亲属活体供肾移植

本文就亲属活体供肾移植的免疫学基础及临床现状等进行了简要综述。     

亲属活体肾移植受者术后新发代谢综合征对移植肾功能的影响

目的 研究肾移植术后新发代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)对移植肾功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析2012年8月1日至2014年8月1日郑州人民医院器官移植中心的120例亲属活体肾移植受者资料,分为MS组和非MS组,对患者术后3个月、6个月、1年、3年和5年的血肌酐值采用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进...     

亲属活体供肾移植现状

肾移植已成为治疗终末期肾脏疾病的主要手段,肾源缺乏成为限制发展的主要因素,亲属活体供肾移植是一条扩大供肾来源的较好途径,其安全性及良好的效果已得到证实.本文综述了亲属活体供肾移植的现状及进展.     

活体亲属肾移植19例报告

目的探讨活体亲属肾移植的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2002年2月～2006年5月完成的19例活体亲属肾移植的临床效果。结果19例供者术中均未输血，术后未发生严重的并发症，于术后7～10天出院。术后随访1～51个月，平均28个月，复查肝、肾功能均正常。19例受者术后随访1～51个月，平均28个月，其中16例术后3～5天肾功能恢复正常，3例于术后3周内肾功能恢复正常。2例发生急性排斥反应，其中1例经激素冲击治疗后逆转，另1例激素治疗无效，改用抗人血淋巴细胞球蛋白治疗10天后逆转。1例为同卵双生兄弟之间肾移植，术后仅用激素治疗3周，未用其他免疫抑制剂，未发生急性排斥反应。2例术后情况良好，半年后自行减量乃至停用免疫抑制剂，导致急性排斥反应，经激素冲击治疗后好转。1年人／肾存活率为100％。结论活体亲属肾移植安全可行；受者人／肾存活率高。     

亲属活体肾移植供者的安全性分析

目的 分析亲属活体肾移植供者手术前后的相关指标变化,探讨活体供者的安全性.方法对132例亲属活体供肾者进行心理和生理分析,包括尿常规、血生化、肾小球滤过率(GFR)、内生肌酐清除率(CCr)和生活质量等指标.结果 132例供肾者的生活质量评分与正常人群比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).供肾切取术前供者血肌酐(SCr)为(78.33±15.94)μmol/L,术后7 d为(108.49±19.88)μmol/L(P=0.000);术后6个月为(112.47±20.38)μmol/L,与术后7 d比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.109).供肾切取术前供者CCr为(95.80±20.92)ml/min,术后7 d为(57.36±14.92)ml/min,与术前比较P=0.017;术后6个月为(65.49±8.25)ml/min,与术后7 d比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.619).术前双肾GFR为(74.08±18.51)ml/min,右肾GFR为(38.43±10.33)ml/min,供肾切取术后6个月保留右肾GFR为(56.49±13.01)ml/min,与术前双肾GFR比较,P=0.000;保留右肾GFR与术前自身比较代偿性增加47.0%.手术并发症包括脾脏包膜下出血1例,降结肠破裂1例,切口脂肪液化5例. 结论 术前对供肾者进行充分系统的医学心理学和生理学评估,严格履行风险告知义务,供受者术中规范操作,围手术期合理管理和建立严密的随访制度,可以有效提高亲属活体移植供肾者的心理和生理安全性.     

老年活体亲属供肾移植的安全性分析

目的 探讨老年活体亲属供肾移植供体、受体的围手术期并发症、疗效及安全性.方法 亲属活体供肾移植132例,分为老年供体组(≥55岁,43例)和中青年供体组(＜55岁,89例);对供受体的住院时间、手术前后血肌酐(SCr)、内生肌酐清除率(CCr)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)、并发症以及受体的急性排斥反应率、人/肾存活率等进行比较分析.结果 2组供者术前SCr分别为(77.67±15.21)、(83.09±15.98)μmol/L,术后7 d分别为(109.54±22.32)、(106.56±23.46)μmol/L,均在正常范围内,2组间各时间点比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).术后3个月2组供者SCr分别为(112.57±20.87)、(104.29±19.43)μmol/L,与术前比较分别上升44.93%和25.51%,老年供体组比中青年供体组供者scr升高更明显.差异有统计学意义(P=0.0268).2组术前CCr分别为(1.63±0.34)、(1.56±0.25)ml/s,术后10 d分别为(0.83±0.29)、(1.11±0.27)ml/s.老年供体组术后3个月CCr为(0.97±0.10)ml/s,中青年供体组为(1.16±0.17)ml/s.2组手术前后CCr变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).老年供体组术后10 d的留存肾GFR为(36.58±13.26)ml/min,术后3个月增加至(52.31±12.74)ml/min,达到原双肾GFR[(73.01±20.96)ml/min]的71.65%.中青年供体组术后10 d GFR为(38.32±10.79)ml/min,术后3个月增至(56.31±12.95)m1/min,达到原双肾GFR[(78.34±20.98)ml/min]的71.88%.手术前后GFR变化差异均无统计学意义,P值均＞0.05.供者手术并发症包括术中脾脏包膜下血肿1例、降结肠破裂1例和切口脂肪液化5例.术前和术后各时间点2组受者SCr水平差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).2组供者平均住院时间分别为(13.2±3.4)和(12.8±2.6)d,P=0.4563.2组受者平均住院时间分别为(23.1±11.9)和(22.3士11.4)d,P=0.6991.老年供体组受者6个月内急性排斥反应发生率为4.7%(2/43),中青年供体组为7.9%(7/89).术后1年内2组各死亡1例,中青年供体组因急性排斥反应移植肾失功1例.结论 老年活体亲属供肾可能存在一定危险性,应予以重视,但供体年龄并非独立风险因素.在严格控制老年供者的纳入标准、对供者进行全面系统评估的情况下,老年供体活体肾移植的供体和受体围手术期并发症/疗效及安全性与中青年供体比较无明显差异.     

亲属活体肾移植19例报告

目的总结分析活体亲属供肾移植的围手术期的管理、手术和治疗经验,探讨其临床效果。方法回顾性分析19例亲属活体供肾移植的临床资料,包括术前检查、手术方法和创新、免疫抑制的用药方案及临床观察。结果供肾均为左肾,经腹手术,手术顺利,移植肾在开放血液循环后1～10min内分泌尿液,供体肾功能在1周内恢复正常,未出现严重并发症,全部受者存活至今,肾功能良好。结论亲属活体供肾移植的移植效果明显优于尸体供肾移植,排斥反应发生率低,恢复顺利。     

亲属活体供肾移植

本文就亲属活体供肾移植的免疫学基础及临床现状等进行了简要综述。     

亲属活体供肾移植手术的围麻醉期管理

目的 探讨亲属活体供肾移植围麻醉期管理的特点.方法 20例供肾体均行全麻.20例受体中3例行硬膜外麻醉,17例采用全麻.手术前一大常规血液透析.在供肾动、静脉钳夹切断后即开始受体的麻醉,供体、受体术中均维持足够容量负荷,血压维持较高水平.在移植肾血管开放前静滴完甲基强的松龙、利尿药,白蛋白低则补允白蛋白.结果 本组供体、受体麻醉效果满意,手术均获成功,围麻醉期循环稳定,无麻醉相关并发症和意外,术后恢复良好.结论 充分的术前准备,合理的麻醉方法,及时正确的麻醉管理及有效的术后镇痛,可以保证供体术后的安全以及受者的移植效果.     

50岁以上亲属活体肾移植供者安全性分析

目的 探讨50岁以上亲属活体供肾移植供者的安全性. 方法 1993年4月至2007年12月行年龄>50(51～78)岁亲属活体供肾移植45例,同期年龄≤50岁供者62例作为对照组.比较2组供者手术前后SCr、GFR变化,手术并发症及术后随访情况. 结果 供肾手术均获成功.2组供者术前SCr分别为(82.16±10.86)和(78.66±10.41)μmol/L,术后1周、1个月及12个月分别为(106.00±8.68)、(86.62±10.81)、(83.18±9.19)μmol/L和(103.89±9.29)、(85.65±7.42)、(80.32±8.89)μmol/L,组问比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术前GFR分别为(85.82±6.26)和(88.74±9.44)ml/min,术后1、12个月分别为(49.76±3.57)、(60.32±4.42)ml/min和(51.36±5.39)、(62.10±6.31)ml/min,组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组供者术后平均住院时间分别为9及8 d.>50岁组术中发生胸膜损伤2例,术后切口疼痛、下腹部麻木感4例,切口脂肪液化1例;对照组发生胸膜损伤1例,术后切口疼痛、下腹部麻木感9例.>50岁组供者随访37(12～180)个月,肾功能正常.结论 高龄不是亲属活体供肾绝对禁忌证,术前全面系统评估及术中仔细操作是高龄供者术后安全性的重要保证.     

Importance of renal mass on graft function outcome after 12 months of living donor kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have directly measured the kidney weight and investigated donor parameters related to it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kidney weight and its relationship to creatinine clearance (CrCl) after 12 months post-transplantation. METHODS: A total of 123 recipients of renal transplantation from living donors were evaluated. Demographic and anthropometric data from donors and recipients were collected in the pre-operative phase. Data about kidney weight were obtained through kidney measurement using an electronic weighing machine at the moment of transplantation. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated through CrCl (modification of diet in renal disease formula) at the 1st, 6th, 12th and 18th month post-transplantation. RESULTS: The mean value of kidney weight was 170 +/- 31 g (166.4 +/- 29.2 g in women and 177.5 +/- 32.5 g in men). The kidney weight had a correlation with the donor's BMI (r = 0.43, P < 0.001) and with the CrCl on the 12th month (r = 0.31, P = 0.001). Using multiple linear regression, the kidney weight could be predicted through the BMI and donor's gender (R(2) = 0.21; P < 0.01). The CrCl after 12 months had a significant correlation with the graft weight/recipient weight ratio and with the donor age (R(2) = 0.22; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The kidney weight can be estimated using the donor's gender and BMI. The kidney weight significantly influences the CrCl 12 months after transplantation.     

Association of donor hypertension and recipient renal function in living donor kidney transplantation: A single‐center retrospective study

Transplant centers now accept living donors with well‐controlled hypertension. Little is known whether hypertension in living donors affects recipient's kidney function. We aimed to examine potential differences in kidneys from hypertensive donors compared to normotensive donors with respect to renal function over 36 months and histologic findings at transplantation (T0) and 12 months after transplantation (T1). Retrospective single‐center analysis of 174 living donor‐recipient pairs (age > 18; transplantation date 1/2008‐3/2016). Hypertension in donors was defined as being on antihypertensive medication. All biopsies were assessed by the same blinded, experienced renal pathologist. Biopsies were scored for glomerulosclerosis, IFTA, and arteriosclerosis. Regression models were used to examine the relationship of donor hypertension with renal function and histologic changes. Hypertensive donors were significantly older than normotensive donors. Chronic changes such as tubular atrophy and atherosclerosis were more evident in kidneys from hypertensive donors at T0 as well as T1. Donor hypertension was independently associated with histologic changes at T0 and T1 but not with renal function over the follow period. Despite more pronounced histologic changes in kidneys from hypertensive living donors, these grafts exhibited a similar functional outcome. However, they subsequently might be at a greater risk and warrant thorough follow‐up care.     

Effect of donor source on renal allograft function in children on triple immunosuppression

Results of renal transplantation using cadaver donors (CAD)are usually inferior to those using living related donors (LRD).We have previously reported 100% 1-year CAD and LRD graft survivalusing adult cadaver donors and triple immunosuppression. Inthe present study glomerular and tubular function of 23 LRDand 22 CAD grafts (median ages 3.5 and 2.6 years) were comparedduring 3 years after transplantation. Glomerular filtrationrate (GFR) and renal plasma flow were lower in CAD grafts butremained stable in both groups. The mean GFRs were 87.3 and63.2 ml/min/l.73 m² at discharge and 82.8 and 72.5 ml/min/1.73m² at 36 months in LRD and CAD grafts respectively. No significantdifferences were found after 6 months. Tubular function wasgood in both groups. The only significant difference was inurate handling at 36 months (mean serum urate 396 µmol/lin CAD, 301 in LRD grafts, P<0.05). Cyclosporin nephrotoxicitymanifested as hyperkalae mia due to reduced distal potassiumsecretion and/or adrenal suppression. In conclusion, donor source had little effect on the developmentof progressive allograft dysfunction using adult CAD graftsand triple immunosuppression with CsA administered in threedaily doses to preschool children.     

Living donor renal transplantation with incidental renal cell carcinoma from donor allograft

To report our series of cases with living donor kidney transplant by laparoscopic nephrectomy with incidental renal cell carcinomas (RCC) at the time of transplant. We performed a search of cases of renal allografts from living donors with incidental tumors which were confirmed as RCC in final pathology. The graft nephrectomy was performed via hand‐assisted laparoscopic procedure. All cases underwent partial nephrectomy of the tumor during the back‐table preparation of the graft and sent for pathological analysis. We performed 435 living donor kidney transplants at our Institution and identified four cases consistent with the diagnosis of RCC. Two of them were clear cell type, one papillary and one multilocular RCC. All the tumors presented at stage I of TNM classification. After a median follow‐up of 36 months, three patients remain free of dialysis with good allograft function. One noncompliant patient presented with a glomerular filtration rate (GFr) below 15 ml/min after a BK viral infection. At the end of follow‐up period, all patients had remained free of tumor. Donors with suspicious renal masses might be accepted for living donation. Partial nephrectomy before transplantation could offer a cure for the disease without risks for the recipient with therapeutic benefit for the donor.     

Metabolic outcomes and renal function after simultaneous kidney/pancreas transplantation compared with kidney transplantation alone for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

In this study, we aimed to compare the metabolic outcomes, renal function, and survival outcomes of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) and kidney transplantation alone (KTA) among end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with ESKD and T2DM who underwent KTA (n = 85) or SPK (n = 71) in a transplant center were retrospectively reviewed. Metabolic profiles, renal function, and survival outcomes were assessed repeatedly at different follow-up time points. Propensity score procedures were applied to enhance between-group comparability. The levels of renal and metabolic outcomes between SPK and KTA over time were examined and analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures approaches. The median follow-up period was 1.8 years. Compared with KTA, SPK resulted in superior metabolic outcomes and renal function, with lower levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P = 0.0055), fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.015), cholesterol (P = 0.0134), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.0161), and higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; P < 0.001). SPK provided better metabolic outcomes and renal function. The survival outcomes of the recipients and grafts were comparable between the two groups.     

Living donor transplantation of a pelvic kidney

Pelvic kidneys are uncommon anomalies rarely utilized in kidney transplantation. We describe a successful case of living-donor transplantation using a pelvic kidney in a 17-month-old infant with congenital renal dysplasia. The recipient had exhausted all options for renal replacement therapy, and urgent transplantation was considered a life saving treatment.     

Immunosuppression without calcineurin inhibition: optimization of renal function in expanded criteria donor renal transplantation

Abstract: Introduction: To assess the efficacy of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)‐free immunosuppression vs. calcineurin‐based immunosuppression in patients receiving expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys. Patient and methods: Thirteen recipients of ECD kidneys were enrolled in this pilot study and treated with induction therapy and maintained on sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone. A contemporaneous control group was randomly selected comprised of 13 recipients of ECD kidneys who had been maintained on CNI plus MMF and prednisone. Results: For the study group vs. the control group, two‐yr graft survival was 92.3% vs. 84.6% (p = NS), two‐yr patient survival was 100% vs. 92.3% (p = NS) and the acute rejection rates were 23% vs. 31% (p = NS), respectively. Renal function was significantly better in the study group compared with control up to the six‐month mark, after which, it remained numerically but not statistically significant. Complications were more common in the study group, but serious adverse events requiring discontinuation were rare. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates that CNI‐free regimens can be safely implemented in patients receiving ECD kidneys with excellent two‐yr patient and graft survival and good renal allograft function. Longer follow‐up in larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish these findings.     

Periarterial papaverine application improves intraoperative kidney function during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy decreases disincentives to donation frequently associated with the disadvantages of open surgery. However, concerns have been raised regarding graft quality, since the incidence of delayed graft function is higher when compared with open procedures. This may be caused by amelioration of kidney perfusion due to the elevated intraabdominal pressure and to a mechanically induced renal angiospasm during donation. This study was addressed to reveal whether the renal periarterial application of papaverine is able to enhance renal blood flow during laparoscopic nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve male piglets underwent left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy after endoscopic occlusion of the right renal vessels and ureter. Urine output and creatinine clearance were determined as indicators of renal blood flow. In the treatment group (n = 6) papaverine hydrochloride was administered to the tissue surrounding the renal artery prior to preparation of the vessels and results were compared with those of controls (n = 6). Free sodium excretion was measured to preclude prerenal failure. RESULTS: In the control group the mean urine output was 0.015 ml/min/kg and the mean creatinine clearance was 0.95 ml/min/kg. In pigs treated with papaverine the mean urine output was 0.052 ml/min/kg and the mean creatinine clearance was 2.22 ml/min/kg. The differences were significant (urine output, P = 0.02; creatinine clearance, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Papaverine improves renal function during laparoscopic kidney harvest when applied in the vicinity of the renal artery prior to vascular preparation.