逆规散光对弱视治疗效果的影响

目的 :探讨顺规散光和逆规散光是否影响屈光参差性弱视的治疗效果。方法 :对 6 2例屈光参差引起的单眼弱视患者进行分析。按照散光类型将患者分为 7组 ,分别是 :单纯 /复性远视顺规散光组 (Ⅰ )、单纯 /复性远视逆规散光组 (Ⅱ )、单纯 /复性近视顺规散光组 (Ⅲ )、单纯 /复性近视逆规散光组 (Ⅳ )、混合性顺规散光组 (Ⅴ )、混合性逆规散光组 (Ⅵ )、斜轴散光组 (Ⅶ ) ,比较各组弱视治疗的所需时间及治疗前后的视力情况。结果 :远视顺规散光 (Ⅰ )与远视逆规散光 (Ⅱ )比较 ,后者需要弱视治疗时间较长 ,获得的矫正视力较低 ,差异均有较显著性 (t分别为 5 .3和 14 .5 ,P <0 .0 1)。近视顺规散光 (Ⅲ )与近视逆规散光 (Ⅳ )比较 ,同样也是顺规散光组弱视治疗时间较长 ,获得的矫正视力较低 ,差异也有显著性 (t分别为 10 .4 6和 10 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :逆规散光是弱视治疗效果的重要影响因素 ,弱视治疗对于存在近视或远视性逆规散光的病例作用甚微 ,且在视力发展时期 ,近视力损害可能比远视力损害更具有导致弱视的危害性。     

Elliptical ELSA (LASEK) instruments for the treatment of astigmatism

PURPOSE: To investigate newly designed, elliptical ELSA (excimer laser subepithelial ablation) instruments for the treatment of astigmatism. SETTING: University Eye Clinic Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and the Rayne Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom. METHODS: The new ELSA instrument set consists of an elliptical microtrephine (11.0 mm x 8.0 mm) with a 70 microm calibrated blade and an elliptical alcohol cone (11.5 mm x 8.5 mm). With this instrument set, ELSA (the laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy [LASEK] described by Camellin) was performed in 34 astigmatic eyes. The cylindrical correction was between 1.00 diopters (D) and 3.50 D and the spherical correction, between -0.75 D and -8.75 D. In all eyes, the follow-up was 6 months. The postoperative refractive outcome was analyzed using Alpins vector analysis. RESULTS: Excimer laser subepithelial ablation was performed without intraoperative complications in all eyes. At 6 months, the mean spherical correction was -0.04 D +/- 0.27 (SD) (range +0.75 to -0.75 D) and the mean cylindrical correction, 0.27 +/- 0.23 D (range 0 to 0.75 D). The mean index of success was 0.18 +/- 0.15. CONCLUSIONS: With the elliptical instruments, ELSA was an effective and safe surgical procedure for astigmatism.     

散光对儿童眼球正视化及弱视治疗效果的影响

目的 探讨不同程度的散光对远视儿童眼球正视化进程及视力变化的影响,从而为临床上此类患儿的屈光矫正、弱视治疗提供参考.方法 回顾性病例系列研究.收集1999年10月至2008年2月期间连续就诊时间长达5年及以上且病例资料完整的4～11岁远视患儿138例（258眼）,按散光程度分为对照组（散光≤0.5 D,107眼）、散光1组（0.5 D＜散光＜1.0 D,85眼）和散光2组（散光≥1.0 D,66眼）.比较5年中各组内相邻两年间及组间的球镜度数、视力差异,比较首次与第5年末散光度数的差异.年间、组间球性屈光度数及视力的比较采用方差分析,首次检查与末次检查时的散光度数的差异采用配对t检验进行分析.结果 对照组与散光1组的首次检查及第1、2、3年末的屈光度数相邻两年间球镜度数差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;第3与第4年、第4与第5年末球镜度数差异均无统计学意义.散光2组的6次检查相邻两年间差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对照组与散光1组对应时间点两组间球镜度数差异均无统计学意义.3组患儿的球镜度数在首次及第1、2、3年末差异无统计学意义;第4、5年末,3组间的差异有统计学意义（F值分别为5.06、7.58,P＜0.05）.对照组与散光1组首次与第1、2年末的矫正视力差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其他相邻两年间差异无统计学意义.散光2组首次与第1年末矫正视力差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;其他相邻两年间的矫正视力差异无统计学意义.对照组与散光1组对应时间点两组间矫正视力的差异无统计学意义.散光2组与其他两组患儿的矫正视力在首次及第1年末差异无统计学意义,在第2、3、4、5年末时差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.散光2组5年后的散光度数明显下降,差异有统计学意义（t=3.1440,P=0.021）.结论 ≥1.0 D的散光可促进远视眼的正视化进程,但不利于弱视的治疗.轻度的散光（＜1.0 D）对眼球正视化进程影响作用不明显,也不影响视力的发育.故在远视性屈光不正眼球正视化过程中,＜1.0 D的散光对眼球正视化进程无明显影响.     

Perceptual learning as a potential treatment for amblyopia: A mini-review

Amblyopia is a developmental abnormality that results from physiological alterations in the visual cortex and impairs form vision. It is a consequence of abnormal binocular visual experience during the “sensitive period” early in life. While amblyopia can often be reversed when treated early, conventional treatment is generally not undertaken in older children and adults. A number of studies over the last twelve years or so suggest that Perceptual Learning (PL) may provide an important new method for treating amblyopia.The aim of this mini-review is to provide a critical review and “meta-analysis” of perceptual learning in adults and children with amblyopia, with a view to extracting principles that might make PL more effective and efficient. Specifically we evaluate:

1). What factors influence the outcome of perceptual learning?

2). Specificity and generalization – two sides of the coin.

3). Do the improvements last?

4). How does PL improve visual function?

5). Should PL be part of the treatment armamentarium?

A review of the extant studies makes it clear that practicing a visual task results in a long-lasting improvement in performance in an amblyopic eye. The improvement is generally strongest for the trained eye, task, stimulus and orientation, but appears to have a broader spatial frequency bandwidth than in normal vision. Importantly, practicing on a variety of different tasks and stimuli seems to transfer to improved visual acuity. Perceptual learning operates via a reduction of internal neural noise and/or through more efficient use of the stimulus information by retuning the weighting of the information. The success of PL raises the question of whether it should become a standard part of the armamentarium for the clinical treatment of amblyopia, and suggests several important principles for effective perceptual learning in amblyopia.     

尼泊尔儿童弱视种类及治疗结果

目的:研究尼泊尔儿童弱视类型以及影响治疗结果的相关因素。方法:该研究为以医院为基础的回顾性研究。对 2009-06 /2011-06 注册登记的 257 名弱视儿童的诊断记录进行了回顾性分析。弱视的类型分为屈光参差性、双眼屈光不正性、斜视性和混合性弱视。双眼屈光不正性弱视儿童单独给予戴镜治疗,斜视性弱视每天给予 6h 修补治疗,屈光参差性和混合性弱视根据需要给予修补和光学矫正。主要检测为术后视力,并分析就诊时的年龄、弱视类型、初始视力以及屈光不正的类型和严重程度对最终视力的影响。结果:儿童年龄范围为 3 ～ 15( 平均 7. 96±3. 09) 岁。双眼屈光不正性弱视为最常见类型( 35. 8%) ,其余依次为斜视性弱视( 31.9%) ,屈光参差性为 23. 0%,混合性弱视为9. 3% 。双眼屈光不正性弱视的平均最终视力 ( 0. 295 ±0. 25) 比其他类型的要好( logMAR 视力检测,P = 0. 001) 。最终视力与就诊年龄、屈光不正的类型和严重程度没有显著的相关性( P 值分别为 0. 98,P = 0. 12) ,但是最终视力与就诊时初始视力有显著相关性( P=0.00) 。结论:双眼屈光不正性弱视为最常见的,术后视力也是最好的、最初的视力是成功治疗弱视的最重要因素。     

Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia

AIMS/BACKGROUND—Pharmacological penalisation of non-amblyopic eyes is an infrequently used alternative to occlusion for treating amblyopia. The authors compared the efficacy of atropine penalisation and that of occlusion as a primary treatment for amblyopia.
METHODS—Thirty six newly diagnosed patients with amblyopia were allocated to two groups for treatment. Eighteen patients in each group were treated either with atropine penalisation (group A) or occlusion therapy (group P).
RESULTS—There was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity in both groups treated. In group A improvement of the geometric mean visual acuity of the amblyopic eye was from 6/50 to 6/11 (p<0.001). In group P improvement of the geometric mean visual acuity was from 6/60 to 6/19 (p<0.001). In group A non-compliance with treatment was only 6% (2/18). Non-compliance in group P was 45% (8/18) at some stages of the treatment. Neither group produced an incidence of occlusion amblyopia.
CONCLUSIONS—In this study atropine penalisation has been shown to be as effective as occlusion therapy in the treatment of amblyopia. Patient acceptance of atropine penalisation was superior to that for occlusion therapy as was shown by the compliance rate. Atropine treatment was also advantageous in that compliance could be readily checked by inspection.

     

Hyperreflective foci in predicting the treatment outcome of antivascular endothelial growth factor in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - To describe the optical coherence tomographic findings of hyperreflective foci (HF) in neovascular age-related macular...     

TOGCA治疗高度散光的临床研究

目的:探讨角膜地形图引导的个性化切削术(topographyguided customized ablation,TOGCA)治疗高度散光的临床疗效。方法:选择2006-05/09在我院屈光中心接受TOGCA的散光≥-2.00D的复性近视散光患者53例87眼。术前、术后行角膜地形图检查,分析手术前后角膜散光度及散光轴的变化。结果:术后裸眼视力优于术前最佳矫正视力,差异有显著的统计学意义(P<0.05),无1例最佳矫正视力下降。术前眼总体散光-2.44±0.47D,角膜散光-2.56±0.58D,均为顺规散光。术后眼残留散光-0.17±0.34D,除1例(2眼)发展了-1.00D的散光,其余患眼均在±0.50D以内,角膜散光-0.10~-2.60D,平均-0.98±0.46D,部分角膜散光欠矫与非角膜散光因素正相关。散光轴位变化较术前改变约14.13±19.18度。结论:TOGCA治疗高度散光具有良好的可预测性、安全性和有效性。术后散光较术前明显减小,手术前后角膜散光轴均保持了良好的一致性。     

Arc-wedge keratoplasty as a method for correcting astigmatism

In view of low effectiveness of optic correction of astigmatism a problem of its surgical correction becomes urging. A new operation for correction of astigmatism--arc wedge-keratoplasty, worked out by the authors, was made in 19 eyes with mixed and complex myopic astigmatism. Before operation the degree of astigmatism was, on the average, 6.8 +/- 2.11D (4.5-14.0), after operation--2.2 +/- 0.18D (0.18-5.5). The refractive effect made up, on the average, 4.6D (from 2.0 to 12.5). A change of a refractive power of the cornea was seen in both main meridians. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 4 years. The operation is highly effective and less traumatic than the known ones because only two notches are made and the central free zone not less than of 5 mm is preserved. A conclusion is made that operation of arc wedge-keratoplasty is advisable for correction of mixed astigmatism.     

Strabismus might be a risk factor for amblyopia recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports have suggested that one-fourth of amblyopic subjects present with recurrence of amblyopia even after successful primary treatment. Risk factors for amblyopia recurrence are insufficiently studied, but therapy weaning has recently been suggested as a method for reducing the risk of recurrence. METHODS: In the second phase of a prospective study examining the results of treatment for amblyopia, all 35 children with successful primary amblyopia treatment were put on maintenance therapy. Maintenance therapy consisted of low-intensity patching, atropine, or blurring filter, and all children were regularly examined up to at least 8 years of age. Mean age at start of maintenance therapy was 4.3 years (range, 2-7 years). RESULTS: Of the 35 cases with successful primary treatment, 6 cases deteriorated >or=0.2 logMAR, which was considered recurrence of amblyopia. Two of these cases had a second recurrence. Notably, all six subjects presenting with recurrence had microstrabismus. This finding was just outside statistical significance at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.06), but the sample size was small. All but one of the recurrences appeared within 6 months after successful primary treatment. Age at successful primary treatment or initial interocular difference of visual acuity did not affect the risk of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of amblyopia occurred in 17% of patients despite maintenance therapy and was associated with microstrabismus. The majority of recurrences occurred within the first 6 months after primary treatment.