Effects of antimicrobial therapy on the microbial flora of the adenoids

The core of the adenoids contains polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic flora and also includes potential respiratory pathogens. Similar flora, although in higher numbers and with a higher frequency of pathogens, are found in inflamed or hypertrophic adenoids and many of these bacteria are resistant to antimicrobial agents. Exposure to antimicrobial therapy can alter the colonization patterns and select for resistant organisms. Production of beta-lactamase is one of the major mechanisms of resistance of these organisms. The adenoids of healthy individuals, in contrast to those with recurrent respiratory tract infections, are generally colonized by aerobic and anaerobic organisms that are capable of interfering with the growth of potential pathogens. Maintaining the beneficial effects of normal flora by avoiding unnecessary exposure to antimicrobial therapy may be a useful tool in preventing colonization of the adenoids by potential pathogens. This review discusses the unique microbiology of the adenoids in individuals with a variety of pathological conditions, the interactions between the various organisms and the effects of antimicrobial therapy on the microbial flora of the adenoids.     

肠道菌群与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病(IBD)是发生于胃肠道的慢性复发性疾病,克罗恩病(CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(UC)为其两种主要表现形式,其致病因素及发病机制至今尚未完全阐明,但目前普遍认为IBD是由遗传因素、免疫功能紊乱、肠道屏障功能障碍和肠道菌群改变等多因素所致。随着16S rRNA基因检测技术的应用及肠道微生物宏基因组学计划的开展,人们对肠道微生物——"被遗忘的器官"有了更深刻的认识,其在IBD中的重要作用也逐渐被重视。研究认为IBD患者中宿主与肠道微生物之间精确的平衡关系被打破,从而触发了基因易感个体的免疫炎症反应。因此,调节肠道菌群紊乱,恢复宿主与肠道微生物之间的稳态成为治疗IBD的一个新方向。本文就IBD患者中存在的肠道菌群紊乱现象、其与IBD发病的关系以及微生态制剂在IBD治疗中的应用做一简要综述。     

Gastric microbial flora in patients with gastrointestinal disease

We designed a prospective study to test the hypothesis that the stomach may be a bacterial reservoir in some patients and function as a potential source of aspiration-induced bacterial pneumonia. Quantitative cultures of fasting gastric contents were obtained in 100 consecutive patients having fiberoptic endoscopy for evaluation of gastrointestinal disease. Culture results were correlated with gastric pH and gastrointestinal pathology. Patients with gastric ulcer disease had a significantly higher incidence of bacterial growth than those with duodenal ulcer. Patients who had had gastrectomy were more likely than any others to have gram-negative bacilli in their stomach. A somewhat high frequency of other common pneumonic pathogens in gastric contents was also noted. The significance of these findings in the production of pneumonia in the elderly is discussed.     

Effect of systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis on microbial flora.

Fifteen patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for oat cell carcinoma of the lung in a protected environmental unit received antimicrobial prophylaxis with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and short courses of parenteral ticarcillin, tobramycin, and miconazole. Altogether, 58 (65%) of 89 strains of aerobic bacteria and 28 (60%) of 47 strains of anaerobic bacteria present before prophylaxis were no longer cultured from stool specimens during prophylaxis. Ten strains of bacteria and four fungi were acquired in the stools during prophylaxis. Most fungi persisted in the throat and stools during prophylaxis. Bacterial infections occurred infrequently, but three patients developed Candida esophagitis. The regimen was well tolerated with minimal side effects.     

重症监护室物体表面菌群分布的调查分析

目的对医院重症监护室（ICU）物体表面进行采样培养,了解物体表面细菌的污染情况。方法取ICU物体表面（常规消毒前）,如医务人员手表面、床头柜物体表面、门把手等共80个标本,作培养、革兰染色、生化编码鉴定,以了解ICU物体表面菌群分布。结果80个物体表面标本,共分离出带菌件数27件,污染率33．75％,分离出细菌27株共9种,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占37．04％,金黄色葡萄球菌占3．70％,微球菌占11．11％,枯草杆菌占18．52％,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌占7．41％,鲍曼不动杆菌占3．70％,铜绿假单胞菌占3．70％,肺炎克雷伯菌占7．41％,大肠埃希菌占7．41％。结论物体表面污染是医院感染潜的不可忽视的危险因素,应提高医护人员对物体表面污染的认识度,制定好预防对策以减少和避免各种感染的发生,更好地控制医院感染。     

The microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract and the cleaning of flexible endoscopes

Technologic advances in the last 30 years have resulted in the development of complex, expensive, and heat sensitive medical instrumentation, including flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Because of the design complexity and the region of use, gastrointestinal endoscopes present special challenges to cleaning. If instruments are not properly cleaned the disinfection or sterilization procedure can fail and increase the possibility of infection transmission from one patient to another. Although the cleaning process removes intestinal microflora, the washing process itself may introduce a saprophytic or environmental microbial flora. It has been repeatedly shown that endoscope cleaning, not the disinfection or sterilization procedure, controls the success of the reprocessing procedure.     

A study of the enzymes in citrated blood plasma]

Elevated blood serum, vs. the plasma, levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities are explained by these enzymes discharge from red cells into the liquid fraction of the blood during its in vitro coagulation. To eliminate the "tube" hemolysis, the authors recommend measurements of these enzymes activities in the blood citrate plasma.     

A cytochemical study of the blood cells in the newborn]

The cytochemical parameters (acid and alkaline phosphatases, peroxidase, and glycogen) of the peripheral blood leukocytes were studied in 58 clinically full-term newborns delivered by cesarean section and in 22 healthy newborns delivered spontaneously. Statistically significant deviations of a number of blood biochemical characteristics were detected in the newborns delivered by cesarean section in the course of the early neonatal period (on days 1, 5, 10 of life), this pointing to endogenously predetermined instability of the body of the risk-group babies. The authors regard the cytochemical analysis of the blood cells as a highly sensitive method for the detection of disordered adaptation of the newborns.     

80株深部真菌感染阳性血培养及药敏结果分析

目的　分析 80株血培养真菌阳性标本及其药敏结果 ,寻找深部真菌感染特点。方法　血培养使用Back/Alert血培养仪。分离使用科玛嘉培养基。真菌和细菌鉴定使用VitekAMS 6 0微生物分析仪。药敏使用微量MIC法。HCMV检验使用PCR和RT PCR方法。结果　 80株真菌分布在 4个菌属中 ,以念珠菌属为主占 91 2 5%。获得阳性结果时间平均 31 80h ,72h内获得结果者 76株占 95 0 %。对 5种真菌作药敏试验 ,5 氟胞嘧啶敏感率最高 ( 97% ) ,特比奈芬最低 ( 35% )。 51 2 5%( 4 1 /80 )患者从血以外的其他标本获得与血中分离菌种一致的真菌。 80例患者中 4 6例伴随有细菌或病毒感染 ,占患者57 50 %。真菌感染多见于免疫功能低下者 ,本组 80例患者中各种肿瘤占 6 9例 ( 86 2 5% )。结论　血培养阳性是患者深部真菌感染的确证依据 ,多为在免疫功能低下者发生的院内感染 ,多系统真菌感染多为临床致死原因。真菌药敏实验结果给临床治疗提供了有参考价值的信息     

Dynamic changes of microbial flora and therapeutic consequences in persistent peritonitis

IntroductionPersistent peritonitis is a frequent complication of secondary peritonitis requiring additional reoperations and antibiotic therapy. This situation raises specific concerns due to microbiological changes in peritoneal samples, especially the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Although this complication has been extensively studied, the rate and dynamics of MDR strains have rarely been analysed.MethodsWe compared the clinical, microbiological and therapeutic data of consecutive ICU patients admitted for postoperative peritonitis either without subsequent reoperation (n = 122) or who underwent repeated surgery for persistent peritonitis with positive peritoneal fluid cultures (n = 98). Data collected on index surgery for the treatment of postoperative peritonitis were compared between these two groups. In the patients with persistent peritonitis, the data obtained at the first, second and third reoperations were compared with those of index surgery. Risk factors for emergence of MDR strains were assessed.ResultsAt the time of index surgery, no parameters were able to differentiate patients with or without persistent peritonitis except for increased severity and high proportions of fungal isolates in the persistent peritonitis group. The mean time to reoperation was similar from the first to the third reoperation (range: 5 to 6 days). Septic shock was the main clinical expression of persistent peritonitis. A progressive shift of peritoneal flora was observed with the number of reoperations, comprising extinction of susceptible strains and emergence of 85 MDR strains. The proportion of patients harbouring MDR strains increased from 41% at index surgery, to 49% at the first, 54% at the second (P = 0.037) and 76% at the third reoperation (P = 0.003 versus index surgery). In multivariate analysis, the only risk factor for emergence of MDR strains was time to reoperation (OR 1.19 per day, 95%CI (1.08 to 1.33), P = 0.0006).ConclusionsInitial severity, presence of Candida in surgical samples and inadequate source control are the major risk factors for persistent peritonitis. Emergence of MDR bacteria is frequent and increases progressively with the number of reoperations. No link was demonstrated between emergence of MDR strains and antibiotic regimens, while source control and its timing appeared to be major determinants of emergence of MDR strains.     

VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪直接鉴定BACTEC 9120血培养阳性标本的临床应用

目的利用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪对BACTEC 9120血培养阳性标本进行直接菌种鉴定,并将结果与传统检测方法相比较,以探讨快速获得阳性血培养结果的可行性。方法共收集60例单细菌血培养阳性标本,其中36例为革兰阴性杆菌,24例为革兰阳性球菌。应用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪对血培养阳性标本进行直接鉴定,同时与传统操作方法结果相比较。结果血培养阳性标本直接经VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定后,97.2%的革兰阴性杆菌和75.0%的革兰阳性球菌与传统操作方法所得鉴定结果相一致。结论在直接鉴定革兰阴性杆菌血培养阳性标本时,应用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定是可行的,但在鉴定革兰阳性球菌时可靠性稍差。该方法在一定程度上可以有效缩短获得血培养结果的周期,对指导临床治疗起到积极的作用。     

Results of the cord blood transplantation (COBLT) study unrelated donor banking program

BACKGROUND: The goals of the Cord Blood Transplantation (COBLT) Study banking program initiated in 1996 were to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for cord blood (CB) donor recruitment and banking and to build an ethnically diverse unrelated CB bank to support a transplantation protocol. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The program included collection centers, three banks, a steering committee, and a medical coordinating center (MCC) that developed and validated SOPs and a Web-based data collection system. External oversight was performed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the MCC. RESULTS: A total of 34,799 potential donors were screened and 20,710 consented. A total of 17,207 ethnically diverse units were collected between 1998 and 2001. A total of 11,077 (64%) units were cryopreserved and quarantined. Of these, 79 percent met eligibility criteria and were HLA-typed and entered into the search registry. Higher CB volumes and cell counts were obtained from cesarean sections compared to vaginal deliveries. Units from African American persons contained lower cell counts per volume compared to other ethnicities. Birth weight correlated with volume and cell content. External oversight was accomplished through custom reports generated by the data collection system and periodic site visits. During maintenance, a breach in the SOPs was detected during a site visit at one of the banks. These units were designated for future use in nonclinical research. CONCLUSION: The COBLT Study demonstrated that SOPs and data collection can be implemented in multiple banks coordinated by one MCC. Relationships between donor demographics and CB content may be useful in the development of other CB banking programs.     

Selective suppression of alimentary tract microbial flora as prophylaxis during granulocytopenia.

Oral nonabsorbable antibiotics have been used to suppress the rectal flora in granulocytopenic patients. Problems with these therapies, i.e., compliance, acquisition of undesirable flora, and cost, motivated the search for an alternative therapy which would increase compliance and effectively reduce the Enterobacteriaceae without creating a microbiol vacuum. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found to be easily taken, to suppress the Enterobacteriaceae, and to maintain the anaerobic rectal flora for biological stability of the rectal ecosystem. However, concurrent use of parenteral antibiotics profoundly influenced rectal flora and temporarily destroyed the colonization resistance afforded by the anaerobes.