3D打印技术在创伤骨科中的应用进展

随着3D打印技术的不断发展,其在创伤骨科领域中的应用越来越广泛,几乎涵盖了人体所有的解剖区域。3D打印技术也被称为"增材制造技术"和"快速成形技术",被认为是"第二次工业革命"。3D打印技术不仅可以打印出患者特异性的解剖实体模型,便于医师对患者复杂的解剖结构及疾病有更好的理解,同时有助于医学教育和手术培训,而且对于一些特殊患者可以制造定制的植入导板及假体,匹配患者的解剖结构,有效解决临床治疗难题。本文就3D打印技术在创伤骨科中的应用进展进行综述。     

3D打印技术在新时代骨科临床教学中的应用

骨骼疾病通常有复杂的病理解剖结构。目前,在骨科临床教学中多使用图片资料,效果欠佳。而3D打印技术可依据患者的影像资料,制造教学所需要模型。这是目前骨科临床教学发展的最新方向。     

骨科个体化治疗与3D打印技术

个体化治疗是骨科发展的一个重要方向,无论是个体化假体的应用还是常规假体的个体化植入,理论上均可改善骨关节假体与邻近骨性结构的匹配,从而改善病患功能状态。个体化治疗理论上的优越性无法代偿其在术前规划、设计、制造等方面程序上复杂及时限上滞后的缺陷,因而,个体化治疗常常停留在一种曲高和寡的概念。伴随图像技术的发展及3D打印技术的成熟,个体化设计及制造的生产效率有望显著提高,从而弥补传统个体化治疗效率上的不足,将个体化从概念落地为治疗理念。     

3D打印多孔钛金属支架的数字化设计及分析

目的 设计3D打印多孔钛金属支架并通过有限元分析找出满足大孔径和高抗压强度的结构设计方案。方法利用计算机Autodesk Inventor软件,设计15种不同孔隙结构的单元钛合金支架模型（5种类型单元体结构,分别为仿钻石-60°、仿钻石-90°、仿钻石-120°、正四面体和正六面体,每种类型单元体结构各有3种孔径,分别为400、600、800μm）及其15种圆柱体模型（直径20 mm、高度20 mm）,通过Autodesk Inventor软件进行有限元分析,简单模拟膝关节处受力类型及大小,转化成Mises等效应力、安全系数及形变位移的比较,分析数据,筛选出大孔径、高抗压强度的设计模型。结果 5种不同孔隙结构的单元结构模型在安全状态下,正向受力时,除正四面体外随孔径增大而最大受力减小;侧向受力时,各单元结构随孔径增大而最大受力减小;扭转受力时,仿钻石-60°和正四面体结构体随孔径增大而最大受力减小,仿钻石-90°结构体随孔径增大而最大受力增大,而仿钻石-120°和正六面体单元结构随孔径增大基本上无变化。在3种受力条件下,所有单元结构随孔径增大而形变位移增大。5种不同单元结构圆柱体模型分...     

3D打印技术在脊柱外科的应用

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional printing technology is a new technology which can quickly and accurately transform the virtual computer-aided design into the three-dimensional physical prototypes. Three-dimensional printing physical model method can replace the method of traditional preoperative planning and repair surgical simulation, with the characteristic of repeatable, which has been deepened day after day in clinical application of spine surgery. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the application status of three-dimensional printing technology in spine surgery and look forward to its future development directions. METHODS: The articles regarding the application of three-dimensional printing technology on clinical applications in spine surgery were retrieved from PubMed databases, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database from January 2000 to July 2015. The key words were 3D printing technology, rapid prototyping technology, spine, vertebra, department of orthopedics, fracture, joint, hand and foot, bone tumor, trauma, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, pedicle of vertebral arch, vertebral body, intervertebral disc, and clinical application. A total of 50 articles with a good representation were selected and discussed after repetitive studies and reviews were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional printing technique has been applied in preoperative diagnosis, individualized orthosis customerization, the communication between doctors and patients, teaching, the formulation of individualized and high-accurate repairing plan, intraoperative navigation and individualized implant customization. These results suggest that with the rapid development of medical imaging, digital medicine and technologies of the cell and tissue culture and new materials, three-dimensional printing technology will have a wide range of applications in spine surgery.       

3D打印技术在骨盆骨折修复中的应用

背景：目前通过3D打印技术进行术前规划已经成为一种发展趋势,并且在骨肿瘤切除、颌面外科都有很好的应用,但应用于骨折修复前规划的报道还很少。 目的：探讨在骨盆骨折修复术前评估、规划及修复过程中3D打印技术的应用价值。 方法：骨盆骨折患者于修复术前行CT扫描断层图像,应用3D技术打印患者1∶1骨盆模型,并进行修复入路选择、切口暴露范围设计、骨折复位设计、钢板预置入位置、钢板最佳塑性设计、螺钉长度测量、螺钉进入方向设计等术前预操作。修复术后随访期间测定患者骨盆骨折复位Matta评分及骨盆功能Majeed评分。 结果与结论：患者手术时间55-130 min,平均(84.75±20.15) min;术中出血量200-800 mL,平均        (417.00±173.58) mL。术后均无切口感染、骨折不愈合、内固定松动及断裂事件发生。所有患者均获随访,时间8-24个月。骨折愈合时间10-16周,平均12.5周。骨盆骨折复位按照Matta评分标准：优15例,良3例,可2例,差0例,优良率90%。骨盆骨折复位后功能评定按照Majeed评分标准：优13例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率90%。提示3D打印技术应用于骨盆骨折可以明确骨折的移位情况,有利于骨折的精确复位及钢板塑性,并且减少了手术操作时间、出血量、并发症以达到更佳修复效果。3D打印技术能够较好的进行骨盆骨折修复前评估及规划,可作为骨盆骨折修复前准备的常规项目。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

3D打印技术在骨科关节中的应用进展

【摘要】随着新材料技术的不断发展,3D打印技术在骨科关节领域中的应用越来越广泛。本文综述了3D打印技术在骨科关节中的研究进展,分别介绍了3D打印在解剖学教育、医生和患者及其家属的术前沟通、临床治疗方案设计的应用,并对关节置换和骨关节软骨修复在组织工程领域的进展进行了阐述。最后,对3D打印技术在该领域未来的机遇和挑战进行了预测。     

3D打印技术在骨科的应用研究

3D打印呈现井喷式的发展,该技术在骨科的应用是一个热门的研究方向。本文阐述了3D打印技术在骨科方面的应用近况,主要对该技术在术前规划、术中导航、临床教学、医患沟通、康复支具、骨科内植物、生物打印等多个方面的应用进行综述,归纳了3D打印技术运用于骨科的优势,总结了目前存在的一些技术难点,并对3D打印技术在大块骨缺损的修复、假肢等方面的应用进行了展望。     

3D打印技术在儿童骨科的应用研究进展

目的 总结3D打印技术在儿童骨科的研究进展,为3D打印技术与儿童骨科更好地融合发展提供理论依据。方法 以“3D打印”“小儿骨科”“解剖模型”“畸形矫形”“骨肿瘤”和“three-dimensional printing”“pediatric orthopaedic”“anatomical mode”“deformity orthopaedic”“orthopaedic”“bone tumour”为中英文关键词分别在中国知网、万方数据、PubMed、Web of Science 等数据库检索2010年1月-2019年9月关于3D打印技术在儿童骨科应用研究的文献,对其进行归纳分析。结果 共检索到相关文献1 197篇,其中中文文献540篇、英文文献657篇,剔除重复性研究、内容不符、无法获取全文,以及3D打印技术应用于成年患者和颅颌外科领域相关的文献,最终纳入文献34篇。3D打印技术可以制造个体化解剖模型,模拟手术操作、设计手术方案;制造导航模板指引手术;制造个体化支架;在骨组织工程方面亦取得一定的进展。结论 3D打印技术快速、精准、个性化的特点,促进了骨科手术个性化、微创化的发展。3D打印技术将通过外科教育、术前规划、个体化定制手术材料(如植入物、假体和手术导板等)以及组织工程的应用来改善手术效果。     

胫骨平台骨折植入物内固定修复中3D打印技术的辅助应用

BACKGROUND: In the treatment of tibial plateau fractures, because of the variety of fracture, the complexity of anatomical changes, X-ray films or three-dimensional CT scan limited by two-dimensional plane, increases the difficulty in preoperative plan and surgical treatment. The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has attracted attention in the department of orthopedics. OBJECTIVE: To explore the auxiliary role of 3D printing technique in preoperative plan and treatment for tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: Thirty patients with tibial plateau comminuted fractures were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups: experimental and control groups, with 15 patients in each group. In the experimental group, patients underwent 3D CT scan, which was stored in DICOM format, and processed by Mimics software. Data were converted into STL format, entered 3D printer, and a 1:1 entity size of the fracture model was made, in accordance with repair plan of 3D fracture model. Operation time and intraoperative blood loss were compared between the two groups. At 12 months after treatment, their outcomes were assessed using Rasmussen evaluation criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The 3D printing fracture models of 1:1 ratio identified fracture type and made a repair program before surgery in the experimental group. Operation time and intraoperative blood loss were significantly less in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). After surgery, patients were followed up for 12 to 18 months. The healing time was 3-5 months, averagely 4.3 months. At 12 months after treatment, the Rasmussen evaluation criteria results showed that the excellent and good rate was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the fracture model of 3D can help to make the operation plan. The treatment of tibial plateau fractures is more precise, personalized and visual.      

3D bioprinting in orthopedics translational research

Abstract

The repair of critical-size bone defect remains a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. With the advent of an aging society and their accompanying chronic diseases, it is becoming more difficult to treat bone defects, especially large segmental bone defects that are caused by trauma, tumors, infections, and congenital malformations. New materials and technologies need to be developed to address these conditions. 3D bioprinting is a novel technology that bridges the biomaterial and living cells and is an important method in tissue engineering projects. 3D bioprinting has the advantages of replacing or repairing damaged tissue and organs. The progress in material science and 3D printing devices make 3D bioprinting a technology which can be used to create various scaffolds with a large range of advanced material and cell types. However, in regard to the widespread use of bioprinting, biosafety, immunogenicity and rising costs are rising to be concerned. This article reviews the developments and applications of 3D bioprinting and highlights newly applied techniques and materials and the recent achievements in the orthopedic field. This paper also briefly reviews the difference between the methods of 3D bioprinting. The challenges are also elaborated with the aim to research materials, manufacture scaffolds, promote vascularization and maintain cell viability.     

Priming the Surface of Orthopedic Implants for Osteoblast Attachment in Bone Tissue Engineering

The development of better orthopedic implants is incessant. While current implants can function reliably in the human body for a long period of time, there are still a significant number of cases for which the implants can fail prematurely due to poor osseointegration of the implant with native bone. Increasingly, it is recognized that it is extremely important to facilitate the attachment of osteoblasts on the implant so that a proper foundation of extracellular matrix (ECM) can be laid down for the growth of new bone tissue. In order to facilitate the osseointegration of the implant, both the physical nanotopography and chemical functionalization of the implant surface have to be optimized. In this short review, however, we explore how simple chemistry procedures can be used to functionalize the surfaces of three major classes of orthopedic implants, i.e. ceramics, metals, and polymers, so that the attachment of osteoblasts on implants can be facilitated in order to promote implant osseointegration.     

3D打印钛及钛合金医疗器械的优势及临床应用现状*

3D打印作为一种新型快速成型制造技术,在个性化、复杂三维结构及难加工医疗器械的制造中,无论在成本还是交付时间上,都体现出传统技术无可比拟的优势。本文概述了3D打印医疗器械的主要应用特点和优势,重点论述了3D打印钛及钛合金医疗器械的研究动态、临床应用及病例,对其大规模广泛应用和推广前景进行了展望。     

3D打印技术在重度脊柱侧弯截骨联合钉棒内固定矫正治疗中的辅助作用

目的:探讨及分析3D打印技术在重度脊柱侧弯截骨联合钉棒内固定矫正治疗中的辅助作用。方法:选取2017年9月至2019年9月间收治的重度脊柱侧弯患者42例,所有患者均采用截骨联合钉棒内固定矫正治疗,根据是否采用3D打印技术辅助治疗,将用3D打印技术辅助治疗的21例患者设为观察组,未采用的21例患者为对照组。对两组患者围术期指标、置钉数量、置钉准确率及治疗效果等指标进行统计,并分析治疗后并发症发生率。结果:[①]观察组手术时间（115.32±15.28） min、术中出血量（197.52±23.87） mL、术中X光暴露次数（5.24±1.62）次、术后引流量（189.56±19.97） mL等围术期指标优于对照组（P<0.05）。[②]观察组患者置钉106枚,置钉准确数101枚,置钉准确率为95.28%;对照组患者置钉113枚,置钉准确数92枚,置钉准确率为81.42%,两组患者置钉准确率有显著差异（P<0.05）。[③]治疗后,两组患者的脊柱侧弯和后凸Cobb角数据均较治疗前有明显改善（P<0.05）,且观察组患者在术后和复查中的角度数据优于对照组,两组之间差异显著（P<0.05）。[④]观察组患者发生1例伤口出血,发生率为4.76%;对照组发生内固定松动1例、神经损伤2例、伤口出血2例、曲轴1例,发生率为28.57%;观察组发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:对于重度脊柱侧弯患者,在采用截骨联合钉棒内固定矫正治疗基础上,利用3D打印技术进行辅助治疗,能够有效改善患者围术期相关指标,提高置钉准确率,稳固治疗效果,减少并发症发生情况。     

3D打印聚醚醚酮及其复合材料修复骨缺损的应用现况

文题释义： 聚醚醚酮：是一种全芳香族半结晶性的热塑性特种工程塑料,具有优异的物理、化学、力学、热等性能。目前聚醚醚酮作为一种生物材料,相比于传统硬组织植入金属材料(不锈钢、钛及其合金等),具有良好的生物相容性、放射线透过性、植入人体后可有效降低“应力屏蔽效应”,以及磁共振扫描不产生伪影等特点,越来越多地被应用于骨科植入物和假体。 骨缺损修复：将设计制备的骨科植入物或假体植入因创伤或手术所致的骨缺损区域,经治疗后逐渐改善该区域的成骨连接状态,缓解愈合及恢复局部的功能。 背景：聚醚醚酮及其复合材料具有一系列独特的性能,而3D打印技术可以针对患者的病情定制个性化植入物,两者在骨缺损修复领域均具有明显优势。 目的：总结聚醚醚酮及其复合材料与3D 打印技术在骨缺损修复领域的应用现状,并进一步展望两者有效结合的应用前景。 方法：利用计算机检索CNKI、PubMed,Web of Science数据库,中文检索词为“聚醚醚酮,聚醚醚酮复合材料,骨缺损修复,聚醚醚酮植入物,聚醚醚酮3D打印,口腔修复”。英文检索词为“PEEK,PEEK composites,bone defect repair,PEEK implants,PEEK 3D printing,prosthodontics”。检索时限为1995年4月至2019年4月。共检索到147篇文章,根据纳入与排除标准,最终纳入51篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：①将具有生物活性的材料及改善力学性能的颗粒或纤维引入到聚醚醚酮基体中制备成复合材料,借助3D打印技术精准定制出与患者骨缺损处高度匹配的植入物;②这种具有良好生物相容性、生物活性和力学性能的植入物在颅骨、颌骨、脊椎腰椎、人工关节以及口腔缺损修复中具有良好的治疗效果,提高了治疗后患者的满意度;③文章总结了3D打印聚醚醚酮及其复合材料在各类骨缺损修复中的应用,并对联合3D打印技术制备个性化聚醚醚酮植入物或假体的应用前景表达了自己的看法。 ORCID: 0000-0001-7850-2412(林柳兰) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

3D打印钛网在颅部骨缺损修复术中的应用

目的探讨3D打印钛网在颅部骨缺损修复术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析我院88例行去骨瓣减压术的患者临床资料,按照手术方式分为观察组和对照组,对照组49例患者采用手工裁剪钛网行修补术,观察组39例患者采用3D打印钛网行修补术。比较2组患者手术修补时间、围术期并发症、钛钉固定数目和钛网厚度,随访5~17个月,比较2组患者随访期间并发症发生率。结果与对照组相比,观察组手术修补时间较短,围术期并发症发生率较低,钛钉固定数目较少,钛网厚度较小,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间,观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论3D打印钛网在颅部骨缺损修复术中有较好的近期临床疗效,并发症较少,可精准、个体化地定制骨缺损修补材料。     

基于3D打印羟基磷灰石支架的填充结构与力学性能研究

3D打印骨组织工程支架是近来的研究热点,而制备同时具有高孔隙率和足够力学性能的骨组织工程支架是研究的难点之一。在孔隙率相同条件下,探究不同填充角度结构对3D打印支架力学性能影响。首先用SolidWorks软件设计孔隙率相同的3种不同填充角度(45°、60°、90°)支架结构,以交点处结构作为支架的最小支撑单元,并用ABAQUS软件对其进行力学性能仿真,对仿真所得单元结构压缩模量进行累加,探究填充角度对支架力学性能的影响;进而通过3D打印制备3种填充结构的羟基磷灰石支架,测试支架的孔隙率和力学性能,对仿真结果进行验证。结果表明,仿真所得3种填充结构的压缩模量比为E_s(90°)∶E_s(60°)∶E_s(45°)=12.3∶10.9∶10.0。打印得到3种不同填充角度(90°,60°,45°)的羟基磷灰石支架孔隙率无显著性差异,其压缩模量比为E_s(90°)∶E_s(60°)∶E_s(45°)=15.4∶13.1∶10.0,与仿真结果趋势一致,90°填充的支架具有最高的抗压强度((7.36±0.63) MPa)和压缩模量((33.55 ± 2.49) MPa),与力学性能最低的45°填充支架相比,抗压强提高74.8%,压缩模量提高55.18%。在孔隙率相同的条件下,单个孔型面积越小,其压缩模量和抗压强度越高。该研究为制备最优填充结构的3D打印生物支架提供分析方法和理论依据。     

3D打印表面多孔钛根形种植体的生物力学研究

目的 探讨个性化表面多孔钛根形种植体的生物力学性能,为多孔根形种植体的设计及临床植入提供理论依据.方法 根据CT数据,运用3-matic软件设计表面多孔个性化根形种植体模型,并将其与下颌骨模型进行配准、网格划分和赋予材料学参数,负载200 N分析种植体最大应力及其周围骨的应力、应变.选择合适的临床病例微创拔牙后即刻植入...     

基于2D/3D配准技术测量颈椎间孔形态学的精度研究

目的　探讨基于2D/3D配准技术测量离体颈椎标本椎间孔形态学的精度。 方法　获取16具颈椎离体标本的螺旋CT影像,通过三维重建获得相应标本的三维模型。然后改变标本的体位,再次行CT扫描并分别拍摄各具离体标本正侧位X线平片,采用2D/3D图像配准技术还原拍摄平片时颈椎的三维位置。利用Rapidform XOR3软件测量配准前与配准后C2/3至C6/7双侧的椎间孔面积、前后径和上下径。 结果　共测得椎间孔的面积、前后径和上下径各158个,经配对样本t检验,配准后椎间孔的面积、前后径、上下径与配准前相比较,结果无显著性差异(P>0.05);椎间孔面积的准确度为96.77%、精确度为（1.27±1.16）mm2,前后径的准确度为94.35%、精确度为（0.30±0.27）mm,上下径的准确度为96.14%、精确度为（0.32±0.28）mm。 结论　应用2D/3D配准技术测量颈椎间孔的形态学参数具有较高的准确度和精确度。     

3D打印技术在硬组织领域的应用进展*

[摘要]近年来，随着3D打印技术的不断发展与成熟，其在医学领域的应用大有增长的趋势，国内外不少专家、学者正在进行大量尝试，试图充分应用该技术服务人类的医疗行业。文章就3D打印技术的基本原理、3D打印材料及该技术在医疗领域应用现状作简要描述与说明，使读者对3D打印技术及其在医疗领域的应用有初步了解。