Hip subluxation and dislocation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Although hip subluxation and dislocation occur commonly in neuromuscular diseases such as cerebral palsy, spinal muscular atrophy and myelomeningocele, they are not known to commonly affect patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. In this study, 15 out of 54 patients whose hip radiographs were reviewed showed unilateral subluxation, one had bilateral subluxation and three had unilateral dislocation. Having established that hip subluxation and dislocation develop frequently in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, serial hip radiographs should be taken as has been advocated for cerebral palsy. The possible relationship between subluxation and pelvic tilt also calls for better control of sitting posture to prevent pelvic tilt. Spinal stabilization should be carried out at an early age when any scoliosis and pelvic tilt are still mild, so that progressive subluxation of the hip may be delayed or prevented, in addition to maintaining sitting balance and comfort.     

骨盆Salter截骨治疗发育性髋关节脱位术后渐发脱位的原因分析

目的探讨骨盆Salter截骨治疗发育性髋关节脱位术后渐发脱位的原因。方法采用骨盆Salter截骨治疗63例儿童发育性髋关节脱位。7例术后发生渐发脱位,分析其发生原因。结果患儿均获得随访,时间12~89个月。术后发生渐发脱位7例中,3例因术后关节囊松弛,不能有效维持关节稳定性,通过佩带髋外展支具后髋关节恢复稳定;2例因术中骨盆截骨旋转角度过大,髋臼后方包容欠佳,术后髋臼软骨发育不良,再次行骨盆Pemberton截骨关节囊紧缩修复矫正;2例因术前合并多关节松弛症,关节稳定性相对较差,术后并发Perthes病行髋臼周围截骨手术矫正治疗。结论儿童发育性髋关节脱位术后渐发脱位与患者自身合并疾病、髋关节病变程度、手术操作等因素均有密切关系,准确的术前评估、适合的手术方式、精确的手术操作、术后早期干预治疗是防治术后渐发脱位的有效方法。     

Cost effectiveness of dual mobility in hip–spine patients: A value-based algorithm of utilization

ObjectivesPrior spinal pathology or surgery may increase the risk of dislocation and revision surgery after total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this review is to present the etiology of dislocation, evaluate different implants to decrease risk of dislocation, and determine cost effectiveness of use.FindingsDual mobility implants for primary total hip arthroplasty can decrease postoperative dislocation and may result in long-term cost-savings.ConclusionsPrior spinal pathology or lumbar surgery can result in higher dislocation rates after total hip arthroplasty. Preoperative evaluation with patient questionnaires, assessment of previous medical history, and the use of advance imaging can help determine the need for dual mobility implants. The proper use of dual mobility implants may decrease dislocation risk in a cost-effective manner.     

Operative treatment for hip subluxation in spinal muscular atrophy

Subluxation of the hip is common in patients with intermediate spinal muscular atrophy. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the influence of surgery on pain and function, as well as the natural history of subluxed hips which were treated conservatively. Thirty patients were assessed clinically and radiologically. Of the nine who underwent surgery only one reported satisfaction and four had recurrent subluxation. Of the 21 patients who had no surgery, 18 had subluxation at the latest follow-up, but only one reported pain in the hip. We conclude that surgery for subluxation of the hip in these patients is not justified.     

Hip dislocation in patients with spinal muscular atrophy

The propensity for hip dislocation in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is well documented, but the appropriate treatment and even the long-term outcome of these hips in this patient population have not been well defined. The purpose of this study was to determine by long-term follow-up the natural history of dislocated hips in a cohort of SMA patients from a single institution. Pain and functional difficulties (positioning, skin and perineal care) were assessed and radiographs were reviewed in a total of 41 patients with a mean of 18 years of follow-up. Seventeen of 82 hips (21%) were dislocated in 14 patients and 20 hips were subluxed. Only two patients had any hip pain at follow-up, one had difficulty with seating, and no patients had difficulty with perineal care. Given the small number of patients with symptoms with dislocated hips, observation rather than surgical intervention seems warranted in SMA patients with hip dislocation.     

Hip reconstruction surgery is successful in restoring joint congruity in patients with cerebral palsy: long-term outcome

Purpose

Neurogenic hip dislocation is frequently observed in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). If the hip is not centred but not dislocated, the hip joint can be recentered with minor operative effort. Reconstructive procedures are indicated if the femoral head is subluxated or dislocated. There are no data as to when destruction of the femoral head requires a salvage procedure or whether hip reconstruction surgery is successful in restoring joint congruity in patients with CP. Our aim was to investigate femoral head plasticity after hip reconstruction surgery in a long-term outcome study.

Methods

We studied a large cohort of patients with CP and high hip dislocation (Tönnis grade IV) before surgery. Sixty-eight patients were assessed, of whom 23 presented with bilateral high hip dislocation, and 91 complex hip reconstructions were conducted. Standardised radiographic examination was performed before and directly after surgery and at the long-term follow-up examination.

Results

Pain was the most frequent reason for complex hip-joint reconstruction (49 patients, 72 %). An impressive improvement in pain was demonstrated postoperatively. Forty-five hip joints presented aspheric incongruity postoperatively, which improved on average 7.7 years after surgery and 59 hip joints showed congruency. Only 15 % of patients experienced pain at the time of final follow-up, and that was of low intensity.

Conclusions

Early conservative treatment for hip dislocation is helpful, and operative reconstruction should also be scheduled early. Continued surveillance is necessary, and Reimers index is useful for monitoring the development of hip centering. In case of hip pain and femoral head deformity, our long-term study indicates that hip reconstruction surgery as a part of multilevel surgery improves pain and function in patients with CP and Tönnis IV hip dislocation, even if the hip joint is incongruent after operation. This incongruity improves over the long-term. If possible, a reconstruction procedure should be performed before the femoral head becomes deformed. High plasticity of the hip joint suggest that even if the femoral head is deformed, hip reconstruction can be recommended.     

The associated effects of untreated unilateral hip dislocation in cerebral palsy scoliosis

INTRODUCTION: The presence of a unilateral hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) may cause problems with sitting imbalance, pressure ulcers, and hip pain. There is a dynamic interplay between hip dislocation, pelvic obliquity (PO), and scoliosis. The effect of an untreated unilateral hip dislocation on the rate of curve progression of CP scoliosis has not been defined in the literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of unilateral hip dislocation on PO and the rate of curve progression in children with spastic quadriplegic CP. METHODS: Patients with spastic quadriplegic CP who had spine radiographs at the time of initial presentation with scoliosis and at the latest follow-up were evaluated. Twenty-three children with spastic CP who had an untreated unilateral hip dislocation and scoliosis constituted the study group. The control group consisted of 83 quadriplegic CP patients with scoliosis and well-located hips. The rate of curve progression, incidence of PO, and the rate of PO progression at follow-up were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The mean ages of patients with a unilateral dislocation and with well-located hips at initial radiograph were 10.4 and 10.5 years, respectively. The mean follow-up was 3.5 years. The mean rate of scoliosis curve progression in patients with a unilateral hip dislocation was 12.9 degrees per year. In the control group, the mean progression rate was 12.2 degrees per year. The incidence of PO at follow-up was 74% in scoliotic patients with a dislocation and 63% in scoliotic patients with normal hips. Using repeated-measures analysis of variance, unilateral hip dislocation was found to have no significant effect on scoliosis progression; however, progression of PO was significantly increased in the hip dislocation group (P < 0.05). Pelvic obliquity was corrected after posterior spinal fusion to the sacrum with pelvic fixation, without reducing the hip(s) at the same surgery. CONCLUSION: Unilateral hip dislocation causes a significant increase of PO but does not affect the rate of scoliosis curve progression.     

Ultimate outcome in immediate postoperative total hip arthroplasty instability

The objective of this study was to determine the ultimate outcome of patients who experienced immediate postoperative instability after primary total hip arthroplasty using regional anesthesia. Thirty-one patients whose radiographs demonstrated dislocation or subluxation immediately after total hip arthroplasty were evaluated as to the ultimate outcome of hip function and stability. Once a dislocation has occurred, the risk of redislocation is high. In this study, of the 29 patients who did not have revisions immediately after surgery, 3 (10.3%) have had recurrent dislocation and 1 (3.5%) has had a subluxation event. Recurrent instability or the need for revision surgery is significantly greater when compared with those patients who have no evidence of postoperative instability.     

Hip dislocation in spinal muscular atrophy

Hip conditions in 49 patients affected with spinal muscular atrophy were studied: 35 of these were affected with the intermediate form of the disease (patients were able to sit but not walk), and 14 with the mild form (patients were able to walk). The Perkins method was used to measure the migration percentage of the femoral head. Thirty-one percent of the patients affected by the intermediate form of the disease had normal hips, 38% had unilateral or bilateral subluxation, 11% had hip dislocation. In the mild form of the disease, 50% of the patients had normal hips, 28% had unilateral or bilateral subluxation, and 22% had a hip dislocation. In the intermediate form of the disease there was a linear correlation between migration percentage and age, and between migration percentage and scoliosis. In the patients affected with the mild form of the disease who were able to walk, and in the patients affected with the intermediate form and fitted with orthoses who were able to stand, or to walk, there was no hip dislocation. Hence, walking with or without orthoses seems to be an important factor in preventing hip dislocation.     

Acetabular Reconstruction With Chiari Pelvic Osteotomy : Report of 2 Cases

We performed cementless total hip arthroplasty combined with acetabular reconstruction with Chiari pelvic osteotomy on 3 hips in 2 patients. This procedure increased the osseous coverage of the shell and decreased the load around the hip by medialization of the hip center. Osteosynthesis of the proximal and distal bone fragment was performed using a shell with screws. Nonunion between the proximal and distal fragments was not noticed to include the case with small contact area. Postoperative dislocation had not occurred in these cases as of 1 year after surgery. This method may be an effective solution for severe dysplasia and revision surgery.     

Acetabular reconstruction with Chiari pelvic osteotomy: report of 2 cases

We performed cementless total hip arthroplasty combined with acetabular reconstruction with Chiari pelvic osteotomy on 3 hips in 2 patients. This procedure increased the osseous coverage of the shell and decreased the load around the hip by medialization of the hip center. Osteosynthesis of the proximal and distal bone fragment was performed using a shell with screws. Nonunion between the proximal and distal fragments was not noticed to include the case with small contact area. Postoperative dislocation had not occurred in these cases as of 1 year after surgery. This method may be an effective solution for severe dysplasia and revision surgery.     

中上段胸椎骨折脱位手术入路的选择

目的复习一组内固定治疗中上胸椎骨折脱位的临床资料,探讨不同手术入路行内固定的治疗效果及理论依据。方法自2002年11月至2007年12月,吉林大学中日联谊医院共手术治疗中上胸椎骨折脱位32例,其中23例行后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗中上胸椎骨折脱位,9例行前路手术钢板内固定治疗中上胸椎骨折脱位。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间3-48个月,平均25.5个月。均无术中严重并发症,伤椎前缘高度由术前平均40.4%恢复到术后平均90.3%;脊髓不完全损伤的患者ASIA分级提高1-2级,脊髓完全损伤的患者感觉运动评分有不同程度上升,平均上升21.7分。结论对于不伴有脱位的T1-3骨折,无论新鲜或陈旧骨折,低位下颈椎及经胸骨柄入路有明显的优势;对于T4-9骨折脱位患者前路损伤大,倾向于后路手术。     

下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的外科手术入路选择

目的探讨下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的外科手术入路选择。方法回顾性分析54例下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤患者行手术治疗的临床资料。其中颈椎压缩型骨折脱位29例,颈椎爆裂性骨折脱位7例,单侧小关节脱位3例,双侧小关节脱位15例。美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)评分：A级21例,B级5例,C级22例,D级6例。43例采用前路手术,11例采用后路手术。结果术中均无大血管、气管、食道、脊髓意外损伤。术后随访12～36个月,平均18个月。无一例发生钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等并发症。植骨于术后12周均获得骨性融合,无假关节、骨不连发生。96．3％患者术后获得完全复位,术后颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度无丢失。完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均无恢复,但上肢疼痛、麻木有不同程度的缓解。不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均有一定恢复,平均ASIA评分提高1～2级。结论采用前路或后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位均能达到良好的解剖复位,根据颈椎损伤的类型采取适合的手术入路是手术成功的关键。     

Prevention of dislocation after hip arthroplasty: lessons from long-term followup.

Regarding dislocation after total hip arthroplasty, prevention is worth an ounce of cure. The current authors evaluated dislocation after total hip arthroplasty during the 26-year practice of one surgeon to identify potential variables that can contribute to the prevention of dislocation. Between 1970 and 1996, dislocation after total hip replacement occurred after 7.2% of primary hip arthroplasty procedures (298 of 4164 primary hip replacements) and 11.2% of revision hip arthroplasty procedures (90 of 803 revision hip replacements). Significant findings included an increase in dislocation when 22-mm modular femoral heads were used and a decrease in dislocation after revision for dislocation when constrained liners were used. An additional finding was that 26% of first time dislocations occurred more than 2 years after surgery. Concerning prevention of dislocation, small head modular femoral components should be used cautiously, and constrained liners should be considered in complex revision cases. Patients should be counseled concerning the potential for dislocation many years after their arthroplasty.     

老年人髋部骨折的手术治疗策略探讨

目的探讨老年人髋部骨折手术治疗策略、临床应用方法及疗效。方法手术治疗248例老年髋部骨折患者,其中人工髋关节置换治疗114例,内固定治疗134例,按照末次随访患肢髋关节Harris评分及X线片评估疗效。结果 226例获得随访,时间5-76（36.8±14.6）个月。术中无死亡。关节置换者术后有4例脱位,经手法复位皮牵引固定未再脱位;1例术后4年髋臼松动重新置换。内固定治疗者骨折均愈合,无内置物松动、断裂、骨不连发生,并发髋内翻28例,其中螺钉切破股骨头4例,取出内固定行关节置换术后功能恢复。末次随访时226例患肢髋关节Harris评分为72-96（87.7±7.9）分,其中优111例,良84例,可22例,差9例,优良率为86.3%。结论老年髋部骨折患者积极正确的手术治疗可促进早期活动,减少并发症和病死率,提高生活质量。     

Results of posterior iliopsoas transfer for hip instability caused by cerebral palsy

The incidence of subluxation or dislocation of the hip in 185 cerebral palsied patients was 25.4%. Posterior iliopsoas transfer will decrease hip deformities but complications such as weakness of hip flexion or abduction contracture are to be expected in some cases. Posterior iliopsoas transfer did not give uniformly satisfactory results; 9 out of 17 patients were fair to poor even combined with innominate osteotomy and/or versus derotation osteotomy of the femur. Early prophylactic surgery of lesser extent such as adductor release is desirable since treatment of established subluxation or dislocation is often unsatisfactory.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤外科治疗随诊观察

目的 :探讨脊髓损伤程度、治疗方法及手术时机对无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤疗效的影响。方法 :对 118例手术治疗的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者平均随访 30 3个月 (1～ 16 3个月 ) ,74例随访 1年以上 (平均 4 6 3个月 )。观察 :(1)伤后 3种不同脊髓功能状况的治疗效果 (A组 :受伤时呈完全性瘫痪 ,70例 ;B组 :不完全性瘫痪 ,4 2例 ;C组 :上肢部分瘫痪、下肢完全性瘫痪 ,6例 )。 (2 )保守治疗与手术治疗的效果。 (3)手术时机 (伤后 <12个月、>12个月 )对疗效的影响。并做统计学分析。结果 :(1) 3组之间在保守治疗效果、术后近期效果和后期随访结果上无显著性差异。 (2 ) 3组均经保守治疗 ,平均为 2 1 3个月。保守治疗的效果与术后近期、尤其与后期随访结果相比 ,JOA评分较低 ,存在统计学上的差异。 (3)伤后 <12个月和 >12个月手术的患者后期随访结果具有统计学上的差异。前者术后近期和后期脊髓功能恢复都较满意 ;后者术后近期恢复较明显 ,但后期脊髓功能却出现倒退现象。结论 :无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤患者不同的脊髓功能状况对脊髓功能恢复程度无影响 ;手术治疗效果明显优于保守治疗 ;手术时机对后期脊髓功能恢复有重要影响。最迟不应超过伤后 12个月     

Peroperative vascular accidents during orthopedic surgery. Apropos of 55 cases

The functional or vital prognosis may be affected by the rare vascular accidents resulting from orthopedic operations. During a 10 year period (1970-1980), 55 vascular lesions were observed in 40 patients, and were either arterial (40 cases) or venous (15 cases) in type. Vascular injuries in 9 cases were due to spinal operations (cervical, lumbosacral or herniated disc arthrodesis), in 7 cases to shoulder operations (recurrent dislocation, excision of first rib), in 9 cases to hip surgery (prosthesis, plate and screws, fractured acetabulum), and in 15 cases to operations on the lower limbs (osteosynthesis of femur or tibia, meniscus operations, etc.). Emergency operation was necessary in 18 cases because of a hemorrhagic or ischemic syndrome, all other cases except three requiring secondary surgery for false aneurysms, arteriovenous fistulae, or residual ischemia. Four patients (10%) died, three following hip surgery, and 8 developed complications. The frequency, mechanism, diagnostic and therapy of these lesions are discussed.     

The role of hip location and dislocation in the functional status of the myelodysplastic patient. A review of 100 patients

One hundred patients 10 years of age or older with myelodysplasia were evaluated to compare located versus dislocated hips with regard to neurologic level, ambulation, hip pain, skin condition, and spinal deformity. Operated and nonoperated individuals were compared. Analysis was carried out to determine what the overall long-time function was in located, dislocated, and "relocated" individuals. Of the 100 patients, 72 presented at follow up with bilateral located hips, 18 with unilateral hip dislocations, and 10 with bilateral dislocations. Twenty patients functioned at T12 levels or above, 30 patients had preservation of anterior thigh musculature, and 25 patients had posterior leg or hip abductor power. Thirteen patients (15 hips) were found to have some degree of pain, 1 patient with bilateral dislocation, 5 with unilateral dislocation, and 7 with bilaterally located hips. Ambulatory function was not affected in any neurologic group by location versus dislocation of the hips. Skin ulceration problems were not increased in patients with hip dislocation. Major spinal deformity in most groups correlated highly with neurologic levels, but not with location versus dislocation of the hips. In one group, an increase in lumbar lordosis was present in unilateral hip dislocations. This study suggests that adolescents and young adults with myelodysplasia have different functional levels related to the neurologic level which are not related to whether the hips are located or dislocated.     

脑外管意外患者髋关节置换术后并发症的原因及预防

目的 探讨脑血管意外患者行人工髋关节置换术后产生并发症的原因及防治措施。方法 采用人工髋关节置换术治疗脑血管意外患者１２例，分析其术后出现并发症的原因，并提出预防措施。