头孢曲松钠粉针剂配液的稳定性观察

目的：考察不同浓度的头孢曲松钠在0．9％氯化钠溶液中、5％葡萄糖溶液中药物的稳定性。方法：将样品置于冰箱（4－8℃）中存储，按一定时间间隔取样，样品在室温下放置6h后，采用HPLC法测定含量；同时测pH值以及观察溶液的外观变化，并以样品即刻的状态为对照。结果：20d内样品含量无明显变化；质量浓度为5mg/ml样品存放14d后颜色逐渐变深；质量浓度为40mg/ml样品存放7d后颜色逐渐变深，pH为6.26-6.88。结论：头孢曲松钠与0.9%氯化钠溶液、5％葡萄糖溶液配伍在7－14d稳定，可为配置中心预配药提供参考。     

20例亚硝酸盐中毒的抢救与护理体会

临床资料　本科自2 0 0 2年4月～12月共收治亚硝酸盐中毒病人2 0例,女性14人,男性6人,年龄在18岁～4 5岁之间。其中有5人因进食腌制不久的蔬菜而发病,9人有进食存放过久的熟菜史,其余中毒患者分别因误食亚硝酸盐炒饭和蛋炒饭引起。发病时间在进食后2～4h ,症状以口唇、甲床、皮     

滤纸干血样存放时间及温度对苯丙氨酸含量检测的影响

目的探讨干血片存放时间、存放温度及不同部位对苯丙氨酸（phe）含量的影响。方法制作血标奉，以当天的phe检测结果为其基础含量水平，将制作的血标奉放置于4个不同的存放温度中，然后按6个不同的存放时间用芬兰Wallac公司生产的VICTOR2-1420型分析仪进行phe检测。结果干血片中苯丙氨酸（phe）水平与存放时间、存放温度及部位有一定关系。（1）存放时间（分别为1d、半个月、30d、3个月、6个月、9个月、12个月）．1个月内各温度组组间phe均值差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）；1个月后干血片中phe含量逐渐减少，各温度组间差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。（2）存放温度（分别为室温组、4℃组、0℃组、-20℃）．室温组与4℃组、0℃组、-20℃组间phe均值差异有显著意义，而4℃以下各组间phe值差异均无显著意义。（3）干血片取样部位，同一血斑不同部位打孔，边缘部位的phe测定结果高于中央部位，且与存放时间及存放温度无明显关系。结论干血片中phe的检测，应在15d内检测完毕．干血片的保存以4℃以下的温度最佳。边缘部位血样的phe高于中央部位。     

血标本放置条件和时间对9项生化指标检测结果的影响

目的探讨血标本放置时间以及放置方式对9项生化指标检测结果的影响与产生误差原因。方法采集2000年1月至2014年12月该院50例接受血生化检验者的血清标本50份,每份为晨取空腹静脉血10 mL,取2 mL即刻离心分离后进行生化检验,其余8 mL平均分至A、B、C、D管。A管置于20℃室温下存放,B管置于4℃冰箱中保存,C管则为取血后立即离心分离后置于4℃冰箱中保存,D管则置于-20℃冰箱中冻存1周。A、B、C管分别存放2、12、24 h后进行生化检测,D管则在存放1周后进行检测,分别测定不同放置时间与方式下天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）、清蛋白（ALB）、葡萄糖（GLU）、钠（Na^＋）、氯（Cl^-）及钾（K^＋）等指标。结果与即刻检验结果比较,A管在室温下放置2 h后,除ALB和CK外,其余指标均显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;12 h后LDH、AST、K^＋及Na^＋呈显著增高,24 h后Cl^-也显著增高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;B管在4℃冰箱中保存2 h后,Cl^-显著降低,在12 h后K^＋显著增高,放置24 h后LDH、AST显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;C管在离心分离后置于4℃冰箱中保存2 h后,ALT、ALB、LDH、K^＋、Na^＋及Cl^-显著降低,在放置12 h、24 h后K^＋、Na^＋及Cl^-显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;D管在冻存1周后,ALB、AST及GLU均无明显变化,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,其余指标均较即刻检测显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论血标本离体后不同保存方式与时间均对生化指标检测结果具有一定程度的影响,应根据临床检测需求合理选择保存时间与方式。     

高效液相色谱法测定头孢他啶与3种输液配伍的稳定性实验

目的：测定头孢他啶与三种输液配伍的稳定性,为临床用药提供依据。方法：高效液相色谱法。结果：头孢他啶与三种输液的配全在室温和冰箱保存24h,28h含量大于985,放置48h含量大于98%,放置48h后也均大于96％,结论：头孢他啶与三种输液配伍在室温和冰箱均稳定。     

不同加工炮制方法对白芍质量的影响

目的：研究分析不同加工炮制方法对白芍质量的影响。方法：采用高效液相色谱方法,Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相：乙腈（pH值3）-磷酸溶液（14∶86）;检测波长230nm;柱温：35℃。对白芍进行酒制、清炒、醋制、酒麸制、麸炒以及土炒。结果：不同加工炮制方法对白芍质量有不同的影响,芍药苷的含量在白芍经过加工炮制后有所下降,芍药内酯苷的含量得到了提高。结论：不同的加工炮制方法对白芍的质量有一定的影响,应该充分利用并改进不同方法,进一步提高白芍质量。     

探讨全营养混合液在基层医院应用的可能性

目的通过用扫描电镜结合肉眼观察评价脂肪乳剂在全营养混合液3d内不同温度下的稳定性。方法在本院洁净室内按操作规范及配制流程分别配制30个PVC3L袋的全静脉营养液,分别存放于4℃、室温（〈25℃）、高温（40℃）下,在6h、24h、48h分别检测电镜并测其渗透压和pH值。结果①肉眼观察48h内3种不同温度下均无脂肪分层和凝集现象;②扫描电镜观察脂肪颗粒在48h内3中不同温度下亦无明显增大或聚集;③测定的渗透压和pH值在3种不同温度下随时间变化明显显著差异。结论按操作规范正确配制的全静脉营养液是稳定的,可以应用于临床。     

荧光偏振免疫法检测不同储存条件血清丙戊酸浓度

目的 考察不同储存条件对血清丙戊酸浓度的影响, 并对丙戊酸稳定性进行考察. 方法 利用荧光偏正免疫分析仪（TDXFLX）对不同储存条件下的丙戊酸患者血清进行测定. 结果 血清在－30, －80 ℃储存24, 48 h, 与0 h（室温）比较, 血清丙戊酸浓度变化较大, 样品在－80 ℃冰箱储存较－30 ℃冰箱储存血药浓度稳定. 患者丙戊酸血样在－80 ℃冰箱储存达120 h后, 与0 h比较变异系数<15%. 结论 该 方法 操作简便, 快速, 结果 可靠, 可为临床患者血样监测提供便利.     

血标本放置时间和方式对生化指标检测结果的影响分析

目的探讨血液标本的放置时间和方式对多项生化指标检测结果的影响。方法分别抽取30份血液标本,抽血后即刻进行多项生化指标检测,剩余样本分别置于4管,然后1管放于室温(20℃)存放,1管放于4℃冰箱内存放,1管取血后即刻离心分离出血清存放于4℃冰箱内,最后1管放于-20℃内冻存。然后分别于2h、12h、24h后检测前3种存放方式下的血液标本的生化指标,于一周后取出-20℃内冻存的血标本检测其生化指标。生化指标的检测项目尽可能多,本实验选择了K+、Na+、Cl-、Glu、CO2、ALT、AST、LDH、TP、ALB、CK等生化指标为研究对象。结果与即刻血标本生化指标检测结果比较,室温放置2h后,前十项指标均有下降,12h后K+、Na+、TP、AST及LDH增高,24h后Cl-也开始增高;4℃冰箱存放2h后Cl-有明显下降,12h后K+增高,24h后AST、LDH及TP增高;离心4℃冰箱存放2h后K+、Na+、Cl-、ALT、LDH、TP、ALB均有下降,其中Na+、Cl-及K+、TP分别于12h及24h后开始增高。3种存放方式中CO2及Glu均从2h就开始持续降低,以上变化与即刻检测组比较差异均显著(P<0.05)。血标本于-20℃保存1周后,GLU、AST、ALB检测值变化不显著,其余各项指标的检测值与即刻检测值比较差异均显著(P<0.05)。结论本实验证明血标本离体后会因不同的放置时间和放置方式而引起血生化检验值发生变化,影响相关疾病的诊断准确性。     

血液标本存放时间及存放方式对血糖检测结果的影响

目的研究和探讨血液标本存放时间和存放方式对血糖检测结果的影响,为日后临床检验提供参考价值。方法随机抽取20例患者,空腹采集血液标本,每位患者共采集14m L,每次2m L,存放于真空管中,并标注为对照(1个)、室温(2个)、37℃恒温水浴(2个)和0℃冰箱(2个),分析存放时间和存放方式对血糖检测结果的影响。结果血液存放时间对血糖测试的影响非常显著,6h后血糖值为初始值的60%,18h后血糖值为初始值的27%,24h后血糖值为初始值的22%,血糖存放时间越长,血糖值下降的速度越快。血液标本存放在室温和37℃恒温水浴2.5h和5h后血糖监测结果和初始值有显著差异,差异有统计学意义。氟化钠草酸钾管和分离胶促凝剂管保存血液样本,对血糖值检测的结果影响无明显差异,差异无统计学意义。结论为了确保血糖检测的结果准确,应当将血液标本保存在低温的环境下,并且及时对血液标本进行检测,以减少检验结果的误差,保证结果的可靠性和准确性。     

P^H值及灭菌时间对甲硝唑降解产物的影响

本文采用比色法对甲硝唑注射液降解产物NO_2~-进行测定,找出最佳pH 及灭菌时间,以考察pH 和灭菌时间对甲硝唑降解产物的影响。结果表明,pH=5,灭菌15～30min 甲硝唑降解产物NO_2~-浓度最低。     

Nitrite content and antioxidant enzyme levels in the blood of schizophrenia patients

RATIONALE: Recent studies have suggested augmentation in the inflammatory response as well as involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in mood disorders. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), NO and free radicals have been associated with inflammatory response; however, the status of NO in the PMN has not been investigated so far in schizophrenia patients. OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to investigate levels of nitrite (a metabolite of NO), malonaldehyde (MDA, lipid peroxidation product) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) in the PMN of schizophrenia patients. METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia (n=62) were diagnosed according to DSM-IV and were free of anti-psychotic medications/ECT for at least 3 months. Mean age of the patients was 29.06+/-1.17 years, with a male to female ratio of 4:1, and mean duration of illness was 3.7+/-0.6 years. The control group consisted of 82 healthy subjects with a mean age of 37.0+/-1.26 and a male to female ratio of 5:1. PMN were isolated from the blood. Nitrite, MDA and antioxidant enzymes were estimated by standard biochemical techniques in the PMN of normal healthy controls and schizophrenia patients. Platelet and plasma nitrite levels were also estimated in controls and schizophrenia patients. RESULTS: Nitrite content in the PMN was reduced to 68%, while plasma and platelet nitrite content in schizophrenia patients was not significantly changed in comparison to controls. Malonaldehyde (MDA) content in PMN was significantly augmented in schizophrenia patients but activity of SOD, catalase and Gpx remain unaltered. CONCLUSION: Results obtained indicate a significant decrease in NO synthesis and an increase in MDA in the PMN of schizophrenia patients, while antioxidant enzyme activities were not altered in the PMN of schizophrenia patients. This suggests that the decrease in PMN NO synthesis by PMN might lead to oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients.     

细菌硝酸盐还原中的关键酶影响细菌耐药性的研究进展

硝酸盐的还原是细菌氮代谢中最重要的生化反应之一.随着对细菌耐药机制的不断探索,氮代谢过程尤其是某些代谢酶对细菌耐药性的影响得以揭示.作为硝酸盐还原过程中的关键代谢酶,硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase,NR)与亚硝酸还原酶(nitrite reductase,NiR)不仅催化着细菌体内硝酸盐的一系列还原反应,还从多方面影响了细菌的耐药性.本文综述了NR/NiR与细菌耐药性之间关系的最新研究进展,以期为新药物靶标的发现及提出新治疗措施提供依据.     

New method for quantitative measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in the whole mouse

A simple method for the quantitative estimation of the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in mice has been developed. Mice were frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized. NDMA was then extracted and analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal energy analyzer. In normal mice NDMA (100 nmole) administered orally was rapidly metabolized and recovery of NDMA was about 10% after 60 min. However, when pyrazole (300 mg/kg) was injected i.p. to mice 60 min before the administration of NDMA, more than 80% of the administered NDMA could be recovered within 60 min. This result suggested that in pyrazole pretreated mice the accurate amount of NDMA formed could be estimated. Therefore the NDMA formation was measured in the pyrazole pretreated mice. When 0.25 mole of aminopyrine and from 0.25 to 2.0 umole of sodium nitrite were simultaneously administered orally, the amount of the NDMA formation in 20 min was found to be from 8.2 to 60.3 nmole. These values are equal to about from 30 to 200 g/kg of body weight which are nearly daily doses expected to cause the carcinogenic effect on mice or rats. This method of measuring NDMA in pyrazole pretreated mice appears to be useful for investigating the in vivo formation of NDMA quantitatively.     

2014-2015年郑州市熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐检测与分析

目的 了解郑州市熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量现状,为食品安全监管提供科学依据.方法 采用盐酸萘乙二胺比色法对2014与2015年度抽检的878份熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐进行检测,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 878份熟肉制品中,亚硝酸盐的平均检出率为87.9％(772/878),平均超标率为9.7％(78/878).结论 在郑州市售熟肉制品的加工过程中亚硝酸盐的使用较普遍但比较规范,基本符合食品添加剂安全标准规定的允许量.     

The oral bioavailability of nitrate from nitrate-rich vegetables in humans

High dietary nitrate intake may pose a risk to human health. Since up to 80-85% of dietary nitrate intake comes from vegetables, the aim of this study was to determine the absolute bioavailability of nitrate from three nitrate-rich vegetables. In an open, four-way cross-over, single dose study, 12 human subjects underwent the following treatments: (1) intravenous infusion of 500mg sodium nitrate, (2) oral administration of 300g cooked spinach, (3) oral administration of 300g raw lettuce, and (4) oral administration of 300g cooked beetroot. The wash-out period between treatments was at least 6 days. Plasma samples were analysed to assess the nitrate and nitrite concentrations, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The bioavailability of nitrate was 98+/-12% from cooked spinach, 114+/-14% from raw lettuce and 106+/-15% from cooked beetroot. There was no significant increase in plasma nitrite concentrations. This study shows that nitrate from vegetables, whether cooked or uncooked, is absorbed very effectively, resulting in an absolute nitrate bioavailability of around 100%. Thus, reducing the amount of nitrate in vegetables can be an effective measure to lower the systemic nitrate exposure of the general population. However, other aspects, such as the costs to produce vegetables with a low nitrate content and the possible beneficial effects of nitrate in vegetables, need to be considered when evaluating the usefulness of such a measure.     

离子色谱法测定硝酸甘油注射液中亚硝酸盐的含量

目的：用离子色谱法测定硝酸甘油注射液中亚硝酸根的含量.方法：采用IonPac（R） AS11-HC色谱柱（250 mm×4mm,9.0μm）;柱温为25℃;淋洗液为氢氧化钾溶液（20mmoL·L-1）;淋洗液流速为1.10 ml·min-1;电导池温度25℃.结果：亚硝酸根进样量在0.01 ～0.50μg范围内（即当选样体积为100μl时,被测定溶液在0.1～5.0 μg·ml-1浓度范围内）与亚硝酸根色谱峰的峰面积有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.7％,最低定量限以被测定溶液计算为0.022 9 μg·ml-1.结论：本方法简便、准确、快速,适用于硝酸甘油注射液中亚硝酸根的含量测定.     

Development of a dual-analyte fluorescent sensor for the determination of bioactive nitrite and selenite in water samples

Nitrite and selenium are two bioactive compounds found in the environment which show beneficial effects for health at low levels but have toxic effects at higher doses. Consequently, quantification of both analytes in water samples results of great interest in areas such as biomedicine, food technology and environmental analysis. In a recent paper, we immobilized the inclusion complex formed between 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) in a sol–gel matrix, in order to prepare a highly sensitive reagentless fluorescence-based sensor for the specific measurement of nitrite. Here we have explored the possibility of using the sol–gel immobilized complex to quantify selenite (Se (IV)), the more toxic form of selenium, as well as to act as a dual-analyte chemical sensor for simultaneous quantification of both nitrite and selenite in aqueous samples. Results show that (a) inclusion of DAN in HP-β-CD and its subsequent immobilization in a sol–gel matrix do not modify the reactivity of DAN against selenite, (b) the reaction product formed (4,5-benzopiazselenol) remains into the cyclodextrin increasing considerably its fluorescence quantum yield and avoiding, therefore, its extraction into organic solvents, (c) the developed sensor can detect selenite concentrations at submicromolar level with a minimum detection limit of 13 nM, (d) the immobilized system is able to simultaneously quantify nitrite and selenite at submicromolar concentrations in natural water samples with no further sample pre-treatment.     

短时静脉输注亚硝酸钠对心衰患者心肺血液动力学的影响

目的评估短时输注亚硝酸钠(Na NO2)对心衰患者血液动力学的影响。方法选择2014年1月至2015年2月在我院住院的25例严重慢性心衰患者,8例接受10μg/(kg·min)短时(5min)静脉输注NaNO_2,17例输注速度为50μg/(kg·min),并测量心脏的血液动力学。结果接受50μg/(kg·min)输注的患者,左室心搏量增加(P=0.003),肺血管阻力下降(P=0.03),右心房压降低(P=0.007),动脉血压轻度下降(P=0.04)。心搏量的增加与跨瓣膜梯度(肺毛细血管契压-右心房压)的增加相关(r=0.67,P=0.003)。接受10μg/(kg·min)的患者也出现相似的血液动力学改变,但差异无统计学意义。结论短时输注NaNO_2有益于失代偿HF患者的预后,为进一步评估其长效输注效果提供了安全保证。     

从附子的炮制浅谈其对中药新药临床试验的影响

中药炮制是一项传统的制药技术.药材的炮制与临床疗效之间的关系极为密切,会对中药新药临床试验产生重大的影响,药材经处理后致成分的变化,势必影响临床疗效以及安全性.药材的炮制是中药新药临床试验过程中的一个非常重要的组成部分,不可忽视.因此,期待研究者加以重视,为人民安全、有效用药提供保障.