Patil-Syracuse mask for fiberoptic intubation

Patil-Syracuse mask, recently introduced in Japan, has a port for fiberscopy. A fiberoptic bronchoscope and an endotracheal tube can be passed through the port with little air leakage. Positive pressure ventilation can be continuously maintained using this mask during fiberoptic intubation. This mask is particularly useful when a patient can be easily ventilated through a face mask but the trachea is unexpectedly difficult to intubate. With a modified endoscopy mask technique, the mean expiratory tidal volume of 10 ml.kg-1 could be obtained during fiberoptic orotracheal intubation. We describe a fiberoptic intubation technique using this mask, and discuss the complications and limitations of this method.     

A comparison of bullard laryngoscope and intubating laryngeal mask using fiberoptic guidance for tracheal intubation

The purpose of this study is to compare the success rate of tracheal intubation, intubation time and laryngoscopic view of the larynx by Bullard laryngoscope or by intubating laryngeal mask using fiberoptic guidance in 50 patients. Following a standardized induction protocol, conventional laryngoscopic view by Macintosh's laryngoscope was obtained and classified by Cormack's grades. We measured the times from incertion of laryngoscopy or laryngeal mask until obtaining the best view of the larynx and until tracheal intubation. A best view by Bullard laryngoscopy or by fiberoscopy through the laryngeal mask was classified by Cormack's grades. The success rate of tracheal intubation was higher by Bullard laryngoscopy than by intubating laryngeal mask. The durations of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were significantly shorter and Cormack's grades were significantly lower by Bullard laryngoscopy than by laryngeal mask and fiberscopy. These results demonstrate that tracheal intubation by Bullard laryngoscope is faster and more successful compared with intubating laryngeal mask using fiberoptic guidance.     

Universal precautions are not universally followed.

Adherence to universal blood and body fluid precautions was studied in surgical patient care areas of a university hospital in an effort to identify potentially hazardous health care personnel practices. Surgical teams of an 18-unit operating room, three surgical ward patient care teams, and patient care personnel in a 16-bed surgical intensive care unit were observed during routine patient care activities before (study 1) and after (study 2) specific educational programs were held to improve universal precaution compliance. Overall, infractions occurred in 57% of 549 observed procedures in study 1 and in 58% of 616 observed procedures in study 2. In study 1, infractions occurred in 75% of operating room procedures, 30% of surgical ward procedures, and 75% of surgical intensive care unit procedures. Study 2 procedure infraction rates were 81%, 32%, and 40%, respectively. Only surgical intensive care unit compliance significantly improved. Noncompliance with universal precautions occurs frequently during the care of patients who have undergone surgery, with the type of infraction and specific offender varying according to patient locale. These violations appear unamenable to one-time educational efforts. Substantial overall improvement may arise from ongoing educational programs directed at specific personnel who care for patients who have undergone surgery.     

改良普通喉罩辅助纤维支气管镜气管插管在困难气道患者中的应用

目的观察改良普通喉罩辅助纤维支气管镜(fiberoptic bronchoscope,FOB)气管插管在困难气道患者中的应用效果。方法选择经熟练麻醉医师使用直接喉镜插管2次失败的择期全麻手术患者40例,男21例,女19例,年龄30~55岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,每组20例。研究组(LMA-FOB组)将普通喉罩进行改良(剪开喉罩出口栅栏分隔处,剪短通气管),辅助FOB气管插管;对照组(FOB组)经口垫直接使用FOB气管插管。观察咽部解剖结构显露分级,记录一次插管成功率及插管时间,记录拔除喉罩带血和术后咽喉部疼痛、声音嘶哑等不良反应的发生情况。结果与FOB组比较,LMA-FOB组咽部解剖结构显露分级明显提高(Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ级:15/4/1/0vs.8/4/5/3,P0.05),一次插管成功率明显提高(90%vs.60%,P0.05),插管时间明显缩短[(75±20)s vs.(105±25)s,P0.05)]。术后LMA-FOB组仅1例喉罩带血,1例咽部轻微疼痛。结论对可能存在困难气道的患者,采用改良普通喉罩辅助纤维支气管镜引导气管插管可明显提高咽部解剖结构显露分级,提高一次插管成功率,缩短插管时间,术后无明显不良反应,是一种比较安全有效的方法,有一定的临床应用价值。     

预期困难气道患者喉罩辅助纤维支气管镜引导气管插管的研究

目的 探讨在预期困难气道患者中采用喉罩辅助纤维支气管镜(fiberoptic bronchoscope,FOB)引导气管插管的应用价值. 方法 择期经口气管插管全身麻醉手术预测困难气道患者24例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,入选患者达到以下1种或几种条件为预期困难气道:1.5 cm＜张口度＜3 cm,甲颏间距＜6 cm,头颈活动度＜80°,Mallampati分级Ⅲ、Ⅳ级.采用随机数字表法分为喉罩辅助FOB组(F组)和直接喉镜组(L组),每组12例.F组采用喉罩辅助FOB引导下气管插管;L组在直接喉镜暴露下经口气管插管,3次试插未成功者改行F组方法试插.记录两组患者的气道评估情况、气管插管前(基础值)和插管后3 min的MAP和HR、成功插管的次数及术后的并发症的发生情况. 结果 插管前两组气道评估差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与插管前相比,L组患者插管后MAP和HR显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组插管后的MAP和HR比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).F组气管插管一次成功率为75％,3次以内插管合计总成功率为100％;L组气管插管一次成功率为25％,3次以内插管合计总成功率为50％;6例L组患者直接喉镜3次插管不成功后改为喉罩辅助FOB插管,2例1次成功,4例2次成功;F组一次插管成功率和3次插管总成功率均显著高于L组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与L组插管时间(161±26)s比较,F组插管时间(81±9)s明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).F组有2例术后轻度咽喉疼痛,L组有6例术后咽喉疼痛明显和轻度声嘶、2例轻度咽痛. 结论 对术前预期为困难气道的患者采用喉罩辅助FOB引导气管插管可显著提高插管的成功率,降低直接喉镜反复试插引起的术后并发症,具有一定的临床应用价值.     

A simple universally applicable I.M.V. system (author's transl)]

A simple I.M.V.-system is described based on the AMBU-E-valve applied to pressure-cycled ventilators (e.g. Bird Mark VII).