重度低肺功能食管癌患者术后并发症的预防及护理

目的探讨重度低肺功能食管癌患者术后并发症的护理方法。方法对49例重度低肺功能食管癌患者进行手术治疗。术前加强预防护理;对术后发生呼吸衰竭患者使用机械通气治疗,同时加强呼吸道管理及控制肺部感染;对心律失常患者加强心电监护．积极对症处理;对吻合口瘘患者加强胸腔闭式引流护理和营养支持等。结果治愈31例。术后发生呼吸衰竭8例,死亡1例;心律失常8例,均好转;吻合口瘘2例．均治愈。术后随访5年,生存率为25．0%。结论重度低肺功能食管癌手术患者需积极充分做好术前准备;并针对术后可能出现的并发症予以预防和精心护理,可使患者取得较好的预后。     

全肺切除术后并发症的预防与护理

目的探讨全肺切除术后并发症的预防与护理方法。方法对32例原发性肺癌行全肺切除术患者,术前、术中采取积极有效措施预防心律失常、血胸、急性肺水肿、支气管胸膜瘘、呼吸衰竭等并发症;术后密切观察病情变化,采取针对性措施,杜绝并发症发生。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生心律失常1例,血胸3例,急性肺水肿2例,支气管胸膜瘘1例;并发症发生率为21.9%,均治愈。结论有效预防和精心护理可防止原发性支气管肺癌全肺切除术后并发症发生,提高手术效果。     

全肺切除术后并发症的预防与护理

目的 探讨全肺切除术后并发症的预防与护理方法.方法 对32例原发性肺癌行全肺切除术患者,术前、术中采取积极有效措施预防心律失常、血胸、急性肺水肿、支气管胸膜瘘、呼吸衰竭等并发症;术后密切观察病情变化,采取针对性措施,杜绝并发症发生.结果 患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生心律失常1例,血胸3例,急性肺水肿2例,支气管胸膜瘘1例;并发症发生率为21.9%,均治愈.结论 有效预防和精心护理可防止原发性支气管肺癌全肺切除术后并发症发生,提高手术效果.     

术前低肺功能对肺癌围术期并发症的影响

目的 探讨术前低肺功能对肺癌围术期并发症的影响及其干预方法。方法对我院在2005年7月-2007年9月收治的53例术前低肺功能肺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。依据肺最大通气量和第1秒用力呼气量分为两组,第1组为重度通气功能障碍,即MVV≤50％．FEVl≤45％的22例。第2组为轻度通气功能障碍,即MVV为50％．80％FEVl为45％～70％的31例。比较两组术后呼吸衰竭、心律失常、死亡的发生情况。结果第1组死亡2例,呼吸衰竭6例。心律失常8例。第2组无死亡,呼吸衰竭1例,心律失常4例。结论。通过加强术前肺功能训练、手术技术及器械的改进、术后的密切监护以及并发症的及时处理,有助于降低术前低肺功能的肺癌患者围术期并发症的发生。     

电视胸腔镜食管癌微创手术后呼吸衰竭发生风险的潜在影响因素分析

目的分析电视胸腔镜食管癌微创手术后呼吸衰竭发生风险的影响因素。方法胸腔镜食管癌微创手术后发生呼吸衰竭病人55例为呼吸衰竭组,术后无呼吸衰竭病人95例为对照组。比较两组性别、年龄、吸烟史、术前肺功能、术前合并症、手术时间以及术后病发症等因素对呼吸衰竭发生风险的影响。使用SPSS软件统计分析数据,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析食管癌术后发生呼吸衰竭的危险因素。结果单因素分析显示,高龄(年龄≥70岁)、吸烟、术前肺部合并症、手术时间 3小时、术后吻合口瘘、发生乳糜胸可能是呼吸衰竭发生的危险因素;呼吸衰竭组术前最大通气量(MVV%)为(51. 02±7. 69),第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1%)为(39. 05±6. 47),对照组分别为(85. 64±8. 10)和(74. 29±7. 28),以上差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄≥70岁、手术时间 3小时、术前肺功能偏低及术后吻合口瘘、乳糜胸(B值分别为1. 313、1. 345、1. 489、1. 579和1. 574)均为引起电视胸腔镜食管癌微创手术后发生呼吸衰竭的独立因素(P 0. 05)。结论接受电视胸腔镜食管癌微创手术病人术前改善肺功能,缩短手术时间,减少术后吻合口瘘、乳糜胸发生有助于预防术后呼吸衰竭的发生。     

食管癌根治术联合肺叶切除术的围手术期护理

目的 探讨如何提高食管癌根治术联合肺叶切除术的围手术期护理质量。方法 运用护理程序对食管癌根治术联合肺叶切除术的患者进行系统的护理,主要包括术前宣教、心理辅导,术后仔细观察生命体征变化、呼吸道的护理,并对手术可能出现的并发症进行严密监测和预防性处理。结果 所有患者均安全顺利地度过了围手术期,术后无出现食管胃吻合口瘘、支气管残端瘘、肺不张及严重肺部感染等并发症。平均住院时间为20．4d。8例患者均治愈出院。结论 正确和细致的护理与优良的医疗质量相结合,是预防食管癌根治术联合肺叶切除术术后并发症发生的重要措施。     

食管癌的围手术期护理与临床观察

目的探讨食管癌围手术期的护理经验和方法。方法对152例食管癌患者实施围手术期的综合性护理。结果 152例食管癌患者术后恢复良好,无吻合口瘘、手术切口感染、肺部感染等并发症发生,均治愈出院。结论对食管癌术后患者进行耐心细致护理和密切病情观察,可有效预防并发症和促进疾病的康复。     

转移肌皮瓣修复食管癌切除术后早期胸胃气管瘘患者的护理

目的探讨食管癌根治术后早期发生胸胃气管瘘患者的护理方法及要点。方法回顾性分析3例食管癌术后发生胸胃气管瘘后行转移肌皮瓣修复术患者的护理过程。护理要点包括术后密切观察病情变化,尽早发现临床症状,积极配合急诊手术;加强皮瓣观察,注意引流管道及胸腔逆行冲洗护理,做好呼吸道管理及肠内营养支持,预防感染促进肌皮瓣成活,促进瘘口愈合;做好基础护理及心理护理。结果 3例患者经积极治疗护理均康复出院,随访3个月患者进食、呼吸正常。结论胸胃气管瘘是食管癌术后严重的并发症之一,急诊下行转移肌皮瓣修复术,术后加强专科护理,做好基础护理及心理护理可以降低患者病死率。     

护理干预在降低食管癌患者术后心律失常中的应用

目的:探讨护理干预在降低食管癌患者术后心律失常中的临床应用价值。方法:本研究按照随机数字表法将120例食管癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组,本研究所有患者均首先实施常规食管癌护理,如健康宣教,呼吸道护理、输液护理、饮食指导等。观察组患者则在上述常规食管癌护理护理基础上实施围术期护理干预。比较两组患者术后心律失常的发生情况。结果:两组患者经过积极的治疗与护理后,观察组患者术后发生心律失常9例,发生率为15.00%;而对照组患者术后发生心律失常24例,发生率为40.00%;经统计学分析发现观察组的术后心律失常发生率明显低于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(χ2=9.40,P<0.05)。结论:对食管癌患者加强术前、术后护理,可减少术后心律失常发生,进一步提高手术成功率。     

肺癌切除联合肺减容术的围术期护理

对肺癌合并重度肺气肿的21例患者行肺癌切除加肺减容手术.结果 21例患者术后胸闷、呼吸困难等症状均有不同程度缓解,活动能力增强,生活基本自理,顺利出院.提示术前心理指导、改善心肺功能、提高手术耐受性,术后严密监护、细致全面的护理、积极预防各种并发症对促进肺癌合并重度肺气肿患者的预后有重要作用,能有效促进术后并发症的治愈或预防术后并发症的发生.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.