气相色谱-质谱联用结合化学计量学分辨法分析甘松的挥发油成分

目的分析中药甘松的挥发油成分。方法采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结合化学计量学分辨法对甘松挥发油成分进行定性分析,对重叠峰和包埋峰采用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)和选择离子法(SIA)进行分辨,同时计算各组分的程序保留指数(PTRI),用NIST质谱库对解析后的纯组分进行定性。结果定性分析出69种化学成分,占总含量的93.98%。结论GC-MS法结合化学计量学分辨法比单用GC-MS法定性结果更加准确、可靠。     

浙江产水菖蒲挥发油化学成分研究

目的:研究浙江产水菖蒲根茎和叶中挥发油的化学成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法进行定性分析,按峰面积归一化法求出挥发油中各化学成分的百分含量。结果:共鉴定出32个化合物,根、茎和叶中挥发油成分基本相同,主要成分为细辛醚、水菖蒲酮和榄香素。结论:浙江产水菖蒲挥发油中含有丰富的药用活性成分。     

GC-MS和化学计量学解析法分析白术中挥发油成分

目的 分析白术挥发油中的化学成分。方法 采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对其进行分离检测,利用化学计量学解析法(CRM)对重叠色谱峰进行分辨解析,并结合程序升温保留指数辅助定性,从而对挥发油成分进行准确的定性定量分析。结果 共分辨出了33个色谱峰,鉴定了其中29个组分,占白术挥发油总量的95.93%,其中主要化学成分为2-(2-甲氧基)苯甲氧基苯酚、γ-芹子烯和3,7(11)-蛇床二烯等,它们占总挥发油的70.07%,而其他26个组分只占25.86%。结论 结合使用CRM解析重叠色谱峰,比单独使用GC-MS能更真实、全面地反映白术中的挥发油化学成分。     

伏康树籽挥发油的GC-MS分析

目的:分析伏康树籽的挥发油成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取伏康树籽挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其成分进行鉴定,同时采用面积归一法测定其含量。结果:分离出32种物质,鉴定出22个化合物,占总馏出组分的97.85%,其中脂肪酸类百分含量为80.93%。结论:伏康树籽挥发油主要成分为油酸(30.46%),棕榈酸(28.65%),亚油酸(12.31%)等。通过对伏康树籽挥发油成分的分析鉴定,为进一步开发利用其资源提供科学依据。     

广西黄皮叶挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析研究

目的:对广西黄皮叶挥发油进行气相-质谱研究.方法:利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取广西黄皮叶挥发油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法鉴定化学成分,归一化法测定各成分相对含量.结果:从广西黄皮叶挥发油中共分离出40多个组分,鉴定了其中32个化合物,占总量的90%以上,主要成分为石竹烯(25.31%)、石竹烯氧化物(14.86%)、β-红没药烯(8.95%)、斯巴醇(8.88%)、柏木-8(15)-烯-9-醇(7.54%)、α-法呢烯(6.51%)等,并鉴定出12种文献未见报道的组分.结论:广西黄皮叶挥发油中含倍半萜醇类、倍半萜烯类及其含氧衍生物等多种化学成分,本试验为广西黄皮叶的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据.     

GC-MS分析宁夏苦豆子不同部位挥发油的化学成分

目的利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)测定苦豆子不同部位的挥发油成分,并比较各成分。方法利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取挥发油,乙醚萃取所得部分通过GC-MS分析;根据所得色谱保留时间和纯质谱,在质谱库中进行相似性检索,实现对组分的鉴定,同时用峰面积归一化法计算其相对含量。结果从苦豆子的种子、根、叶和茎中分别得到30、12、15、12个挥发油成分,种子中以酚类和萜类化合物为主要成分,根、叶和茎都以酯类化合物为主要成分。结论苦豆子不同部位挥发油的成分组成和含量有较大差别。     

中药木瓜挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

目的利用毛细管气相色谱质谱对中药木瓜的挥发油成分进行分析,对木瓜的挥发油的化学成分作进一步研究。方法对中药木瓜先用水蒸气蒸馏法对其中的挥发油成分进行提取,再进行毛细管气相色谱质谱分析。结果通过GC-MS对中药木瓜的挥发油成分进行分析,一共得出69种化学组分,并且从中确定出41个重要的组分,分离出来的成分占总挥发油成分的95.5%。结论进一步确定了中药木瓜的化学成分组成,为中药木瓜的作用起到了进一步的说明作用。     

紫苏叶挥发油GC-MS与直观推导式演进特征投影法分析

目的:定性分析紫苏叶的挥发油。方法:利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法分离鉴定,同时用直观推导式演进特征投影法解析重叠色谱峰的二维色谱MS数据,获取组分的色谱曲线和MS。再根据组分的MS和保留时间进行库相似性检索以实现定性。结果:共分离解析出76种组分,其中19种组分在紫苏的相关GC-MS分析中未见报道。结论:GC-MS与直观推导式演进特征投影法分析紫苏叶挥发油成分可提供更多的信息。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用分析云木香挥发油成分

目的:利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析云木香挥发油的化学成分,为云木香的挥发油成分分析提供新方法。方法:固相微萃取法提取挥发油,气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油成分进行分离鉴定,并采用面积归一化法确定各成分的相对质量分数。结果:样品在110℃下平衡30 min,吸附15 min,100μm PDMS纤维头能有效地吸附云木香挥发油成分。GC-MS共鉴定出52个成分,其中相对质量分数较高的有7,10,13-十六碳三烯醛(40.06%)、去氢木香烃内酯(17.60%)、α-芹子烯(4.05%)、α-姜黄烯(4.22%)。结论:云木香挥发油具有丰富的化学成分,固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用能全面快速地获得其组成信息,可应用于云木香挥发油成分的快速分析。     

艳山姜挥发油成分的气相-质谱联用分析

目的:分析艳山姜挥发油成分.方法:用水蒸气蒸馏法提取艳山姜挥发油,用气相-质谱联用(GC-MS)对挥发油成分进行分析.结果:鉴定了33个组分,并确定了其相对含量.结论:本研究为开发利用艳山姜资源提供了依据.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.