老年二尖瓣病变外科治疗

目的 回顾研究160例老年重症心脏瓣膜病的手术适应证、手术方法和治疗效果.方法 对2005年6月至2013年12月收治的160例老年重症二尖瓣心脏瓣膜病患者一般情况、手术方法、合并症和外科治疗效果等临床资料,完成系统随访,分析影响手术预后的高危因素.结果 术后长期生存153例,早期死亡7例,占全组病例的4.4％,主要死因为心力衰竭、心肌梗死.随访145例,随访率94.8％.与同期60岁以下的二尖瓣病变患者比较,术后5年生存率明显降低[（88.19±0.17）％比（97.68±0.20）％].晚期死亡7例（0.12％例/月）,主要的死因为心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭、心肌梗死、肾功能衰竭.影响手术预后的因素有术前心、肺、肾功能.结论 老年重症二尖瓣病变患者合并症多,手术死亡率、并发症发生率均较高.     

54例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的回顾性总结54例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法2002年4月至2006年9月,对54例重症心脏瓣膜病患者进行瓣膜置换手术。对其围手术期处理及术中特殊处理进行总结和分析。结果早期出现低心排综合征8例,其中2例并发多器官功能衰竭死亡,死亡率3.7%(2/54)。心包、纵隔引流多开胸止血3例,室颤3例,脑梗死1例。二尖瓣置换术后瓣周漏1例,半年后再手术。二尖瓣置换3年后出现下消化道出血1例。二尖瓣置换半年后出现SBE而行双瓣置换1例。结论重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗应注意围手术期处理,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,防治术后并发症并加强术后随访。     

瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病51例临床观察

目的探讨瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的临床经验。方法51例重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者行中、低温体外循环下阻断升主动脉手术,二尖瓣置换26例,主动脉瓣置换9例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣联合置换16例。结果无手术死亡;术后发生并发症19例,术后早期死亡3例,48例痊愈出院,随访心功能恢复到Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论加强围术期监测和管理可提高瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的疗效。     

重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗(附75例报告)

对75例重症心脏瓣膜病患者施行瓣膜置换术。均采用机械瓣。患者术前心功能Ⅲ级28例，Ⅳ级47例。共行二尖瓣置换术29例．主动脉瓣置换术9例，二尖瓣＋主动脉瓣置换术37例。同时施行三尖瓣成形术62例，左房血栓清除术17例，左房成形术12例，冠状动脉搭桥术4例。术后早期死亡5例。认为良好的术前准备、恰当的手术时机和手术方式．积极防治并发症可提高重症心脏瓣膜病的疗效。     

改良超滤在重症瓣膜病体外循环中的临床应用

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜病体外循环中使用改良超滤的临床经验,探讨提高早期生存率的措施。方法自2005年6月至2008年7月,对78例重症心脏瓣膜病行瓣膜置换术体外循环中加用改良超滤,其中单纯二尖瓣置换12例,二尖瓣置换十三尖瓣成形22例,单纯主动脉瓣置换8例,二尖瓣＋主动脉瓣置换＋三尖瓣成形35例,二尖瓣置换＋冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。复温开始超滤,在血液动力学基本稳定时,开始改良超滤,超滤时间和超滤量以红细胞压积来决定,根据患者的血容量、胶体渗透压、红细胞压积,选择超滤速度和滤出量。结果死亡6例,其中术后并发低心排血量5例,心室颤动治疗无效死亡1例,死亡率7．69％。随访53例,平均随访2．5年,死亡5例。结论改良超滤能高效超滤多余水分减少机体水肿和滤出炎症介质减少炎性反应,提高了左心室收缩功能及舒张顺应性,明显提高术后心指数、左室每搏功指数和每搏指数,减少术后早期尿量,缩短呼吸机辅助通气时间和重症监护时间,重症瓣膜病手术患者应用改良超滤会有效提高术后早期的预后。     

重症心脏瓣膜病的围术期管理

目的：总结重症心脏瓣膜病外科治疗的经验,探讨提高手术成功率的措施。方法：回顾性分析2012年3月-2016年2月笔者所在医院治疗的58例重症心脏瓣膜病患者的临床资料。其中男41例,女17例,年龄36~72岁,平均(52.6±17.2)岁。术前以改善心功能为主,选择恰当手术时机,术中注意保护心肌,尽量保留二尖瓣瓣下组织,积极处理巨大左房及三尖瓣返流。术后强心、扩管、利尿以减轻心脏负荷,同时防治心律失常,并合理的心脏康复治疗。结果：手术后早期死亡2例,死亡率为3.4%(2/58),死因均为低心排综合征。随访56例,随访时间为1个月~4年,死亡1例。结论：对于重症心脏瓣膜病患者,重视围手术期的每个环节的管理,可提高手术成功率。     

重症心脏瓣膜替换175例报告

目的 :探讨对重症心脏瓣膜病外科诊断标准和总结治疗经验。方法 :1980年 1月至 1998年 2月 ,对重症心脏瓣膜病施行瓣膜置换 175例 ,其中男性 80例 ,女性 95例 ,年龄 12～ 6 6岁 ,术前心功能Ⅲ级 40例 ,Ⅳ级 135例。二尖瓣置换 111例 ,其中 40例为再次手术 ,主动脉瓣置换 2例 ,二尖瓣 +主动脉瓣置换 6 2例。全组置入瓣膜均为机械瓣。同时施行三尖瓣成形 32例 ,左房血栓清除 17例 ,左房成形12例 ,冠状动脉搭桥、经主肺动脉内关闭未闭动脉导管及异常传导束切割各 1例。结果 :早期死亡 10例(5 6 % ) ,低心排出量综合征、呼吸衰竭及室颤为最常见原因。结论 :注重术前准备 ,适当选择手术时机 ,合理纠正病变 ,避免手术不当并发症及加强术后并发症处理可进一步提高外科疗效     

重症瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的总结重症瓣膜病的外科手术治疗经验。方法对163例重症心脏瓣膜病患者外科手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后早期死亡8例，死亡率4．9％；发生并发症27例，并发症发生率16．6％。术后随访心胸比（CT）、左室舒张末期前后径（LVD）、左房收缩末期前后径（LAS）均较前缩小，心功能较前明显改善。结论充分的术前准备、良好的心肌保护、保留二尖瓣装置、彻底纠正三尖瓣反流及严密的术后监护是提高手术疗效的关键。     

老年人心脏瓣膜置换术123例

目的 总结老年瓣膜病外科治疗结果.方法 回顾性分析123例诊断为瓣膜病,并行瓣膜置换手术的老年患者的临床资料,分析其疗效、并发症及影响手术早期死亡率的相关因素.结果 二尖瓣置换66例,主动脉瓣置换39例,二尖瓣+主动脉瓣置换15例,三尖瓣置换2例,Betall's术+二尖瓣置换1例,同期行其他手术共105例.早期死亡率8.9%(11/123),并发症出现率41.7%(50/123),晚期死亡3例,其中与心脏有关死亡1例,死于反复心力衰竭.随访6个月～14年,96例存活,失访13例,随访率88.1%(96/109).心源性恶液质、心胸比>0.7是影响手术早期死亡的高危因素.结论 老年瓣膜病患者病因复杂,手术死亡率和并发症发生率均高.     

瓣膜性心脏病伴缺血性心脏病的外科治疗

目的 :总结瓣膜性心脏病伴缺血性心脏病手术治疗的早期效果和经验 ,以期提高疗效。方法 :11例患者中 ,行主动脉瓣置换术 4例 ,二尖瓣置换术 2例 ,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣置换术 1例 ,主动脉带瓣管道置换 2例 ,二尖瓣成形术 1例和三尖瓣成形术 1例 ;搭 1支桥 4例 ,搭 2支桥 1例 ,3支桥 3例 ,4支桥 3例 ,平均 (2 .5±1.3)支。结果 :11例无手术早期死亡 ,痊愈出院 ;随访 2～ 16 (平均 6 .3)个月 ,心绞痛症状消失 ,心功能明显改善。结论 :对年龄 >5 0岁瓣膜病患者或具有冠心病高危因素患者 ,应行冠状动脉造影检查 ;彻底纠正心脏病变 ,加强心肌保护 ;妥善处理术后并发症 ,手术疗效满意     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.