circRNA在肿瘤转化医学研究中的前景

环状RNA（circular RNA,circRNA）是近年发现、生物体内广泛存在、逐渐引起重视的非编码RNA。circRNA大多由外显子序列组成,呈闭合环状结构,性质稳定,高度保守性,通过微小RNA“海绵”作用调控靶基因表达,与肿瘤的发生、发展相关。这些特性使circRNA有潜力成为肿瘤新型分子诊断标志物。通过竞争性与肿瘤相关微小RNA的结合,可以开发针对circRNA分子靶点的靶向治疗药。因此,circRNA在肿瘤转化医学研究中意义巨大。     

非编码RNA参与昼夜节律调控研究进展

微小RNA(microRNA)、长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)、环状RNA(circRNA)等非编码RNA(noncoding RNAs,ncRNA)属于表观遗传调控因子,通过在染色质水平、转录及转录后水平、翻译水平调控基因表达和功能,进而影响各种细胞生物学过程。在人体生理活动中,昼夜节律受到多种内外因素的调节,包括ncRNA。本文总结了参与调节昼夜节律的ncRNA,并讨论了在钟基因功能中ncRNA的作用机制,为进一步探究ncRNA在昼夜节律调控中的作用提供新的研究思路,为节律相关疾病的研究和诊治提供借鉴。     

大鼠脑皮质IRAK1和miR-146a在轻型脑创伤后的表达分析

微小RNA( microRNA)是一类序列长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小RNA分子,以碱基互补配对原则识别靶向基因,通过转录后翻译抑制作用参与细胞增殖、分化以及凋亡等过程,与人类疾病的发生与发展密切相关[1-3].mieroRNA 146a( miR - 146a)是一个与炎症性反应密切相关的小RNA分子,其上游调控序列包含了NF - κB的顺式作用元件,NF - κB结合该作用元件后正调控miR - 146a的转录水平,从而介导一系列miR - 146a靶向基因的翻译抑制过程[4].     

微RNA:一类新的基因调控因子

微RNA是新发现的一类非编码RNA分子，在动植物细胞中广泛表达，它的基因是短的反向重复序列。一般认为微RNA参与调控mRNA的翻译，并与其稳定性有关。微RNA可能在细胞中起着非常重要的作用。     

微小RNA与胃癌关系的研究进展

微小RNA(microRNA或miRNA)是一类长约22(21～25)个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA分子,广泛存在于动植物中.1993年,Lee等[1]首次在线虫中发现了miRNA-lin-4和它的靶mRNA,即lin-14;2000年Reinhart等[2]在线虫中发现了另外一个具有转录后调节作用的miRNA,即miRNA-let-7.随后多个     

miRNA功能研究进展

miRNA是一类长度为20~25nt的小分子非编码RNA。在线虫、小鼠、人、植物等多种生物中已发现了数百种miRNA。无论在低等的线虫还是在高等的哺乳动物中，miRNA都起着调控基因表达的重要作用。生物信息学分析表明人类全部基因的三分之一都受到miRNA的调控。这表明，miRNA分子实际上是基因调控网络中的核心成分。近来研究发现miRNA与人类的某些疾病密切相关。本文对miRNA分子功能及其研究方法的进展做一概述。     

电离辐射与microRNA

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类18～24 nt的非编码RNA分子.miRNA普遍存在于生物界,具有高度的保守性,广泛参与细胞分化与发育、细胞凋亡、肿瘤发生等多方面的基因表达调控.Lee等~([1])首先发现Lin-4作为一种调控线虫发育的miRNA之后,科学家对miRNAs调控的基因表达进行了广泛深入的研究,到日前为止,成熟miRNAs的总数已达10 581种,其中,在人类基因组中已发现721种(miRBase 14.0:http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/)~([2]).据推测,人类miRNA的     

血清或血浆中的miR-375在肿瘤诊治和预后中的研究进展

microRNAs（miRNAs）是一类在转录后水平调控基因表达的内源性非编码小RNA分子,通过与下游靶基因3′-非编码区（3′-untranslated regions 3′-UTRs）结合,抑制mRNA的翻译或使其降解,进而发挥原癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。近年来研究表明,血清或血浆中的miR-375是肿瘤早期诊断、治疗、预后等密切相关的生物标志。     

转化医学研究新热点：微小RNA调控癌症

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一类具有调控基因表达功能的内源性非编码RNA。miRNA具有组织特异性表达,并在各类肿瘤和癌组织异常表达,参与癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭、转移、凋亡以及肿瘤干细胞成瘤能力。miRNA既具有基因治疗研发潜力,也可作为抗癌和抗肿瘤治疗靶点应用到癌症的防治。miRNA能够被癌细胞分泌到微环境和外周血,可作为新型生物标志物,研发应用于癌症的早期诊断和预后。本文对国内外miRNA基础研究和临床研发的最新进展作一综述,并客观、科学分析miRNA在调控肿瘤发生和癌转移领域的转化研究和应用前景。     

miRNA介导的病毒-人相互作用研究进展

微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类内源性,长度约为22核苷酸的单链RNA分子,可通过5′端的种子区与靶标转录本mRNA的3′UTR配对,导致靶mRNA的降解或翻译抑制。越来越多的研究发现,miRNA在介导病毒-人相互作用过程中发挥着重要的作用,作用模式包括病毒miRNA靶向人及自身的转录本、人miRNA靶向病毒及自身的转录本、病毒的miRNA介导人miRNA调控的网络、RNA干扰（RNAi）相关和干扰素相关的宿主对病毒的抑制及反抑制。miRNA介导的病毒-人相互作用的研究对于全面理解病毒-宿主相互作用的机制、开发抗病毒的药物具有重要意义。     

Radiologic assessment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: diagnostic and prognostic implications

As populations age osteoporosis becomes an increasingly important public health issue. Among osteoporotic fractures vertebral fractures are of particular relevance: they are the most common fractures, frequently are asymptomatic but have an important influence on prognosis and morbidity in the osteoporotic patient. Previous studies have suggested that these fractures are frequently not diagnosed and that radiologists miss a high percentage of osteoporotic, vertebral fractures present on lateral chest radiographs. The aims of this review are (1) to emphasize the important role that radiologists play in the accurate and clear reporting of vertebral fractures, (2) to provide guidance in assessing these fractures in radiographs, MRI and computed tomography imaging of the vertebral spine and (3) to sensitize the radiologist in diagnosing fractures in chest radiographs.The authors are members of the Osteoporosis Group of the European Society of Skeletal Radiology (ESSR).     

Spinal tumors

Spinal tumors are uncommon lesions but may cause significant morbidity in terms of limb dysfunction. In establishing the differential diagnosis for a spinal lesion, location is the most important feature, but the clinical presentation and the patient's age and gender are also important. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays a central role in the imaging of spinal tumors, easily allowing tumors to be classified as extradural, intradural-extramedullary or intramedullary, which is very useful in tumor characterization. In the evaluation of lesions of the osseous spine both computed tomography (CT) and MR are important. We describe the most common spinal tumors in detail. In general, extradural lesions are the most common with metastasis being the most frequent. Intradural tumors are rare, and the majority is extramedullary, with meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors being the most frequent. Intramedullary tumors are uncommon spinal tumors. Astrocytomas and ependymomas comprise the majority of the intramedullary tumors. The most important tumors are documented with appropriate high quality CT or MR images and the characteristics of these tumors are also summarized in a comprehensive table. Finally we illustrate the use of the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of neoplasms affecting the central nervous system.     

Erworbene ZNS-Läsionen im fetalen MRT

Acquired central nervous system (CNS) lesions are often subtle; therefore, the prenatal diagnosis of these lesions is extremely important. The fetal ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are two important imaging methods that give an insight into these types lesions. The method of choice during pregnancy is still fetal ultrasound; however, fetal MRI is important when there are certain pathologies, e.g. periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) or malformations of the vein of Galen. In this manner clinicians can plan further therapy after childbirth in advance (e.g. cerebral angiography or embolization).     

严重多发伤的ICU监护及治疗

目的 探讨ICU监护及治疗在严重多发伤救治中的作用。方法 总结1990年1月～2004年3月接受ICU监护和治疗的2236例严重多发伤临床资料,分析严重多发伤ICU监护及治疗中的几个重要问题,并提出处理要点。结果 本组发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)242例(10．82％),多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)253例(11．31％),应激性溃疡伴出血114例(5．09％);其治愈率分别为69．01％(167／242)、51．78％(131／253)、73．68％(84／114)。全组总治愈率89．04％(1991／2236),死亡率10．96％(245／2236)。结论 加强ICU与创伤外科医生的协作;及时解决ICU治疗中发生的外科问题;维护重要脏器功能,减少内脏并发症发生;发挥ICU人员对基层医院的指导作用等措施对提高严重多发伤的救治成功率起重要作用。     

Cystic focal liver lesions in the adult: differential CT and MR imaging features.

Cystic lesions of the liver in the adult can be classified as developmental, neoplastic, inflammatory, or miscellaneous. Although in some cases it is difficult to distinguish these entities with imaging criteria alone, certain cystic focal liver lesions have classic computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features, which are important for the radiologist to understand and recognize. Lesions with such features include simple (bile duct) cyst, autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease, biliary hamartoma, Caroli disease, undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma, biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma, cystic subtypes of primary liver neoplasms, cystic metastases, pyogenic and amebic abscesses, intrahepatic hydatid cyst, extrapancreatic pseudocyst, and intrahepatic hematoma and biloma. Specific CT and MR imaging findings that are important to recognize are the size of the lesion; the presence and thickness of a wall; the presence of septa, calcifications, or internal nodules; the enhancement pattern; the MR cholangiographic appearance; and the signal intensity spectrum. In addition, access to critical clinical information remains extremely important. The most important clinical parameters defined include age and gender, clinical history, and symptoms. An understanding of the classic CT and MR imaging appearances of cystic focal liver lesions will allow more definitive diagnosis and shorten the diagnostic work-up.     

Contemporary Systematic Review of Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes in Locoregional Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Health-related quality of life has become an important aspect in oncologic decision making. Recent data suggest that Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measurements can play an important prognostic role in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Locoregional therapies (LRTs) such as radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and radioembolization (TARE) are important parts of HCC management. Results demonstrated that radiofrequency ablation treatment results in improving HRQoL compared to surgery for up to 3 years after treatment. Between TARE and transarterial chemoembolization, TARE provides the most benefit in terms of HRQoL. This systematic review investigated contemporary data surrounding HRQoL in patients undergoing LRTs and its impact on clinical decision making.     

Equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography:Its usefulness in current practice and potential future applications

The routine and potential future applications of equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography/multigated acquisition (MUGA) in clinical decision making are explored in this review. The non-invasive nature of the test, less operator dependence, lower radiation dose and ease of performing, even in ill patients, are important considerations in clinical cardiology practice. Two important routine uses of this modality in day-to-day clinical practice include the following: serial assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients receiving cardiotoxic chemotherapy, and determination of accurate LVEF in patients with intractable heart failure. Other potential utilities of MUGA that could be translated into clinical practice include determination of regional LVEF, obtaining information about both right and left ventricle in suitable patients as a part of first pass angiocardiography, identification of diastolic dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved LVEF, and demonstration of dyssynchrony prior to cardiac resynchronisation, specifically by MUGA single photon emission tomography.The last two indications are particularly important and evolving at this point.     

Second malignancies in children: the usual suspects?

The aim of this article is to provide an up to date review of second malignant neoplasms (SMN's) following treatment for childhood cancer, referring to their incidence, the role of genetic factors, and how the primary malignancy and treatment received influence the type, site and prognosis of SMN's. The role of genetic factors will be discussed as far as they impact upon a predisposition to later development of SMN's. The primary malignancies that have important associations with SMN's will then be discussed, in particular Hodgkin's disease, retinoblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The important second malignancies will be highlighted, including tumours of the CNS and thyroid, osteosarcoma, secondary acute myeloid leukaemia and melanoma. Emphasis will be put upon identifying which patients are most likely to suffer from these tumours. An important part of the article are case histories. These are provided in combination with illustrations as a useful adjunct to the text, with a particular emphasis on radiological features, diagnosis and screening. Finally, the important but different roles of causal agents, in particular chemotherapy and radiotherapy are highlighted.     

Second malignancies in children: the usual suspects?

The aim of this article is to provide an up to date review of second malignant neoplasms (SMN's) following treatment for childhood cancer, referring to their incidence, the role of genetic factors, and how the primary malignancy and treatment received influence the type, site and prognosis of SMN's. The role of genetic factors will be discussed as far as they impact upon a predisposition to later development of SMN's. The primary malignancies that have important associations with SMN's will then be discussed, in particular Hodgkin's disease, retinoblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The important second malignancies will be highlighted, including tumours of the CNS and thyroid, osteosarcoma, secondary acute myeloid leukaemia and melanoma. Emphasis will be put upon identifying which patients are most likely to suffer from these tumours. An important part of the article are case histories. These are provided in combination with illustrations as a useful adjunct to the text, with a particular emphasis on radiological features, diagnosis and screening. Finally, the important but different roles of causal agents, in particular chemotherapy and radiotherapy are highlighted.     

Imaging in scoliosis: what,why and how?

Scoliosis may be a spinal manifestation of underlying disease and although most cases of scoliosis are idiopathic, imaging plays a very important role in determining the underlying aetiology and in monitoring the changes of the deformity that take place with growth. As a clinical problem scoliosis may present directly to the radiology department through a primary healthcare referral, or it may be referred from the paediatric, orthopaedic, spinal and neurosurgical hospital services. Growth affects all types of scoliosis irrespective of cause. There are no reliable predetermined algorithmic steps in the management of scoliosis, and treatment decisions require the inclusion of multiple extrinsic (e.g age, menarche) and intrinsic (curve magnitude, vertebral anomaly) factors. It is important to remember that most of what is known about curve behaviour and its progression applies to idiopathic scoliosis, and it is inappropriate to apply these criteria to the other specific types of scoliosis. It is imperative that radiation techniques are used judiciously to minimize the radiation burden. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has had a significant impact in the understanding of the scoliotic deformity, it is still evolving and it may well eventually play a very important role in uncovering the underlying aetiology of 'idiopathic' scoliosis.