小儿泌尿系感染277例临床分析

目的探讨小儿泌尿系感染的临床特点及致病菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床诊断治疗提供依据。方法对1998—2006年首都医科研究所附属儿童医院肾脏病房收治的277例泌尿系感染患儿的临床特点、实验室检查、治疗及转归进行回顾性分析。结果145例尿培养前未应用过药物的患儿其尿培养阳性率为62.07%,132例培养前应用过药物的患儿其阳性率为20.45%,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。尿培养结果中大肠埃希菌有94例,对丁胺卡那霉素和头孢西丁的敏感率均在90%以上。结论抗生素的应用会大大降低尿培养的阳性率。大肠埃希菌为泌尿系感染的常见致病菌,头孢西丁可作为小儿泌尿系感染的首选用药。对首次发病的泌尿系感染患儿进行相应的影像学检查以排除一些潜在的病因是十分必要的。     

婴幼儿早期生活方式对急性毛细支气管炎发展为哮喘的影响

毛细支气管炎是2岁以下婴幼儿常见的下呼吸道感染性疾病,主要由病毒感染引起,目前有观点认为,毛细支气管炎实际上是哮喘在婴幼儿中的一种特殊或早期表现,并且一部分毛细支气管炎可能发展为儿童哮喘.研究表明有多种因素可能影响毛细支气管炎发展为哮喘,患儿的特应性体质、遗传因素已被证实为主要危险因素婴幼儿早期生活方式对哮喘的发生有重...     

Oxidative and antioxidative status of children with acute bronchiolitis

ObjectiveOxidative stress has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status of children with acute bronchiolitis through the measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index.MethodsChildren with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the pediatric emergency department of a university hospital between January and April of 2012 were compared with age-matched healthy controls. Patients with acute bronchiolitis were classified as mild and moderate bronchiolitis. Oxidative and antioxidative status were assessed by measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index.ResultsThirty-one children with acute bronchiolitis aged between 3 months and 2 years, and 39 healthy children were included. Total oxidative status (TOS) was higher in patients with acute bronchiolitis than the control group (5.16 ± 1.99 μmol H₂O₂ versus 3.78 ± 1.78 μmol H₂O₂ [p = 0.004]). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in children with bronchiolitis than the control group (2.51 ± 0.37 μmol Trolox eqv/L versus 2.75 ± 0.39 μmol Trolox eqv/L [p = 0.013]). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis presented higher TOS levels than those with mild bronchiolitis and the control group (p = 0.03, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis had higher oxidative stress index levels than the control group (p = 0.015). Oxygen saturation level of bronchiolitis patients was inversely correlated with TOS (r = ?0.476, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems is disrupted in children with moderate bronchiolitis, which indicates that this stress factor may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.     

Imaging the urinary tract in children with urinary tract infection

Aim: To evaluate whether ultrasonography (US) alone is sufficient in imaging the urinary tract in 1185 children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: The reports on US and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) were reviewed. Results: Initial US was normal in 861/1185 patients (73%). VCUG revealed abnormal findings in 285/861 (33%), of which grade III–V vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) comprised 97 cases (11%). During follow‐up, VUR had resolved in 88/97 (91%) patients: in 50/57 (88%) patients without active treatment for VUR, in 27/29 (93%) with endoscopic and in 11/11 (100%) with open surgery for VUR. During follow‐up, 11/97 patients (11%) had developed new renal scarring detectable in US, but no renal impairment occurred. Except for VUR, VCUG showed nonobstructive urethral valves in two infant boys with normal initial US. Thus, in 861 children with normal initial US, 40 patients with grade III–V VUR and two patients with significant nonreflux pathology may have benefited from surgical treatment, giving the total number of possibly missed pathological finding in 42/861 (4.9%) cases if VCUG had not been performed. Conclusion: We suggest that children with UTI could be examined using US alone and to use VCUG only after additional indications.     

儿童闭塞性细支气管炎42例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童闭塞性细支气管炎的临床特点.方法对北京儿童医院2001年4月-2007年8月诊断闭塞性细支气管炎的42例患儿进行分析,内容包括患儿年龄、性别、临床表现、病因、肺功能改变、影像学改变、治疗及随访预后等方面.结果 42例患儿(男31例,女11例)诊断时年龄最小的7个月,最大的12岁2个月,均以持续咳嗽、喘息为主要表现.肺部体征有喘鸣音及湿性啰音.病因为感染后32例(76.2%),其中考虑为腺病毒肺炎者8例(占感染后闭塞性细支气管炎的25%),考虑为麻疹肺炎者7例(占感染后闭塞性细支气管炎的21.9%),考虑为呼吸道合胞病毒感染者2例(占感染后闭塞性细支气管炎的6.2%).病因为Steven-Johnson综合征的4例(9.5%).骨髓移植后1例(2.4%).肺功能表现为小气道阻塞性通气功能障碍35例(89.7%),混合性通气功能障碍4例(10.3%).肺CT有典型的马赛克灌注征者34例(81.0%),支气管扩张14例(33.3%),支气管壁增厚14例(33.3%),肺不张4例(9.5%),合并Swyer-James综合征2例(4.8%).所有患儿均予皮质醇激素、小剂量红霉素或阿奇霉素口服治疗,辅以糖皮质激素和支气管扩张剂吸入,或白三烯受体拮抗剂口服治疗.随访1个月至5年,除2例临床表现及影像检查、肺功能有一定程度好转外,其余患儿均有不同程度的加重,死亡1例.结论儿童闭塞性细支气管炎多为感染后起病,其特征性的临床、影像学和肺功能表现基本可以确定诊断.该病预后不佳.     

Renal ultrasound and excretory urography in infants and young children with urinary tract infection

The main purpose of the study was to see whether excretory urography (EU) can be safely replaced by ultrasound (US) in children with urinary tract infection (UTI) younger than 6 years. 101 hospitalised children were admitted to the prospective study. They were all diagnosed as having UTI and were treated accordingly. All children had voiding cystography (VCU), EU and US done. US and EU correlated well in 94% of the cases. In all 6 cases with discrepancy between EU and US, the VCU was abnormal. Our results confirm the data from other authors, that VCU and US should be sufficient as an initial work-up on children with UTI, while EU should be done only in the cases with abnormal findings on either one or both of the former investigations. However, it should be kept in mind that some cases of parenchymal involvement or mild subpelvic stenosis can be missed using this protocol. If EU is obtained only in the cases with abnormal US and/or VCU, only 55 children (54%) in our group would have had an EU done.     

Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in preschool children

OBJECTIVE: Children with urinary tract infections (UTI) are at risk of renal scarring which may lead to impaired renal function and hypertension. This study examines the risk factors that predispose to recurrent UTI in children and the role of recurrent UTI in renal scarring. METHODOLOGY: A group of 290 children under 5 years of age with a first symptomatic UTI were studied. Micturating cystourethrogram and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy were performed at entry, and DMSA was repeated 1 year later. Two hundred and sixty-one children (90%) were followed up at 1 year. RESULTS: There were 46 confirmed recurrent infections in 34 children, a recurrence rate of 12%. Multiple recurrence occurred in 14/34 (34%) children. Age of less than 6 months on entry independently predicted for recurrent UTI (odds ratio (OR): 2.9)). Compliance with prophylactic antibiotics fell throughout the year of follow up. Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) was present in 14/34 (34%) of the group with recurrent UTI, 69/256 (27%) without recurrence. Urinary tract infection was significantly associated with bilateral and intrarenal reflux; grade 3-5 reflux independently predicted for recurrent UTI (OR: 3.5). Recurrent UTI was significantly associated with high grade DMSA defects on entry, renal parenchymal defects at 1 year follow up, and new defects at 1 year. CONCLUSION: The independent risk factors for recurrent UTI identified by this study were an age of less than 6 months at the index UTI and grade 3-5 VUR. These findings suggest more selective targeting may minimize problems associated with prophylaxis and improve outcomes for children with urine infection.     

Multiple viral respiratory pathogens in children with bronchiolitis

Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the frequency of viral pathogens and relative frequency of co-infections in nasal specimens obtained from young children with bronchiolitis receiving care at a children's hospital.
Methods: We conducted a study of nasal wash specimens using real-time PCR and fluorescent-antibody assay results from children less than two with an ICD-9-CM code for bronchiolitis. All specimens were collected for clinical care at Children's Hospital in Seattle, WA, USA, during the respiratory season from October 2003 to April 2004.
Results: Viruses were detected in 168 (93%) of the 180 children with bronchiolitis. A single virus was identified in 127 (71%) children and multiple viruses in 41 (23%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common virus detected (77%), followed by adenovirus (15%), human metapneumovirus (11%), coronavirus (8%), parainfluenza (6%) and influenza (1%). Of the 139 samples with RSV detected, 34 (24%) were co-infected with another viral pathogen.
Conclusion: Molecular diagnostic techniques identified a high frequency of viruses and viral co-infections among children evaluated for bronchiolitis. Further study of the role of viral pathogens other than RSV and co-infections with RSV in children with bronchiolitis appears warranted.     

99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy in acute urinary tract infection in children

24 children with symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) underwent systematically ultrasound studies (US) and^99mTc-DMSA renal scans. Among the 15 patients considered as acute pyelonephritis (APN) on clinical grounds, the scan was abnormal in 12 cases, in contrast with only 1 abnormal scan in the clincial subgroup of the lower UTI. Among the 10 abnormal scans that were repeated later on, 6 did completely normalize. US showed only once a parenchymal appearance suggestive for APN. Our findings suggest that the DMSA scan has to be considered at present as the most sensitive imaging technique for the detection of APN.     

毛细支气管炎患儿血内皮素和一氧化氮的监测

目的　 探讨血内皮素 (ET)和一氧化氮 (NO)在毛细支气管炎 (毛支 )中的变化及相互关系。 方法 　用放射免疫分析法和分光光度比色法分别检测毛支患儿血ET和NO ,并与正常儿童进行比较 ;检测重症毛支患儿急性期动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )和二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 ) ,并与血ET和NO进行直线相关分析。 结果 　血浆ET在毛支轻症组和毛支重症组 ,急性期均明显高于正常组 (分别 q =14 6 5 4、12 370 ,P均 <0 0 1) ,缓解期均下降 ,与正常组比较无显著差别 (分别 q =0 114、0 6 81,P均 >0 0 5 ) ;毛支轻症组和毛支重症组自身对照比较 ,急性期均高于缓解期 (分别 q =16 2 37、11 413 ,P均 <0 0 1)。与血浆ET一样 ,血清NO在毛支轻症组和毛支重症组 ,急性期均显著高于正常组 (分别q =6 95 5、3 338,P分别 <0 0 1和 <0 0 5 ) ,缓解期则下降 ,与对照组无差别 (分别 q =0 771、0 0 89,P均 >0 0 5 ) ;毛支轻症组和毛支重症组不同阶段NO值比较 ,急性期高于缓解期 (分别 q =8 6 30、2 984,P分别 <0 0 1和 <0 0 5 ) ;两组急性期相比 ,差异无显著性 ( q =2 0 83,P >0 0 5 ) ,但重症组低于轻症组。两组急性期血浆ET和血清NO呈明显正相关 (r =0 6 14 ,P <0 0 1)。血浆ET与PaO2 呈显著负相关 (r =-0 793 ,P <0 0     

儿童闭塞性细支气管炎的研究进展

闭塞性细支气管炎在儿童中是一种相对少见而严重的慢性阻塞性肺疾病.以感染为最常见原因,主要临床特点是反复或持续咳嗽、气促、喘息,肺部有湿啰音和喘鸣音.目前诊断主要依赖临床表现、肺功能和高分辨率CT检查.目前尚无统一治疗标准,以经验治疗为主.该文主要对儿童闭塞性细支气管炎的辅助检查、诊断、治疗进行综述.     

Protective effects of breastfeeding against urinary tract infection

Protective factors in human milk act on mucosal membranes in the upper and lower respiratory tract and in the gastrointestinal tract. The way in which breastfeeding may reduce the risk of infections in a more remote site such as the urinary tract will be elucidated.

Conclusion: The protective effect of breastfeeding on the urinary tract illustrates the complexity of the immune defence mechanisms responsible for such an action.     

急性下呼吸道感染儿童的维生素D摄入

目的：明确维生素D（Vit D）摄入是否与儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）相关。方法：比较因毛细支气管炎或肺炎入院的5岁以下儿童和非配对、无呼吸道感染的同龄对照组儿童之间Vit D摄入的差别。197例儿童的看护人完成了问卷调查,内容包括人口统计变量、ALRI 危险因素和饮食。评估ALRI与Vit D摄入及其他危险因素的相关性。结果：ALRI组儿童的平均Vit D摄入为每日48 IU/kg,对照组为每日60 IU/kg。当控制年龄、民族、社会经济地位、北部地区居住、母乳喂养、免疫接种和接触吸烟等因素时,Vit D每日摄入<80 IU/kg 的儿童患ALRI 的可能性比每日摄入≥80 IU/kg 的儿童高4倍（OR=4.9; 95%CI: 1.5~16.4）。结论：为了避免罹患ALRI等疾病,5岁以下儿童可能需要摄入比现在推荐量更高的Vit D剂量。 因毛细支气管炎和肺炎是年幼儿童住院的最常见原因,增加Vit D的补充可能有重要的公共卫生保健意义。     

Antibacterial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection

The aim, in conservative management of vesico-ureteric reflux by antimicrobial prophylaxis, is to prevent recurrent febrile urinary tract infections and consequent renal scarring. However, the effects of this prophylactic strategy are difficult to evaluate, since the required studies comparing children on prophylaxis with controls (without prophylaxis but under careful supervision) are lacking. Furthermore, the optimal length of prophylaxis needs to be defined. Since risk of renal scarring is believed to occur more frequently in young people, and since recurrent urinary infections mainly affect girls, the age and sex of subjects are important in the design of a prophylactic regimen. Nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim are the most common agents used for long-term, low-dose antibacterial prophylaxis. Break-through infections still result from non-compliance and from development of bacterial resistance, the latter mainly arising with trimethoprim. Few studies of prophylactic drugs are available that adequately define patient materials and include a random allocation to the different agents. Further studies of the effects of alternative prophylactic agents are called for, preferably combined with fresh insight into the ecological impact on the bowel and periurethral floras.