灰阶超声造影用于肠壁炎症性与肿瘤性病变鉴别的临床评价

目的探讨肠壁炎症增厚性和肿瘤性病变灰阶超声造影特征及其在鉴别诊断中的临床意义。方法应用静脉团注SonoVue对36例（13例炎性病变、23例肿瘤性病变）肠壁增厚性病变患者进行低机械指数超声造影检查,实时观察增厚肠壁的动态血流灌注特征,利用定量分析软件进行时间-强度曲线（TIC）分析,观察并测定微血管密度（MVD）情况,比较TIC曲线参数与MVD之间关系。结果肠壁炎性增厚病变,灰阶超声造影显示肠壁黏膜、黏膜下层或全层均匀一致增强;肿瘤性病变,造影显示所有病例肿瘤病变区均有不同程度增强,增强层次不清、顺序紊乱;肿瘤性病变MVD值大于炎症性病变,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;TIC曲线表现：黏膜下层病变,达峰时间均较肌层提前,斜率较肌层增大;病变侵犯全层,曲线显示相当于黏膜下层与肌层的部位强化一致,TIC曲线参数分析表明,肠壁炎性增厚性病变与肿瘤性病变,峰值背向散射强度（PI）及强度减半时间（T1/2）均与血流状态有关,而与MVD无关。结论灰阶超声造影结合TIC曲线,可以说明肠壁炎症性与肿瘤性病变具有不同的血流动力学特征,且可以更加清晰显示病变的微血管分布情况及其浸润范围,有助于肠壁炎症性与肿瘤性病变的鉴别诊断。     

SonoVue超声造影诊断卵巢占位性病变的临床应用价值

目的：探讨卵巢良恶性占位性病变超声造影的声像图表现及其时间-强度曲线（TIC）形态特征在临床应用中的价值。方法：对196个卵巢占位性病灶进行超声造影检查,根据患者手术病理及随访结果将病例分为良恶性两组,比较两组病例超声造影的声像图表现及TIC的形态特征。结果：超声造影共检查92个良性病灶,104个恶性病灶,其中卵巢良性病变的经血管超声造影增强模式多呈较均匀增强,而恶性病变则多为不均匀增强。卵巢恶性病变TIC与良性病变相比,其上升支较陡直,而两组曲线下降支均较缓慢。结论：卵巢良恶性占位性病变不同的造影增强模式及TIC形态有助于良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

卵巢占位性病变的超声造影时间-强度曲线研究

目的 分析卵巢占位性病变超声造影时间强度曲线参数,初步探讨其诊断及鉴别诊断卵巢占位性病变的临床价值.方法 对75个卵巢占位性病灶进行超声造影检查,根据患者手术病理及随访结果 将病例分为良恶性两组,比较两组病例时间-强度曲线(TIC)参数并分析其ROC曲线.结果 超声造影共检查41个良性病灶,34个恶性病灶,其TIC参数中上升支斜率、始增时间、峰值时间、始增强度、峰值强度、曲线下面积在良恶性两组病变中差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).初步确定上升支斜率、峰值强度诊断阈值分别为2.5及34.66 dB.结论卵巢占位性病变的TIC定量参数分析有助于良恶性病变的鉴别诊断;初步认为上升支斜率、峰值强度有较高的诊断价值.     

超声造影在卵巢肿瘤良恶性鉴别诊断中的意义

目的 使用造影剂SonoVue分析卵巢病变的超声造影特点,评估其对卵巢良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法 使用常规超声和超声造影观察卵巢病变,分析经手术后病理证实的36例卵巢良恶性病变的超声造影特点。结果 36例卵巢病变患者中良性病变22例,恶性病变14例。22例良性病变中,常规超声检出19例为混合性病变,1例为囊性病变,2例无明显病变;超声造影检出6例为混合性病变,14例为囊性或类囊性病变,2例无明显病变。14例恶性病变中,常规超声检出9例为实性病变,5例为混合性病变;超声造影检出5例为实性病变,9例为混合性病变。时间强度曲线显示良性病变呈缓升缓降型,恶性病变呈速升速降型。与良性病变比较,恶性病变的始增时间、达峰时间、始增强度及峰值强度差异无统计学意义,但增强时间、增强强度及增强速率比较,差异有统计学意义。结论 超声造影能准确判断病变的囊实性,分析卵巢良恶性病变的灰阶造影增强方式、时间强度曲线形态及各参数值,能进一步提高鉴别诊断率。     

实时灰阶超声造影鉴别宫腔良恶性病变的应用研究

目的 探讨实时灰阶超声造影鉴别宫腔良恶性病变的临床应用价值.方法 使用脉冲反向谐波成像技术对27例宫腔病变患者及8名正常内膜的妇女行实时灰阶超声造影检查,比较宫腔病变良性组、恶性组和正常对照组的造影增强模式及时间-强度曲线(TIC)形态和参数的差异.结果 造影增强模式: 恶性组病灶内造影剂充盈模式呈快速整体充盈型(Ⅰ型),良性组及对照组均呈周围充盈型(Ⅱ型);TIC曲线形态:恶性组表现为"速升速降"型,波峰尖锐.良性组及对照组均表现为"速升缓降"型,波峰圆钝;造影参数中达峰时间、增强强度及AUC在良恶性组间、对照组和恶性组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),良性组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).余造影参数在三组间比较差异均无统计学意义.达峰时间的ROC曲线下面积最大(0.903).结论 实时灰阶超声造影有助于宫腔病变良恶性的鉴别,具有一定的临床应用价值.     

经阴道超声造影在附件包块诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨超声造影在附件良、恶性包块诊断中的临床应用价值. 方法 对31例附件包块（良性组20例,恶性组11例）进行经阴道灰阶实时超声造影,并进行微血管成像（MVI）及时间-强度曲线分析.结果 ①MVI显示良性病变组微血管不丰富,血管形态规则;恶性肿瘤则见极丰富的微血管,且血管形态异常,可见粗大不规则的肿瘤血管.②恶性组造影增强强度及廓清时间显著大于良性组（P＜0.05）.结论 经阴道灰阶超声造影有助于提高对附件包块良、恶性病变的鉴别诊断能力及诊断信心.     

胃腔充盈下谐波超声造影对胃良恶性病变的诊断价值

目的 应用胃腔充盈下谐波超声造影技术观察胃良恶性病变,探讨胃良恶性病变的超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)血流灌注特征及胃腔充盈下谐波超声造影技术在胃部疾病诊断中的应用价值.方法 口服胃充盈声学对比显影剂后二维超声观察胃良恶性病变,再以反向脉冲谐波显像技术对25例胃良恶性病变行实时CEUS检查,对比分析良恶性病变的造影灌注特征.结果 口服胃充盈声学对比显影剂后二维超声胃炎表现为胃壁增厚层次可见,溃疡可见胃壁局部凹陷,胃间质瘤见胃壁局限性肿物凸向胃腔,胃癌呈胃壁不规则增厚层次消失.CEUS实时观察,胃炎性病变增厚胃壁与周围正常胃壁同步增强及退出,小溃疡边界更为清晰,较大溃疡CEUS早期可见溃疡底部及周边增厚胃壁内纵行梳齿状的微血管显示,胃间质瘤清晰显示肿物位于胃壁内,胃癌可见病变胃壁快速整体增强,增强顺序紊乱层次不清.结论 胃腔充盈下谐波超声造影技术能够很好的显示胃壁全层病变的形态范围,并能结合病变区域微血管灌注情况,对病灶的定位、良恶性鉴别及肿瘤浸润深度有更进一步的判断.     

胃腔充盈下超声联合谐波超声造影对胃良性病变诊断与胃镜对照研究

目的应用胃腔充盈下超声联合谐波超声造影技术观察胃良性病变,并与胃镜结果进行对比研究,探讨胃良性病变的超声特征及胃腔充盈下超声联合谐波超声造影技术在胃部疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法口服胃窗声学造影剂后二维超声观察胃良性病变,再以反向脉冲谐波显像技术对二维超声难以定性的病变行谐波超声造影检查,分析胃良性病变的造影灌注特征。以二维超声及超声造影结果与胃镜结果进行对照。结果口服胃窗声学造影剂后二维超声胃炎表现为胃壁增厚层次可见,溃疡可见胃壁局部凹陷,胃间质瘤见起自胃壁的局限性肿物,胃绒毛管状腺瘤可见胃腔内蘑菇形低回声肿物。谐波超声造影实时观察,胃炎性病变增厚胃壁与周围正常胃壁同步增强及退出,小溃疡边界更为清晰,较大溃疡谐波超声造影技术早期可见溃疡底部及周边增厚胃壁内纵行梳齿状的微血管,胃间质瘤清晰显示肿物起自胃壁,胃绒毛管状腺瘤造影可见肿物整体快速增强,而后缓慢退出。超声检查胃黏膜下及外生性肿物病理符合率高于胃镜,胃镜对溃疡及慢性胃炎诊断病理符合率优于超声。结论胃腔充盈下超声联合谐波超声造影技术能够很好地显示胃壁全层病变的形态范围,并能结合病变区域微血管灌注情况,对病灶的定位、良恶性鉴别有更进一步的判断。与胃镜结合能够明显提高病变诊断准确性。     

超声造影定量分析鉴别诊断胰腺局灶性占位性病变

目的：探讨超声造影结合时间-强度曲线（TIC）在鉴别胰腺局灶性占位性病变良恶性中的应用价值.方法：对40例疑有胰腺占位性病变的患者进行超声造影检查,作TIC分析,获得以下定量参数：曲线下面积、达峰时间及梯度.结果：良性组中胰腺病灶与病灶周围胰腺实质的达峰时间、梯度、曲线下面积之间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.恶性组中胰腺病灶与病灶周围胰腺实质的达峰时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;曲线下面积、梯度之间的比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论：不同病理类型胰腺局灶性占位性病变的超声造影定量参数存在差异,超声造影定量分析技术可以对胰腺局灶性占位性病变进行量化分析,并有较好的临床应用价值.     

实时灰阶超声造影在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨实时灰阶超声造影对乳腺肿瘤良恶性鉴别的价值。方法52例乳腺肿块患者（25例良性,27例恶性）,利用第二代造影剂SonoVue及Technos DU8实时造影匹配成像技术,对比分析良恶性肿瘤的增强模式、时间-强度曲线及造影参数。结果恶性肿瘤多呈不均匀性增强,良性病变以均匀性增强为主（P〈0.01）。时间-强度曲线在良性组以快进快出型（12/25）及慢进快出型多见（8/25）,而恶性组以快进慢出型为主（19/27）。造影参数分析显示两组间在斜率、第90s增强比、峰值至90s曲线下面积及增强程度的差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,且恶性组均高于良性组。结论实时灰阶超声造影能清晰显示肿瘤微血管灌注,有助于乳腺肿块的良恶性评估。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.