径≥2 cm,不论其位置,推荐行MPCNL;若直径 <2 cm ,如结石位于上盏、中盏,推荐首选输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石,如位于下盏,可以考虑选择MPCNL.     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石疗效观察

目的:探讨新型标准经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)和微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾脏下盏结石的安全性和疗效。方法:回顾性分析68例肾脏下盏结石的患者临床资料,采用新型肾镜治疗31例,微创经皮肾镜治疗37例;Ⅰ期碎石63例,选择中盏通道28例,下盏通道40例。结果:新型肾镜手术时间(2.18±0.57)h,平均住院时间(11.65±2.18)天;微创肾镜手术时间(1.89±0.56)h,平均住院时间(10.57±2.41)天,二者相比差异无统计学意义。术后复查KUB平片,57例排净结石,结石清除率为83.8%(57/68);残石11例,再次PCNL 5例,带D-J管体外碎石6例,无严重并发症出现。结论:新型标准经皮肾镜取石术和微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石是有效、可行的,是治疗下盏结石的合适选择。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石的方法和疗效。方法回顾总结22例采用B超引导微创经皮肾钬激光碎石取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石。结石长径大小1．5～2．5cm,平均（2．1士0．3）cm,其中多发结石3例,肾盏积水（2．0～2．8）cm,平均（2．6士0．2）cm。其中上组盏结石3例,中组盏5例;下组盏16例。黠杲22例患者全部全部取石成功,术后4～7d复查腹部平片未发现残留结石,拔出肾造漏管。未发生大出血等严重并发症。手术时间26～45min,平均（34．6±5．2）min。术后住院5～8d,平均（6．1士2．1）d。瞎论微刨经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石安全、有效,适用于肾盏积水〉2cm、因解剖特点预期体外冲击波碎石效果不佳的肾盏结石患者。精准的经皮肾穿刺是成功的关键。     

经皮肾镜取石术联合套石网篮治疗 ESWL 排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（ percutaneous nephrolithotomy , PCNL ）联合套石网篮治疗体外震波碎石（ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ,ESWL）排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法2009年4月～2012年8月采用PCNL联合套石网篮治疗ESWL排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石78例。 B超定位,58例肾盏结石长径＜1 cm或分布于单组肾盏,采用微通道经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石;20例肾盏结石长径＞1 cm或分布于多组肾盏采用新型经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道或超声联合气压弹道碎石。结果78例手术均获成功,手术时间52～98 min,平均61 min。71例一期取净结石,结石取净率91．0％（71/78）;2例二期碎石后取净;3例辅助行ESWL治疗;2例因残留结石较小药物排石排出。住院5～12 d,平均7．2 d。无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。78例随访3个月,未见结石残留。结论PCNL术中联合套石网篮可减少皮肾穿刺通道数,避免大出血及集合系统狭窄风险,是处理ESWL排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石恰当的选择。     

肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术的安全性和疗效观察

目的：探讨。肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的安全性和疗效。方法：回顾性分析2008年6月～2012年5月采用肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗的140例肾结石患者的临床及随访资料。结果：140例患者采用肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗,平均手术时间（42±6）min;术中平均血红蛋白丢失量（8．2±2．5）g／L;一期净石率91．4％（128／140）;并发症发生率10．7％（15／140）,其中术中穿刺失败、通道丢失或出血严重2例,胸膜损伤或（和）胸腔积液2例,肾盂或输尿管穿孔1例,术后出血2例,其中需要输血者1例,发热6例,尿外渗2例,无肾丢失或死亡患者;术后平均住院天数（7．5±1．2）d。结论：肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石具有手术时间短、术中出血量少、净石率高、并发症发生率低、术后住院天数少等优点,是安全、有效的手术方法。     

Outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus open stone surgery for patients with staghorn calculi

ObjectivesAdvances in shock wave lithotripsy and endourological procedures have markedly limited the need for open surgery in the treatment of renal stones. We retrospectively compared the clinical outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL)-based therapy with open stone surgery (OSS) to treat staghorn stones.Materials and methodsHospital and office charts, operative records, and radiographic studies of all patients undergoing OSS (Group 1, 11 patients) and PNL (Group 2, 61 patients) for the treatment of large staghorn calculi from 2007 to 2013 were reviewed. Only patients with stones ≥ 10 cm² in area were included. Patient characteristics, stone burden, indications, and surgical outcomes between the two procedures were compared. Stone-clearance was confirmed using postoperative kidney, ureter, bladder X-rays.ResultsThere were no differences between the two groups in patient demographics, stone size, estimated blood loss, and mean renal function level change, however, there were statistically significant differences in mean operative time (282.1 ± 54.5 minutes vs. 156.6 ± 41.2 minutes, p < 0.001), mean hospital stay (10.3 ± 1.8 days vs. 6.2 ± 2.7 days, p < 0.001), postoperative stone-clearance rate (97.5% vs. 76.1 ± 23.9%, p < 0.001), and number of procedures per patient (1.6 vs. 2.8, p < 0.001) between the OSS and PNL group.ConclusionBoth OSS and PNL are viable options for the management of staghorn stones. Considering the lower postoperative complication rate and need for auxiliary treatment, we suggest that OSS is more suitable for staghorn stones with large burdens. OSS should still be considered as a valid treatment for patients with complex staghorn calculi, although PNL is a less invasive treatment option in most cases.     

多重影像学手段在多通道经皮肾镜治疗鹿角形结石中的应用

目的:探讨以术前泌尿系CT三维成像、术中B超与X射线联合引导为主要特点的多重影像学手段在多通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗鹿角形结石中的价值,并研究其适用条件。方法:对2011年9月~2013年9月在我院进行多通道PCNL治疗的鹿角形结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据采用的影像学方法的区别而分成不同的观察组:多重影像学组、B超X射线联合组和B超组,并且对手术时间、出血量、结石清除率等指标进行统计学分析。结果:采用多重影像学检查的患者手术时间、出血量、结石清除率等指标均优于其他各组(P0.05)。结论:通过多重影像学手段可以更全面地反应此类患者的病情,包括结石大小、位置、形态等,并可以提高穿刺定位的准确性,最终改善手术效果,减少并发症的发生。     

Results of treatment of renal calculi with lower-pole fluoroscopically guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Objective:   To prospectively assess the clinical efficacy and safety of lower-pole fluoroscopically guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL).
Methods:   A total of 90 renal units in 87 patients underwent lower-pole fluoroscopically guided PNL for renal calculi. The average patient age was 56.0 years. Staghorn calculi were present in 41 renal units. There were 22 were upper pole, 54 middle pole, 76 lower pole, 70 pelvic and 18 ureteropelvic junction calculi. Patients without significant residual fragments greater than 3mm on postoperative day 2 were defined as primarily successful. Significant residual fragments were treated with shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) every other day from postoperative day 3.
Results:   Mean operative time was 129.5 min (SD, 49.0). Blood transfusion was required in four patients. Septic shock developed in three patients. Sixty-three percent of the patients (57 of 90 procedures) were primarily successful after PNL: 83.7% of non-staghorn patients (41 of 49 procedures) and 39.0% of staghorn patients (16 of 41 procedures). Of the 33 patients with significant residual fragments, 13 staghorn and six non-staghorn patients had residual fragments in their middle calyces. Of the preoperative variables, staghorn calculus and calculus in the middle calyx were significant predictors of significant residual fragments after PNL. After adjunctive SWL, the overall success rate was 94.5%.
Conclusions:   Our study suggests that lower-pole fluoroscopically guided PNL is a safe and effective therapy for patients with staghorn or non-staghorn calculi. In patients with staghorn calculi or calculi in the middle calyx, adjunctive treatment is sometimes required to treat significant residual fragments.     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光治疗孤立肾鹿角性结石疗效分析

目的报道14例孤立肾鹿角性肾结石患者行微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术的疗效以及安全性。方法回顾性总结、分析我院2009年1月至2012年10月应用经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾鹿角性肾结石14例的临床资料,对患者的临床资料、结石清除率、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后。肾功能等进行分析。结果13例患者一期顺利完成手术,1例行二期手术治疗,术后随访时间为（20．8±3．0）个月（12～24个月）,术后一周结石清除率为：85．7％（12／14）,手术时间为：（60．8±15．4）min,平均住院时间（8．2±2．6）d,患者术前、术后3个月以及术后12个月肌酐值分别为：（152．8±61．3）umol／L、（104．9±38．5）umol／L、（100．5±43．9）umol／L,术后与术前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术中术后并发症为：1例术中出现肾穿透伤,1例术后继发出血,1例术后出现发热。结论微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾鹿角性肾结石并发症的发生率低,安全、有效、可行。     

Ⅰ期多通道与多期多通道微创经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石疗效比较

摘要：目的比较Ⅰ期多通道微刨经皮肾镜钬激光碎石与多期多通道在治疗复杂性肾结石中的疗效。方珐回顾性分析安徽省立医院2006年9月-2009年2月行69例多通道经皮肾镜碎石治疗复杂性肾结石的临床资料。Ⅰ期多通道碎石患者为A组，共31例、35个复杂性结石，其中两通道12例，三通道17例，四通道6例；多期多通道碎石患者为B组，共38例、45个复杂性结石，其中两通道者13例，三通道碎石z1例，四通道碎石9例，五通道碎石2例。比较两组在手术时间、输血百分比、并发症发生率、出院时间、住院费用、结石清除率方面的差异。结果A组31例患者的35个复杂性肾结石共穿刺99条通道，平均2．83条；B组38例患者的45个复杂性肾结石共穿刺135条通道，平均3条。A、B两组患者的结石清除率及并发症的发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组平均手术时间（138±12）min、平均住院时间（6．7±1．5）d、平均住院费用（9309±328）元，明显低于B组的（225±19）min、（11．3±2．1）d、（14827±515）元，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论工期微创多通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石是一种安全有效的治疗手段，且与多期多通道碎石相比，具有取石速度快、结石清除率高、恢复快、费用低、住院时间短的优点。     

Upper pole access for complex lower pole renal calculi

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of superior pole access for complex lower pole calyceal calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 102 patients with complex inferior calyceal calculi were included in a prospective unrandomized study. Complex inferior calyceal calculi were defined as multiple calculi in two or more inferior calyces of the lower polar group, with each calyx draining through a separate infundibulum and at an acute angle to each other. In 33 patients (32%; group 1) an inferior calyceal puncture was made and in 69 (68%; group 2) access was obtained through a superior calyceal puncture. The stone-free rates, decrease in haemoglobin, operative duration, requirement for additional tracts and second procedures in the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Stone clearance rates and blood loss values were better in group 2, although they were not significantly different. The mean operative duration, number of tracts required and the re-look procedure rate was significantly less in group 2. Two patients (3%) in group 2 had hydrothorax related to supracostal puncture and required chest tube insertion. CONCLUSIONS: Superior calyceal puncture (supracostal or infracostal) affords optimum access to complex inferior calyceal stones, providing faster and better clearance with a single puncture, and less requirement for second-look procedures.     

Long-term results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treatment of staghorn stones

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Short‐term results; as stone‐free and complication rates; of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treatment of staghorn stones. Long‐term results of PNL; as recurrence rate and differential renal functional changes for treatment of staghorn stones with focus.

OBJECTIVE

? To study long‐term results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for treatment of staghorn stones.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? The records of patients who underwent PNL for staghorn stones between January 1998 and January 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. ? Patients who completed follow‐up for one year or more were included. Follow‐up with KUB and renal ultrasonography were performed every 3–6 months. ? Renal radioisotopic scan was performed for patients who had already undergone this study before doing PNL.

RESULTS

? The study included 122 patients (69 male and 53 female) with mean age 47.6 ± 14.5 years (5–74). They underwent 126 PNL. ? Perioperative complications were encountered in 28 procedures (22%). The mean period of follow‐up was 3.5 ± 2.3 years (1–11.3). Among 71 stone‐free kidneys, 18 (25%) developed stone recurrence. Of 55 kidneys with residuals at the start of follow‐up, 36 (65%) showed growth of these residuals. ? Preoperative and postoperative renograms were performed for 71 patients. ? At the last follow‐up, differential GFR was stable in 53 (74.5%), improved in 12 (17%) and deteriorated in 6 (8.5%). Among patients with deteriorated renal function, 3 had undergone embolization to control severe bleeding, one developed secondary UPJO, and one had recurrent stone obstructing the kidney.

CONCLUSION

? Long‐term functional results of PNL for staghorn stones are satisfactory as 91.5% of kidneys showed stable or improved GFR. Long‐term follow‐up is mandatory especially for patients with residual stones.     

经皮肾镜与输尿管软镜治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的比较

目的比较经皮肾镜（PCNL）与输尿管软镜（FURS）治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的安全性及有效性。 方法回顾性纳入并分析我院2017年4月至2019年4月43例肾下盏小鹿角形结石,其中PCNL治疗20例（PCNL组）,FURS治疗23例（FURS组）,比较两组手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症和术后住院天数等。 结果43例均顺利完成手术,PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院天数均显著长于FURS组（P<0.05）;术后1~4 d PCNL组结石清除率85.0%,显著高于FURS组52.2%,术后4周及术后半年两组结石清除率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但FURS组的二次干预率更高（P<0.05）;两组在术后发热、出血及石街形成等方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但PCNL组的血红蛋白丢失量及术后止痛药使用率更高（P<0.05）。 结论PCNL与FURS在治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石均安全、有效,两者远期疗效相当,但FURS比PCNL创伤更小,术后恢复更快,值得临床推广。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石52例分析

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(mPCNL)治疗鹿角形肾结石的疗效和安全性。方法:应用PCNL治疗52例鹿角形肾结石,采用实时彩色多普勒超声引导穿刺、扩张建立F16微通道,钬激光粉碎结石。统计结石清除率以及手术并发症等。结果:52例均一期建立通道。一次治疗结石清除率71.2%,总清除率84.7%,术后2例出现发热,未发生脏器损伤和感染性休克病例。结论:mPCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石效率高、出血量少,是治疗鹿角形肾结石的安全、有效方法。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗马蹄肾结石的效果

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗马蹄肾结石的手术技巧及临床应用价值。方法MPCNL治疗马蹄肾结石患者17例。其中男13例，女4例。年龄17-53岁，平均34岁。17例均由KUB加IVU及CT确诊。单发肾盂结石5例，下盏结石3例，多发、复杂结石9例（其中鹿角形结石4例）。结石大小0．9cm×l．4cm-3．8cm×4．3cm。肾盂、输尿管无明显狭窄。B超引导下穿刺选定肾盏，置入安全导丝，顺穿刺方向用微穿刺扩张器依次扩张至18F，推入Peel-away鞘建立肾穿刺通道。输尿管硬镜下用气压弹道碎石机碎石。结果17例经一次穿刺成功建立通道，手术时间40-180min，平均90min。术中出血20-100ml，平均40ml，均未输血。13例一期取净结石，3例经二次取石，2例取净。2例有残石者术后配合体外冲击波碎石治疗，1例排净，1例有少许残石。术后4例一过性出血、2例发热，经内科治疗后痊愈。随访3-24个月，17例肾积水均有不同程度好转，16例结石取净者未见结石复发，1例有少许残石患者结石体积无明显变化。结论MPCNL治疗马蹄肾结石效果明显、操作安全、创伤较小，术后并发症少。