不同手术方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的比较

目的：比较采用不同内固定及植骨融合方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术疗效及适应证。方法：应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后．分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体间植骨融合术治疗不同类型及合并症的腰椎滑脱症患者67例，比较不同术式的手术时间与出血量、手术疗效与并发症、滑脱椎体复位率与复位丢失率以及椎间隙高度。结果：后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术手术时间最长、出血量最多。手术总体优良率为88．71％，三种术式间无差异。所有椎体间植骨组植骨融合良好，椎间隙高度维持良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失；12例后外侧植骨者平均复位丢失率为11．24％，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂。结论：退变性腰椎滑脱者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加后外侧植骨融合术；峡部裂性腰椎滑脱者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术     

内固定联合椎间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉复位固定联合椎间打压植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法本组自2004年4月至2008年9月采用椎弓根螺钉将滑脱椎体提拉复位、椎板减压及椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症36例,女19例,男17例;年龄44～76岁,平均56.2岁。其中L4滑脱20例,L5滑脱16例;Ⅰ度11例,Ⅱ度25例。结果术后随访6～36个月,平均24个月。根据A sher疗效评定,优26例,良6例,可3例,差1例,优良率88.9%。33例达到骨性融合,融合率为91.2%,平均融合时间为4.5个月。结论椎弓根螺钉复位固定联合椎间植骨融合术是治疗腰椎滑脱症的一种安全有效方法。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果。方法对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗。评价术后滑脱复位和椎间植骨愈合情况。结果随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月。术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失。结论椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高。     

Basis椎弓根螺钉固定加环形植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱

目的探讨后路腰椎管减压、Basis椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定加环形植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法对32例腰椎滑脱症患者行后路腰椎管减压Basis椎弓根螺钉复位固定加环形植骨融合术。结果 32例均获随访,时间4～25个月。患者术后症状均消失,X线片示29例滑脱完全复位,3例部分复位。所有患者均达骨性融合,无椎弓根钉松动、断裂及再滑脱现象。根据侯树勋等疗效评定标准评定:优23例,良7例,可2例,优良率94%。结论 Basis椎弓根固定系统复位固定加环形植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症临床疗效满意,可作为治疗严重腰椎滑脱的首选方法。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体问植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的 探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果.方法 对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗.评价术后滑脱复位和椎问植骨愈合情况.结果 随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月.术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失.结论 椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体问植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高.     

腰椎滑脱症外科治疗策略选择

目的探讨不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的手术治疗方式、疗效及优缺点。方法2000年2月～2004年4月应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后，分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体问植骨融合术治疗不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的患者78例，比较术后及随访时疗效、滑脱椎体复位率、椎间隙高度恢复率、植骨融合率以及复位丢失率。结果术后28例Ⅰ度滑脱及37例Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱患者获得解剖复位．9例Ⅱ度滑脱及4例Ⅲ度腰椎滑脱患者矫正至Ⅰ度滑脱。随访时总体优良率为89．72％，42例椎体间植骨患者植骨融合良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失，椎间隙高度维持良好；36例后外侧植骨者有12例复位丢失，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂：结论对小于Ⅱ度退变性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉复位固定加后外侧植骨融合术；对峡部裂性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；对Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性单纯腰椎滑脱者以及腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间融合器治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的：探讨后路椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间Cage融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法：手术治疗62例腰椎滑脱患者，其中行椎弓根螺钉内固定加Cage(21例)或植骨(3例)椎体间融合共24例：峡部裂型16例，退变性8例；腰4椎体滑脱13例，腰5椎体滑脱11例。按Meyerding分度：I度滑脱18例，Ⅱ度滑脱6例。2例先作后路椎弓切除减压椎弓根螺钉复位内固定，再作前路Cage植入，一期完成手术；其余22例均作后路切口行椎弓切除或椎板切除神经减压，椎弓根螺钉复位内固定，后路椎体间融合，其中19例加用单枚Cage后外侧斜向植入行椎体间融合，另3例行椎体问植骨融合，而使用Cage病例中有6例在其前方加用骨碎块植骨。结果：24例均获得3～48个月的随访，平均随访时间为18个月。根据Asher的疗效观察项目：优12例、良10例、可1例、差1例，优良率达91．7％。结论：腰椎滑脱的治疗减压后的融合是关键；为了达到融合的目的，复位内固定是必要的；减压后椎弓根螺钉内固定加后路腰椎椎体间融合是一个值得推荐的治疗腰椎滑脱的手术方法；而后外侧斜向放置单个Cage是一种安全有效的后路椎体间融合的方法。     

老年腰椎滑脱症手术治疗临床分析

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎间融合术治疗老年人腰椎滑脱的方法和疗效。方法选择症状较为典型的老年人腰椎滑脱病例40例,采用椎弓根螺钉内固定及后路椎间植骨融合技术治疗腰椎滑脱。结果本组40例患者全部获得随访,随访时间10～36个月,平均24个月,滑脱复位率90.0%（36/40）,椎间融合率100%,无再滑脱现象。所有患者症状均有缓解,无严重并发症发生。按侯树勋等提出的标准进行疗效评价,优36例,良3例,可1例,差0例,优良率97.5%。结论椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎间植骨融合术可直接复位滑脱椎体,即刻稳定病变节段,增加椎间孔截面积以及直接后路开窗减压或全椎板切除减压扩大侧隐窝而缓解对神经根的卡压,明显地提高症状改善率。     

PLIF加椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨后路腰椎间植骨融合加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的临床应用。方法自2004年11月至2008年3月对31例腰椎滑脱采用后路腰椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗,分析手术疗效、滑脱椎体复位率及椎体间植骨融合率。结果后路腰椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉内固定确切,复位率为96.8%,椎体间植骨融合率为96.8%,椎间隙高度维持良好,滑脱椎体复位无丢失,总体疗效优良率为90.3%。结论腰椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症具有复位满意、固定牢靠、植骨融合率高、减压彻底、临床疗效满意等优点。     

椎弓根螺钉复位内固定、椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉复位内固定、椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法对42例腰椎滑脱症患者采用椎弓根螺钉复位内固定、椎间植骨融合术,通过随访进行疗效评定。结果42例随访6-40个月,参照海涌等临床疗效评估标准：优23例,良14例,可5例。所有患者椎体间植骨均融合良好,复位无丢失。内固定未见松动、断裂。结论椎弓根螺钉复位内固定、椎间植骨融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症,临床效果满意,植骨融合率高,是一种治疗腰椎滑脱症较为理想的术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.