Lebensmittelbedingte Infektionskrankheiten durch Bakterien

Foodborne diseases by bacterial pathogens are of considerable public health concern world-wide. This is supported by their property to propagate in food environments from very small, nearly undetectable numbers to high concentrations of cells or toxins. Moreover, bacterial pathogens such as Salmonellae, Shigellae, Listeriae, or EHEC used to induce serious often also life-threatening illnesses. Although outbreaks of foodborne diseases will always find great public health awareness, sporadic cases remain with 85% among all foodborne diseases of great epidemiological importance. Therefore, control measures should be directed to establishing a nation wide surveillance system for foodborne infections and to educate peoples with regard to prevention of foodborne diseases.     

Automated, laboratory-based system using the Internet for disease outbreak detection, the Netherlands

Rapid detection of outbreaks is recognized as crucial for effective control measures and has particular relevance with the recently increased concern about bioterrorism. Automated analysis of electronically collected laboratory data can result in rapid detection of widespread outbreaks or outbreaks of pathogens with common signs and symptoms. In the Netherlands, an automated outbreak detection system for all types of pathogens has been developed within an existing electronic laboratory-based surveillance system called ISIS. Features include the use of a flexible algorithm for daily analysis of data and presentation of signals on the Internet for interpretation by health professionals. By 2006, the outbreak detection system will analyze laboratory-reported data on all pathogens and will cover 35% of the Dutch population.     

Surveillance of viral pathogens in Australia: Rotavirus.

For many years, a sentinel laboratory system, the Laboratory Virology and Serology Reporting Scheme (LabVISE) has been collecting data on viral pathogens of public health importance in Australia. This report is one in a series of articles focussing on the epidemiology and public health aspects of viruses and viral groups under surveillance by LabVISE, which are of current public health interest.     

社区卫生服务中心血源性职业暴露后处理存在的问题和对策

目的规范社区卫生服务中心血源性职业暴露的处理环节,降低因此造成血源性病原体感染的发生,对因此造成的感染做到有据可查。方法通过调查发现社区卫生服务中心血源性职业暴露的处理存在问题。结果社区卫生服务中心血源性职业暴露后的处理存在许多需要改进的地方,包括伤口处理不规范,职业暴露后不报告或迟报告,未进行血清学检查或检查缺项,心理疏导欠缺,预防用药、追踪随访不到位等。结论社区卫生服务中心血源性职业暴露后的处理不规范,许多环节需要改进,要加强培训,正确执行现场应急处置流程,加强管理,完善报告制度,做好相关血清学标志物检查和心理疏导工作,做好预防用药和追踪随访工作,以降低职业暴露后血源性疾病感染的发生,维护医务人员的身心健康。     

呼和浩特市肉类制品食源性致病菌污染状况调查研究

为了对呼和浩特市肉类制品卫生监督提供指导性的科学数据,对近三年呼市肉类制品中大肠埃希氏O157:H7、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生性李斯特氏菌的污染状况进行调查。对232份肉类样品进行了食源性致病菌筛选分离、血清学和生化鉴定,使用BIOLOG全自动微生物鉴定系统对阳性菌株进行鉴定。检验结果表明沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是本市市售肉类制品主要的污染性致病菌。     

国际航行船舶压舱水卫生检疫监管立法探讨

目的推进我国国境卫生检疫法律体系的建设,提高国境卫生检疫立法水平。方法通过研究船舶压舱水管理的国际法规、国外的相关法律法规要求、我国船舶压舱水管理现状及相关的法律法规要求。提出船舶压舱水卫生检疫监管的法规要求对策与建议。结果目前,中国针对国际航行船舶压舱水携带外来生物和病原体的问题没有专门的立法,现行的国境卫生检疫法律法规对压舱水管理方面的规定比较片面。结论为确保口岸卫生安全,应切实加快船舶压舱水卫生检疫监管立法建设。     

新会口岸2007-2011年入境废钢船截获蜚蠊病原体携带情况分析

目的了解新会口岸入境废钢船截获蜚蠊病原体携带情况。方法对入境废钢船进行检疫查验和卫生处理,收集蜚蠊带回实验室进行分类鉴定,填写报告单,通过"出入境口岸卫生检疫信息管理系统"及时上报。结果 2007-2011年新会口岸对入境废钢船截获的9批蜚蠊进行了病原体检测,检出20多种病原体。结论入境废钢船携带蜚蠊较为普遍,必须采取有效措施严防其传入我国,保障人们身体健康。必须对入境废钢船实施严格有效的卫生处理。经常开展口岸范围医学媒介生物监测工作。     

蚊虫对病原体的免疫机制研究

蚊虫是重要的虫媒疾病传播媒介,可传播多种疾病,如疟疾、登革热等,严重危害人类健康。媒介蚊虫的防治是控制此类传染病的重要措施。蚊虫依赖天然免疫系统抵御疟原虫、真菌、病毒等外源病原体的侵染。蚊虫免疫主要分为体液免疫和细胞免疫。补体识别激活系统、免疫信号通路、黑化反应和活性氧等途径均参与了对病原体的免疫反应。现就媒介蚊虫抵御疟原虫和真菌等病原体免疫应答机制的最新进展进行综述。这将为发展新的蚊虫控制策略提供理论支持。     

Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative foodborne bacterial pathogens associated with foods of animal origin

Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens are acquired primarily through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin or water. While there is much disagreement on the health burden imposed by resistance in foodborne bacterial pathogens, it is generally agreed that the use of antimicrobials, whether for growth promotion, prevention, or treatment, can select for resistant bacterial pathogens, and that these pathogens can be transmitted on food originating from sites processing treated animals. Information on the evolution and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens shows that the situation is complex and differs by organism and antimicrobial. A clearer understanding of the ecology of resistance is needed in order to support science-based assessments of the public health risks due to the use of antimicrobials in the animal husbandry environment.     

传染性疾病病原体快速筛查及国际邮轮卫生检疫措施体系的建立

目的为及早发现可疑危害因子,进一步提高国际邮轮传染性疾病暴发后的病原体筛查速度和处置能力。方法通过分析邮轮传染性疾病的临床表现、流行病学特征与传染病种类的关系,确定病原体的重点筛查范围。结果初步建立邮轮传染性疾病病原体快速筛检程序及卫生措施体系。结论通过传染性疾病的临床表现以及流行病学调查结果,并结合相关快速检测试剂,达到快速筛检和查找传染性疾病病原体的目的 。     

International Circumpolar Surveillance, an Arctic network for the surveillance of infectious diseases

Peoples of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions live in social and physical environments that differ substantially from those of their more southern-dwelling counterparts. The cold northern climate keeps people indoors, amplifying the effects of household crowding, smoking, and inadequate ventilation on person-to-person spread of infectious disease. The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial pathogens, the reemergence of tuberculosis, the entrance of HIV into Arctic communities, and the spectre of pandemic influenza or the sudden emergence and introduction of new viral pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome are of increasing concern to residents, governments, and public health authorities. The International Circumpolar Surveillance system is a network of hospital, public health agencies, and reference laboratories throughout the Arctic linked together to collect, compare, and share uniform laboratory and epidemiologic data on infectious diseases and assist in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.     

Risk management of international trade: emergency preparedness

Emergency preparedness and management are among the most important and critical issues facing animal health in the world today. The goals of a country for an animal health emergency management (AHEM) system should include the following: --being prepared to detect and manage an outbreak of a foreign animal disease --preventing the introduction of foreign and emerging animal pathogens --having an appropriate response system for control and eradication of the disease --having a system for recovery from animal health emergencies, including natural disasters. An AHEM system can no longer be limited to a single organisation within a country. In the event of a serious threat to the animal agriculture of a country, broader and more comprehensive participation is required. If not properly planned for, animal health emergencies can rapidly become national disasters. Therefore, it is essential that the central government of a country work towards these goals through partnerships with other Federal and State/Provincial/District organisations, academic institutions and national animal industries.     

转变模式,创新发展 ——构建超大城市现代化传染病综合监测体系

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的处置充分体现了传染病监测预警的重要性,也对进一步做好疫情监测,实现对各类病原体的早发现、早识别、早报告和早处置提出了更高要求.文章通过对上海市近年来传染病综合监测体系建立与发展的回顾,阐述了基于症候群和相关事件的综合监测思路,初步总结了综合监测在关口前移、扩大监测范围、提高灵敏度和提升体系能力等方...     

宁波市江北区食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的：为了解市售食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况，防止食源性疾病的发生，为探索建立食源性疾病的预警和控制系统打基础。方法：采集2家大型农贸市场在售中生鲜肉制品、散装熟肉制品、生海水产品3类样品进行了沙门菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌5种致病菌监测，每季采样1次，共采集检测样品76份。结果：共检出致病菌21株，总阳性检出率为27．63％。其中检出德尔卑沙门菌1株，检出率为1．32％；检出金黄色葡萄球菌3株，检出率为3．95％；检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌5株，检出率为6．58％；检出副溶血性弧菌12株，检出率为15．79％。3类食品以生鲜肉制品卫生状况最差，检出率为37．50％。在生海水产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率最高为25％。夏秋季节检出率最高为33．33％。结论：农贸市场在售中食品食源性致病菌污染情况较为严重，建议长期、定时开展食源性致病菌污染状况的主动监测工作，建立食源性致病菌的报告与预警系统，并提醒有关部门加强监督、检查力度，加大对食品卫生安全的宣传教育工作。     

Building communication networks: international network for the study and prevention of emerging antimicrobial resistance

The global nature of antimicrobial resistance and the failure to control the emergence of resistant organisms demand the implementation of a global surveillance program involving both developed and developing countries. Because of the urgent need for infection control interventions and for rapid distribution of information about emerging organisms, we initiated the International Network for the Study and Prevention of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (INSPEAR). Its main objectives are to serve as an early warning system for emerging antimicrobial-drug resistant pathogens, to facilitate rapid distribution of information about emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens to hospitals and public health authorities worldwide, and to serve as a model for the development and implementation of infection control interventions.     

Impacts of Climate Change on Indirect Human Exposure to Pathogens and Chemicals from Agriculture

Objective

Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens and chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. Future risks of pathogens and chemicals could therefore be very different from those of today. In this review, we assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens and chemicals in agricultural systems in the United Kingdom and discuss the subsequent effects on health impacts.

Data sources

In this review, we used expert input and considered literature on climate change; health effects resulting from exposure to pathogens and chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals and pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens and chemicals in agricultural systems.

Data synthesis

We established the current evidence base for health effects of chemicals and pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical and pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of different contaminant types. We combined these data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals in agricultural systems. We then developed recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage any adverse increases in risks.

Conclusions

Overall, climate change is likely to increase human exposures to agricultural contaminants. The magnitude of the increases will be highly dependent on the contaminant type. Risks from many pathogens and particulate and particle-associated contaminants could increase significantly. These increases in exposure can, however, be managed for the most part through targeted research and policy changes.     

Community-based monitoring of diarrhea in urban Brazilian children: incidence and associated pathogens

Community-based monitoring was conducted in order to investigate the occurrence of diarrhea in 'sentinel areas' of Salvador, Brazil, and to establish a preliminary profile of the most common pathogens present in children's diarrhea by screening stool samples. This report describes the results obtained from twice weekly home visits to identify and follow diarrhea episodes and testing of carer-requested stool sample collection over a 6-month period. Participants were selected from a large longitudinal study in 21 areas representing the city's poorer socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. Fecal samples were examined for the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa. The mean incidence of diarrhea was 4.97 episodes per child-year, and longitudinal prevalence was 13.6 days per child-year (3.7%). Pathogens were found in 44% of the fecal samples examined. Bacteria were the most frequently encountered pathogens (isolated in 22% of samples), followed by protozoa (19.5%) and viruses (16%). Viral and bacterial pathogens were associated with episodes of severe diarrhea, while viral and protozoan pathogens were associated with longer episodes. The study demonstrated the importance of a public health monitoring system based on 'sentinel areas'.     

Infektionen des Menschen durch enterohämorrhagische Escherichia coli (EHEC) in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1998 bis 2001 Prävalenz und Typenspektrum

Intestinal infections in Germany due to enterohemorrhagic E. coli bacteria (EHEC) between 1998 and 2001 reveal a large scale of biological diversity of their pathogens. However, no dramatic increase of their clinical importance and public health implications has been observed. As strains of serovar O157:H7 have continuously declined as causative agents, other serovars such as O26:H11 and O103:H2 have replaced them. The great diversity of the EHEC pathogens might point to a great number of various infection routes and sources. Since recently new pathogenic factors of EHEC bacteria have been detected (especially by the sequencing of the genome of EHEC), it is currently not possible to define a clear-cut difference between human pathogens and nonhuman pathogens. The enhanced surveillance of EHEC pathogens with respect to their biological diversity and dynamics, their epidemic spread, and their infection routes and sources remain an essential task of the public health authorities.     

Non-digestible oligosaccharides and defense functions: lessons learned from animal models

Animals are constantly exposed to a diversity of health challenges and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a major, if not the principal, site of exposure. Animal models and a limited number of human clinical studies have shown that the assemblages and metabolic activities of the resident bacteria are important determinants of the effectiveness of the various host defense mechanisms and thereby influence the ability of animals to respond to health challenges. The assemblages of bacteria resident in the GIT provide a first line of defense that can exclude invading pathogens, reduce the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens already resident in the GIT, and reduce the availability, carcinogenicity, or toxicity of noxious chemicals. The mucosa of the GIT is a second, multilayered line of defense that includes the mucous and other secretions, the epithelial cells, and immune-associated cells scattered within and under the epithelium. The final line of defense contends with pathogens or noxious chemicals that transcend the mucosal barrier and enter the host and consists of the innate and acquired components of the systemic immune system and the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. The lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) are considered to be immunomodulatory and directly or indirectly influence the GIT and systemic defense functions. Corresponding with this, supplementing the diet with inulin, oligofructose, or other nondigestible oligosaccharides that increase the densities and metabolic capacities of the LAB enhances defense mechanisms of the host, increases resistance to various health challenges, and accelerates recovery of the GIT after disturbances.     

Influence of Humans on Evolution and Mobilization of Environmental Antibiotic Resistome

The clinical failure of antimicrobial drugs that were previously effective in controlling infectious disease is a tragedy of increasing magnitude that gravely affects human health. This resistance by pathogens is often the endpoint of an evolutionary process that began billions of years ago in non–disease-causing microorganisms. This environmental resistome, its mobilization, and the conditions that facilitate its entry into human pathogens are at the heart of the current public health crisis in antibiotic resistance. Understanding the origins, evolution, and mechanisms of transfer of resistance elements is vital to our ability to adequately address this public health issue.