EST严重并发症的外科治疗

目的探讨EST术后严重并发症的外科治疗。方法收治14例EST术后并发严重出血、穿孔、胰腺炎病人。其中单纯出血5例，单纯穿孔5例，穿孔伴出血3例，穿孔伴重症胰腺炎1例。结果单纯出血4例、单纯穿孔5例、穿孔伴出血2例病人存活。单纯出血1例、穿孔伴出血2例及穿孔伴重症胰腺炎1例病人死亡。结论早期诊断，积极手术是降低死亡率的关键。对穿孔伴出血或胰腺炎的病人，为减少胆汁、胰液对EST切口的刺激，应建立通畅的腹腔引流。     

EST后近期严重并发症及其危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)后近期严重并发症及其危险因素.方法 回顾性分析乐山市人民医院近15年来收治的2 120例行EST患者的临床资料,观察其近期并发症的发生情况,并进行相关危险因素分析.结果 EST后72 h内有34例(1.60%)患者出现严重并发症,其中出血9例、急性胰腺炎23例、十二指肠穿孔及败血症各1例.急性胰腺炎为主要严重并发症.十二指肠乳头肿瘤或炎症、Oddi括约肌功能紊乱(SOD)分别为出血和急性胰腺炎的主要危险因素.SOD患者中并发急性胰腺炎者占44.68%(21/47).结论 EST后近期严重并发症中以急性胰腺炎最常见,SOD是其主要的危险因素.     

内镜下十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆管结石的临床研究

目的　探讨应用十二指肠乳头气囊扩张术 (EPBD)后进行胆管结石内镜治疗的有效性和安全性。方法　实施EPBD 42例 ,应用气囊将十二指肠乳头开口扩张至 8mm ,直接用取石网篮取石 ,当结石较大时先行机械碎石网碎石后再取石。术后鼻胆管引流 ,并造影复查。结果　 41例成功完成EPBD ,3 8例单次内镜治疗清除结石 ,3例行两次十二指肠镜下取石治疗 ,其中 1例再次内镜治疗时改为十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术 (EST)后取石。 9例附加机械碎石术。 41例中无出血、穿孔、重症胆管炎或重症胰腺炎发生 ,无术后胆管明显积气 ;10例出现高淀粉酶血症 ,72h内恢复。结论　EPBD后取石具有与EST后取石相近的成功率 ,出血风险低 ,胰腺炎发生率并不高 ,机械碎石比例较EST术后为高。主要适用于直径小于 10mm的肝外胆管结石 ,但对较大结石也可应用。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎189例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎（acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP）的治疗时机及治疗方法,推荐ABP的合理治疗方案。方法回顾性分析ABP患者189例,其中轻型胰腺炎163例,在综合治疗的基础上,采用单纯腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）68例,单纯内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）下内镜乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）取石治疗39例,十二指肠镜、腹腔镜联合微创治疗56例。重症胰腺炎26例,行ERCP＋内镜鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD）14例,单纯保守治疗12例。结果 163例轻型ABP患者6,8例LC除中转开腹3例外均获成功;单纯ERCP＋EST治疗39例取石成功;十二指肠镜、腹腔镜联合微创治疗56例,中转开腹2例,无围手术期死亡,无术后出血及胆漏并发症。26例重症胰腺炎中,行ERCP＋ENBD 14例均获成功;12例保守治疗患者中1例死亡,余治愈。结论对于ABP患者,做好充足的围手术准备,早期实施LC或ERCP＋LC是首选治疗方式。重型胰腺炎患者早期提倡实施个体化治疗方案。     

经十二指肠镜治疗胆道疾病387例

目的探讨如何提高十二指肠镜治疗胆道疾病的疗效及减少并发症的发生. 方法对1995年2月～2003年2月经内镜行Oddi括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)292例、鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)104例(其中9例EST后引流)的临床资料作回顾性分析. 结果 EST成功269例,成功率92.1%(269/292).272例胆总管结石中235例取尽结石(86.4%);15例肝内胆管结石,4例取尽;5例胆管异物,3例当即取尽.EST治疗发生并发症16例,发生率5.5%(16/292),包括急性胰腺炎7例和乳头切开处出血5例,继发重症胆管炎2例,十二指肠穿孔1例,碎石时钢索末端断裂1例.ENBD疗效满意92例.所有病例均未发生与操作相关的死亡. 结论严格EST适应证选择、提高EST技术是提高疗效、减少并发症的关健.     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的手术时机及手术方法

目的:探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎（ABP）的手术时机及手术方式。方法:对近2年以来收治的59例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:36例非梗阻型ＡBP，经非手术治疗3～7 d症状缓解后行LC术后治愈。15例轻症梗阻型ABP，经保守治疗6～8h症状无缓解急诊行ERCP+EST+取石,术后均行鼻胆管引流（ENBD）治疗10～14 d，其中13例后行LC术、2例既往已行胆囊切除+胆总管探查手术治愈出院。8例重症梗阻型ＡBP伴胆管炎者，均急症行ERCP+EST+取石+ ERCP+ENB(P)D,其中1例暴发性胰腺炎伴多器官功能衰竭，入院后24 h内死亡；7例术后再经治疗10～14 d，后行LC术治愈出院。结论:非梗阻型ABP，应先保守治疗再手术；轻症梗阻型ABP，如经保守治疗无效需急症行ERCP+EST+取石+ ENB(P)D,后再行LC术；重症梗阻型SBP伴胆管炎应急症行ERCP+EST+取石+ERCP+ENB(P)D,术后病情稳定后再行LC术。     

内镜下胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室治疗方式的选择

目的 探讨内镜下胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室治疗方式的选择.方法 对143例胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室患者分别运用内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（EST）、乳头扩张术（EPBD）和乳头括约肌切开术联合乳头扩张术（EST＋EPBD）,并辅以取石篮、取石球囊、鼻胆管和碎石篮机械碎石进行取石.结果 43例患者行EST术,42例成功取石,并发出血4例、穿孔2例、急性胰腺炎1例、结石复发1例;39例患者行EPBD术,38例成功取石,并发出血1例、急性胰腺炎5例、结石复发2例;61例患者行EST＋EPBD术,59例成功取石,并发急性胰腺炎1例、结石复发2例,无出血、穿孔患者.共4例取石失败,1例因直径大于3 cm,2例因胆总管结石充满,1例因行毕Ⅱ式吻合后镜身不够长转外科手术治疗.所有并发症均经保守治疗治愈.结论 内镜下运用乳头括约肌切开术联合乳头扩张术对胆总管结石合并十二脂肠乳头旁憩室治疗是一种微创、安全、有效的首选治疗手段.     

内镜下乳头肌切开术并发严重出血穿孔的外科治疗

自１９９０年至１９９３年，作者共收治５例内镜下乳头乳切开术（ＥＳＴ）技术并发严重出血、穿孔患者。其中２例单纯出血和１例单纯穿孔患者存活，２例出血并穿孔患者死亡。通过对５例患者的治疗，作者认为早期诊断、早期手术是降低其死亡率的关键。对伴有结石石残留、急性胰腺炎或胆管炎的患者，一旦诊断明确，即行手术。对不能行成形术的迟发性出血及穿孔时间较长的患者，手术设计要考虑隔绝和减少胆法，胰液对ＥＳＴ切口的刺激，     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗Oddi括约肌功能障碍42例临床分析

目的探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对Oddi括约肌功能障碍(SOD)的治疗价值。方法回顾性总结我院2005年8月至2009年5月期间按照RomeⅡ诊断标准筛选的42例SOD患者,B超、CT和MRCP排除胆管残留结石、肿瘤或其他胆管及胰管梗阻病变,对确诊为SOD的42例患者全部行EST。结果本组病例EST成功42例,成功率为100%。发生并发症5例(11.90%),均为急性胰腺炎,内科保守治疗3～7d后痊愈;无重症急性胰腺炎发生,无消化道穿孔、出血、胆管炎等其他严重并发症。随访12～45个月,平均23.8个月,全部病例腹痛症状均明显改善或缓解,有效率为100%,其中2例患者因高脂血症性胰腺炎发作返院行内科治疗痊愈。结论 EST治疗SOD由于疗效确切、痛苦小、安全、并发症少和可重复性,符合当今微创外科治疗的发展趋势,已成为SOD的首选治疗方法。     

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对于急性胆源性胰腺炎,内镜治疗具有重要的地位。行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及内镜超声检查可明确诊断,指导进一步治疗。早期行经内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)、经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)、胰管支架置入可及时解除梗阻,降低胆管、胰管压力,引流胆汁及胰液,缓解胰腺炎,降低并发症的发生率。内镜治疗可能导致出血、穿孔、胰腺炎加重、腹膜后感染等严重并发症,因此应严格掌握适应证,对于伴有急性胆管炎的急性胆源性胰腺炎,早期内镜治疗是绝对适应证;对于不伴有急性胆管炎的重症急性胰腺炎,应严密观察,除留置空肠营养管之外的早期内镜治疗并没有明显益处。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.