攀枝花市仁和区暗娼、吸毒者艾滋病相关知识及行为的调查

[目的]了解仁和区暗娼、吸毒人群的艾滋病相关知识及行为状况,为进一步开展有针对性的行为干预提供依据. [方法]对暗娼(FSW)和吸毒者(Du)共718人采用健康问卷一对一面访调查. [结果]2类人群艾滋病知识总体知晓率占58.5%.吸毒者的男女性别比7.18:1.高危人群安全套使用率平均仅为19.3%. (暗娼32.7%、吸毒者5.9%);吸毒者共用针具率高达60.3%;高危人群性病平均就诊率为50:00%(暗娼45.95%、吸毒者57.89%).[结论]仁和区高危人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率不高,高危人群安全套使用率鞍低、针具共用率较高.艾滋病防控工作的重点是加大宣传力度,对高危人群要从加强艾滋病相关知识的了解转变为促进其高危行为的改变.     

艾滋病高危人群相关知识与行为状况调查

[目的]了解艾滋病综合防治示范区内高危人群的艾滋病相关知识及行为状况,为进一步开展有针对性的行为干预提供依据。[方法]采用概率或非概率抽样法抽取示范区内既往有偿献血员、暗娼、吸毒者、性病门诊就诊者共计3 872人,使用结构化问卷,由受过统一培训的调查员进行单独面访。[结果]4类人群艾滋病知识总体知晓率均高于70%,但对主要传播途径、非传播途径和防治知识不同类别的知识回答正确率不同;电视等大众媒介是各类人群实际接受和期望获得知识的主要途径;高危人群每次使用安全套的频率均不高,如暗娼与非商业性固定性伴发生性关系时使用率仅7.8%;性病门诊就诊者与非婚性伴发生性关系时使用率仅3.8%。[结论]示范区内高危人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,但对不同类别知识的掌握程度不同;电视是示范区各类人群获取知识的最主要来源;高危人群安全套使用率不高,应从单纯关注高危人群的知识了解转变为促进其行为改变。     

针对3类艾滋病高危人群的健康传播方式研究

目的探索艾滋病高危人群健康传播的有效途径，提高健康传播的效果。方法问卷调查和个人访谈相结合，采用方便抽样的方法调查了203名暗娼和154名吸毒人群，采用整群抽样的方法调查了178名既往有偿献血人群。结果暗娼希望从医生处获得更多的艾滋病防治知识，吸毒人群希望从艾滋病防治人员处获得更多的艾滋病知识，既往有偿献血者希望通过文艺节目获得艾滋病知识。结论要想提高艾滋病健康教育传播效果，必须针对不同人群采取不同传播方式。     

北京市密云县不同人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况分析

目的了解密云地区农村村民、农民工、暗娼3类人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为有针对性地制定宣传教育干预策略提供依据。方法对农村村民、农民工、暗娼3类人群共909人进行艾滋病相关知识问卷调查,比较3类人群的艾滋病知识知晓情况。结果 3类人群艾滋病知识总知晓率为76.02%。3类人群比较,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=22.18,P〈0.05）。农民工知晓率最低,为68.50%;暗娼最高,为82.56%。3类人群对有效传播途径的知晓率明显高于非传播途径的知晓率。结论艾滋病知识知晓呈现知识、知晓分离现象,应注重深度和广度的结合,强化艾滋病病毒非传播途径的宣传。尤其是农民工的宣传教育工作,仍然是今后开展艾滋病宣传教育干预的重点。     

2008年西华县艾滋病专题调查评估指标分析

目的了解西华县全球基金艾滋病项目目标完成情况,为下一步制定计划提供科学依据。方法自愿咨询检测(VCT)服务、HIV/AIDS疫情及治疗状况的调查采用艾滋病综合防治信息系统显示的数据进行填报;在知情同意情况下,对中学生、村民、HIV/AIDS、受艾滋病影响儿童、暗娼等5类人群采用普查、整群抽样、PPS二阶段抽样的调查方法 ,以问卷访谈的形式了解知识、行为和受关爱救助状况。结果在HIV/AIDS人群中艾滋病防治知晓率为88.33%,正确使用安全套的比例为83.05%;在暗娼人群中艾滋病防治知晓率为83.75%,最近1次商业性性行为中正确使用安全套的比例为85.00%,艾滋病预防服务在暗娼人群的覆盖率为90.00%;在中学生人群中艾滋病防治知晓率为66.06%;在15～24岁村民人群中艾滋病防治知晓率为60.66%,在25～49岁村民人群中艾滋病防治知晓率为63.32%,15～49岁村民中艾滋病预防信息的知晓率为95.12%因家庭获得外部援助而得到关怀的居家艾滋病致孤和脆弱儿童的比例为99.02%。结论全球基金艾滋病项目实施以来,对艾滋病高危人群和大众人群的知识、行为、态度干预取得了一定效果,但尚应不断扩大覆盖面,并值得在流行状况类似的地区加以推广。     

2011年北京市昌平区4类人群艾滋病监测结果分析

目的了解北京市昌平区4类人群艾滋病知识及相关高危行为,为艾滋病综合防治、制定干预策略提供科学依据。方法根据北京市哨点监测方案要求,对4类人群进行问卷调查和HIV及梅毒抗体检测。结果男男性接触者（MSM）、暗娼（FSW）、性病门诊就诊者（STD）3类人群艾滋病知识知晓率较高,流产妇女（ABR）艾滋病知识知晓率较低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。HIV抗体阳性检出率：MSM为9.50%,其他人群未检出;梅毒抗体阳性检出率最高的是MSM人群为6.90%,其次是STD人群为1.9%。结论应加强对流产妇女艾滋病知识的宣传,提高其艾滋病知识知晓率。各类人群高危行为存在多样性,应进一步加强健康教育和干预工作力度,控制艾滋病性病的传播流行。     

温州市鹿城区不同人群艾滋病相关知识现况调查

目的了解鹿城区不同人群艾滋病相关知识知晓水平,为今后更有针对性地开展艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,2008年9月对城市居民、农村居民、在校中学生和农民工4类人群共计680人进行匿名问卷调查。结果城市居民、农村居民、在校中学生和农民工的总体知晓率分别为84.17%、68.51%、87.98%和75.19%,4类人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率较高,个别知识知晓率较低。文化程度是影响艾滋病相关知识掌握情况的一种因素。获得艾滋病相关知识的主要来源均以电视为主。结论艾滋病健康教育应更加全面、科学。应采用多种方式开展宣传教育,尤其要加大对农村地区和农民工预防艾滋病的宣传普及力度。     

大连市金州区不同人群艾滋病知晓率调查研究

目的了解大连市金州区不同人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况;了解不同人群对HIV感染者和病人的态度,以便更好地开展相关的艾滋病防治工作。方法按照《全球基金第五轮中国艾滋病项目基线调查方法》,对8个不同人群进行问卷调查。结果共调查880人,艾滋病基本知识总知晓率为74.4%,大众、政府官员、公安司法人员、医务人员、青年学生、流动人群、性病门诊就诊者、暗娼人群的知晓率分别为73.0%、98.0%、90.0%、93.0%、67.0%、58.3%、85.0%、59.0%,不同人群知晓率有差异;对艾滋病感染者的态度正确率约为55%,各类人群对艾滋病感染者的态度正确率不同,差异有统计学意义。结论大连市金州区居民艾滋病知识知晓率处于一般水平,艾滋病非传播途径知晓率较低;青年学生、流动人群、暗娼人群知晓率较低,除政府官员外各群体对艾滋病感染者的态度正确率普遍较低,应重点加强青年学生、流动人群、暗娼人群的艾滋病相关知识宣传。     

100名既往有偿献血人员艾滋病相关知识调查

目的了解山西省晋中市榆次区既往有偿献血人员对艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为制定艾滋病宣传教育策略提供科学依据。方法使用统一调查表,对抽取的调查对象进行面对面的问卷调查,并对数据作分析。结果献血员对艾滋病相关知识的知晓率偏低,为57.1%。对经血液途径传播艾滋病的知识回答正确率更低,仅有28.0%。对性病、艾滋病预防知识有一定了解,但多数人概念不准确,仍有模糊认识,知晓率为66.1%。对安全卫生的性生活知识知晓率仅为34.0%;其他知识正确回答率在59.0%-80.0%之间。获得艾滋病传播知识的途径主要为电视、报纸、杂志及医务人员。结论有偿献血人员艾滋病相关知识了解得较少,是进行艾滋病健康教育的重点人群,应该根据其具体需求制定健康教育对策。     

山东省4类人群对艾滋病的知识、态度抽样调查

[目的 ]了解山东省 4类人群对艾滋病的知识认识现状 ,明确现阶段的重点宣传对象与宣传内容。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 10月至 2 0 0 3年 3月 ,在山东省全部 17个市 ,采用多阶段整群抽样和配额抽样相结合的方法 ,对 4类人群共 3 2 3 4名进行问卷调查。 [结果 ] 4类人群对艾滋病的知识都有一定的了解 ,机关人员、特殊人群、城镇居民和大中学生的总体知晓率分别为 84 9%、79 1%、81 6%和 78 8%,但对一些问题的认识存有偏差。其中机关人员和文化程度较高者知晓率较高 ,特殊人群、大中学生以及文化程度较低的人群知道得较少。 [结论 ] 4类人群对艾滋病的知识掌握不够系统、全面 ,应加强对特殊人群、大中学生以及文化程度较低人群的健康教育工作     

Association of europium(III), americium(III), and curium(III) with cellulose, chitin, and chitosan

The association of trivalent f-elements-Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III)--with cellulose, chitin, and chitosan was determined by batch experiments and time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). The properties of these biopolymers as an adsorbent were characterized based on speciation calculation of Eu(III). The adsorption study showed that an increase of the ionic strength by NaCl did not affect the adsorption kinetics of Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) for all the biopolymers, but the addition of Na2CO3 significantly delayed the kinetics because of their trivalent f-element complexation with carbonate ions. It also was suggested from the speciation calculation study that all the biopolymers were degraded under alkaline conditions, leading to their masking of the adsorption of Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) on the nondegraded biopolymers. The masking effect was higher for cellulose than for chitin and chitosan, indicating that of the three, cellulose was degraded most significantly in alkaline solutions. Desorption experiments suggested that some portion of the adsorbed Eu(III) penetrated deep into the matrix, being isolated in a cavity-like site. The TRLFS study showed that the coordination environment of Eu(III) is stabilized mainly by the inner spherical coordination in chitin and by the outer spherical coordination in chitosan, with less association in cellulose in comparison to chitin and chitosan. These results suggest that the association of these biopolymers with Eu(III), Am(III), and Cm(III) is governed not only by the affinity of the functional groups alone but also by other factors, such as the macromolecular steric effect. The association of degraded materials of the biopolymers also should be taken into consideration for an accurate prediction of the influence of biopolymers on the migration behavior of trivalent f-elements.     

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), Biphenyls (PCBs), and Organochlorine Pesticides in Yellow-Blotched Map Turtle from the Pascagoula River Basin, Mississippi, USA

Concentrations of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), -dibenzofurans (PCDFs), -biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides were measured in tissues of map turtles collected from two locations in the Pascagoula River drainage of Mississippi, USA. PCBs were most predominant among the organochlorines with a concentration of up to 99 ng/g, wet weight (580 ng/g, lipid weight) in livers. The greatest concentration of PCDDs/DFs of 1.1 pg/g, wet weight (15.76 pg/g, lipid weight) was found in the liver of a male turtle. The measured concentrations of organochlorines were less than those reported for turtles from the Great Lakes Basin and upper St. Lawrence River. PCBs contributed 90–99% of the total estimated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs). Particularly, PCB congeners 105, 118, and 156 accounted for 68–80% of the estimated toxic potency of PCBs in turtles. Received: 4 May 1999/Accepted: 20 September 1999     

TORCH Infections. Toxoplasmosis,Other (syphilis,varicella-zoster,parvovirus B19), Rubella,Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections

Perinatal infections account for 2% to 3% of all congenital anomalies. TORCH, which includes Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections, are some of the most common infections associated with congenital anomalies. Most of the TORCH infections cause mild maternal morbidity, but have serious fetal consequences, and treatment of maternal infection frequently has no impact on fetal outcome. Therefore, recognition of maternal disease and fetal monitoring once disease is recognized are important for all clinicians. Knowledge of these diseases will help the clinician appropriately counsel mothers on preventive measures to avoid these infections, and will aid in counseling parents on the potential for adverse fetal outcomes when these infections are present.     

Complement (C3), nutrition, and infection.

Complement (C₃) was determined and related to various parameters of nutritional status and past infectious disease experience in a group of 53 rural preschool children in North India. Mean complement level was 25% lower than in an age-matched European reference population. Low complement (C₃) levels were associated mainly with children who were both stunted and wasted, as well as with those who had experienced frequent purulent skin infections in the past.     

Influence of a Crude Oil Dispersant, Corexit 9527, and Dispersed Oil on Capelin (Mallotus villosus), Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua), Longhorn Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus), and Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus)

No abstract available.     

Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other fluorochemicals

Interest in human exposure to perfluorinated acids, including perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has led to their measurement in whole blood, plasma and serum. Comparison of measurements in these different blood-based matrices, however, has not been rigorously investigated to allow for across-matrix comparisons. This research evaluated concentrations of PFBS, PFHS, PFOS, and PFOA in whole blood collected in heparin (lithium) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), plasma samples collected in heparin and EDTA, and serum (from whole blood allowed to clot). Blood samples were collected from 18 voluntary participants employed at 3M Company. Solid phase extraction methods were used for all analytical sample preparations, and analyses were completed using high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methods. Serum concentrations ranged from: limit of quantitation (LOQ, 5 ng/mL) to 25 ng/mL for PFBS; LOQ (5 ng/mL) to 75 ng/mL for PFHS; LOQ (5 ng/mL) to 880 ng/mL for PFOS; and LOQ (5 or 10 ng/mL) to 7320 ng/mL for PFOA. Values less than the LOQ were not included in the statistical analyses of the mean of the ratios of individual values for the matrices. PFBS was not quantifiable in most samples. Serum to plasma ratios for PFHS, PFOS, and PFOA were 1:1 and this ratio was independent of the level of concentrations measured. Serum or plasma to whole blood ratios, regardless of the anticoagulant used, approximated 2:1. The difference between plasma and serum and whole blood corresponded to volume displacement by red blood cells, suggesting that the fluorochemicals are not found intracellularly or attached to the red blood cells.     

Immunotherapy in Melanoma,Gastrointestinal (GI), and Pulmonary Malignancies

Oncologic immunotherapy involves stimulating the immune system to more effectively identify and eradicate tumor cells that have successfully adapted to survive the body''s natural immune defenses. Immunotherapy has shown great promise thus far by prolonging the lives of patients with a variety of malignancies, and has added a crucial new set of tools to the oncologists'' armamentarium. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of immunotherapy treatment options that are currently available and under active research for melanoma, gastrointestinal (esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal), and pulmonary malignancies. Potential biomarkers that may predict favorable responses to immunotherapies are discussed where applicable, as are future avenues of research in this rapidly evolving field.     

Methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR), the One-Carbon Cycle,and Cardiovascular Risks

The 5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme is vital for cellular homeostasis due to its key functions in the one-carbon cycle, which include methionine and folate metabolism and protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis. The enzyme is responsible for maintaining methionine and homocysteine (Hcy) balance to prevent cellular dysfunction. Polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene, especially C677T, have been associated with various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, inflammatory conditions, diabetes, and vascular disorders. The C677T MTHFR polymorphism is thought to be the most common cause of elevated Hcy levels, which is considered an independent risk factor for CVD. This polymorphism results in an amino acid change from alanine to valine, which prevents optimal functioning of the enzyme at temperatures above 37 °C. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether there is an association between the C677T polymorphism and increased risk for CVD. There is much evidence in favour of this association, while several studies have concluded that the polymorphism cannot be used to predict CVD development or progression. This review discusses current research regarding the C677T polymorphism and its relationship with CVD, inflammation, diabetes, and epigenetic regulation and compares the evidence provided for and against the association with CVD.