基于局部场电位固有模态分量的响应调谐特性研究

局部场电位(LFP)反映了视觉刺激下大脑皮层局部区域神经元集群的响应.LFP响应特征的准确提取,对分析视觉信息的处理机制具有重要意义.本研究针对LFP的非平稳特性,采用具有自适应特征的希尔伯特黄变换,分解LFP固有模态分量,据此研究了大鼠Vl区对刺激光栅空间频率的响应调谐特性,并与多神经元锋电位(MUA)和小波分解提取的Gamma频带进行了对比.结果表明:LFP第二阶固有模态分量对刺激光栅空间频率的调谐特性最强,调谐指数的均值(0.795 1)高于MUA调谐指数(0.631 3)和小波分解调谐指数(0.6646),而且与MUA响应一致率达68.75％.所提出的方法在LFP响应频带特征提取上更有优势.     

时间相干电场的外周神经无损刺激

外周神经电刺激可用于运动康复和慢性神经痛治疗,但目前具有空间选择性的无损刺激仍是一个有待解决的问题。提出一种基于时间相干(TI)电场的外周神经选择性无损电刺激方法,对大鼠坐骨神经进行实验,在其大腿腹侧与背侧皮肤上以平行于神经的方向布置刺激电极,通过相干电场扫描,将TI刺激峰值定位到神经上进行选择性刺激。结果表明,该方法可以在预先不知道神经确切位置的情况下通过扫描得出将刺激电场作用到神经的最佳电参数,从而实现对神经的选择性无损刺激,而且在刺激作用点不变的前提下实现刺激强度的控制。在此基础上研究TI电场对大鼠坐骨神经的刺激阈值I_T,测量固定频差Δf=0.5 Hz(n=12),改变频率f=1～6 kHz与固定f=5 kHz(n=11),改变频差Δf=0.5～10 Hz下的I_T,并将其和等幅kHz电场(n=7)的I_T进行比较。结果表明,等幅kHz电场的I_T显著高于TI电场(P<0.05),而且不同频率f下的I_T也有显著性差异(P<0.05),而不同频差Δf下的I_T却没有显著性差异(P>0.05),说明TI电流对大鼠坐骨神经的I_T受f影响而不受Δf影响,且刺激阈值I_T与频率f成正比关系。     

电磁防护仿生中的神经动作电位发放特性

为神经元的仿生原型电路设计提供理论支撑以及突破传统防护方法的束缚,本研究利用典型的Hodgkin-Huxley模型对神经元进行数学建模和仿真。研究方波信号刺激下神经元动作电位的时域响应特性,并分析方波信号的幅值、周期、占空比、刺激时长对动作电位的影响。仿真结果表明,神经元取生理参数(导电、电容、反电动势等)、周期为10 ms,占空比为20%时,方波信号幅值的第一敏感参数为4μA/cm²,第二敏感参数为21μA/cm²;周期与占空比的阈值分别为8 ms和6%。研究还发现信号刺激时长同样是决定动作电位发放的重要因素。     

基于神经元颜色拮抗与动态编码的轮廓检测方法

基于神经元的颜色拮抗特性及神经元群体的动态编码机制,实现对图像的轮廓检测。模拟视皮层下神经元的颜色单拮抗特性,引入单拮抗感受野的动态调节机制,以充分响应颜色边界和亮度边界;利用单细胞的树突极性分布,构建初级视皮层的双拮抗神经元网络,实现对特定方位的视觉刺激响应,有效提取目标轮廓;在神经元的群体感受野内,考虑神经元的动态突触连接,融合单细胞的脉冲频率响应,实现对纹理信息的抑制作用。以BSDS500图库的图像为实验对象,结果显示该方法在提取主体轮廓的过程中能有效抑制纹理信息,其对100幅图像最佳检测结果的P值指标均值和标准差为0.58±0.04,相对CORF和CO等其他对比方法,可提高轮廓提取的准确率。所提出方法可有效实现图像的轮廓检测,为利用颜色信息以及神经元之间的动态编码、实现更高级皮层的图像理解或者视觉认知提供新的思路。     

稳态视觉诱发电位频率响应特性研究

目的稳态视觉诱发电位(steady-state visual evoked potential,SSVEP)是大脑对周期性视觉刺激产生的响应,已广泛应用于基于脑电(electroencephalogram,EEG)的脑-机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)。SSVEP频率响应曲线通常是以发光二极管(light emitting diode,LED)作为视觉刺激器的方式获得的。近年来,计算机显示器广泛用于产生闪烁刺激,然而基于计算机显示器的SSVEP频率响应曲线少有研究。为此,本文研究了基于计算机显示器的SSVEP频率响应特性。方法利用采样正弦编码方法在普通LCD显示器上产生了42个刺激频率(频率范围4~45 Hz),并收集了10位健康受试者的脑电数据,以研究SSVEP幅值/信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)与刺激频率的关系。结果较强SSVEP响应出现在大脑枕区。SSVEP基频幅值的峰值出现在10 Hz处,且第二峰值出现在20 Hz处。SSVEP二次谐波幅值的峰值出现在6 Hz且在高刺激频率处幅值较小。低、中频段的SSVEP基频信噪比处于相当的水平。结论本文的实验结果可以为基于计算机显示器的SSVEP-BCIs的频率选择提供依据。     

不同认知深度下大脑α波同步变化规律研究

以能体现不同认知深度的视觉图形为刺激源,以归一化香农熵作为稳态视觉诱发电位（SSVEP）的α波与刺激信号相位同步的有效评测指标,受试者识别视觉图像的正确率为认知精度,刺激频率为7~15 Hz,刺激强度为强、中、弱（分别对应屏幕最大亮度的100%、50%、0%）,实验研究认知深度与SSVEP的α波的相位同步程度之间的变化关系。结果表明:（a）在本文研究范围内,无论刺激强度为强、中、弱,深度认知对应的α波同步程度最大,其次是中度认知的,浅层次认知对应的同步程度最小;（b）刺激强度一定时,3种不同认知深度下的α波同步程度在大脑自发α波频率处（IAF, 约为10 Hz) 最大,随着刺激频率与IAF差值绝对值的增加,同步程度逐渐下降,呈现非线性同步理论中阿诺德舌头变化规律;（c）在中、低刺激强度下,当刺激强度一定时,认知精度随刺激频率和IAF差值绝对值的增加而呈现阿诺德舌头变化规律（中心频率为IAF）,此外,在中等刺激强度,13 Hz处也呈现较高的认知精度。不过,当刺激强度超过一定阈值时,认知精度出现明显下降趋势,提示过高的视觉强度将影响认知精度大小。本结果为研究认知活动的潜在作用机制和大脑认知功能障碍的诊断与治疗提供了新思路。     

基于现场可编程门阵列的Hodgkin-Huxley模型神经元动作电位的数值模拟功能实现

神经元是构成生物体神经系统的基本单位。在神经元的电生理特性描述上,Hodgkin-Huxley(HH)模型最接近于生物学实际。硬件实现神经元可为临床脊髓损伤治疗、仿生学、人工智能等方面提供新的研究思路。本文以HH模型神经元为研究对象,采用DSP Builder技术,在现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)上完成了单个HH模型神经元的硬件实现。对FPGA实现的神经元施加了不同类型的电流刺激,分析研究其动作电位响应特性,并与相同参数刺激下的数值模拟结果进行了相关系数的计算分析。结果表明,FPGA实现的神经元动作电位响应与数值模拟结果高度一致,为后续通过硬件构建神经元网络奠定了基础。     

基于相关系数的磁声信号特征分析

为了研究注入电流式磁声信号所包含的特征,需研究采集到的磁声信号与输入激励以及声换能器系统响应函数之间的关系。本研究通过实验,采用不同电压幅值大小的单周期正弦脉冲信号作为激励源,通过对接收到的磁声信号进行分析,使用 matlab 进行计算得到了磁声信号与上述两者的相关系数,然后对获取的数值进行数理统计,结果表明：随着激励电压幅值的增加,磁声信号与激励源信号以及与声传感器响应的相关系数增大,并趋于稳定;磁声信号与输入激励源以及声传感器的相关系数的峰值特点不同,且声传感器对平行铜线之间的距离比较敏感。该研究为后续实验中选择激励源信号以及声传感器特性提供参考,同时对磁声信号的特征分析和实验信号图像的精确性重建提供了一定依据。     

叠加刺激下神经元集群同步(相关)编码的研究进展

神经元集群(neural ensemble)编码是理解大脑信息处理机制的重要突破口.不同的功能神经元集群编码了不同的刺激信息.研究神经元集群编码信息的关键问题之一是在多个刺激同时输入时,大脑的响应如何由不同的功能神经元集群来表达.综述了应用神经元集群同步(相关)编码来表达叠加刺激的典型研究:猫视觉皮层在两个光棒刺激条件下的神经元集群发放的同步(相关)编码;猫视觉皮层在光栅刺激下的神经元集群同步(相关)编码;麻醉状态下的猫上丘脑在两个组合的叠加光棒刺激下神经元集群发放的同步(相关)编码;清醒状态下猫上丘脑对组合多个光点刺激的神经元集群的同步(相关)编码.     

海马CA3区神经元集群放电的脉冲耦合神经网络仿真研究

目的 采用脉冲耦合神经网络(pulse coupled neural network,PCNN)对海马CA3区神经元集群放电进行仿真研究.方法 PCNN模型由120个神经元组成,兴奋性神经元与抑制性神经元个数之比为5∶1.神经元间的连接权重为高斯分布.结果 PCNN仿真模型输出结果表明,在周期信号、Gaussian随机信号及两类信号的线性叠加三类输入模式下,PCNN仿真网络的输出平均发放率均小于10%;神经元之间的稀疏连接可以通过调节权重实现.结论 ①在三类不同输入模式下,PCNN仿真网络的输出平均发放率均小于10%,满足海马CA3区神经元稀疏编码的特点.②在不同刺激下,模型中神经元的平均放电频率为6.02±1.55 Hz,其频率范围为3.6-8.6 Hz,与海马区神经元放电的特征频率(θ节律)一致.③在PCNN仿真模型中,神经元之间的连接可通过调节权重矩阵实现,满足海马CA3区神经元稀疏连接的特点.④针对不同的输出模式,PCNN仿真网络可输出网络中每个神经元在不同时刻放电的时间序列.PCNN仿真模型可以反映海马CA3区神经元集群的放电特性,其仿真结果可以作为研究海马区神经元集群编码的仿真数据.     

下颌骨数字化可视模型的建立

目的:建立下颌骨的三维数字化可视模型。方法:选择合适的尸体标本,经固定、动脉灌注、冷冻、包埋、洗切、数据采集,获得数字人数据集,取数字人数据图像中下颌骨有关的二维图像,提取其轮廓线,利用Amira软件系统进行下颌骨的外形及下颌管的重建。结果:利用数字人数据得到下颌骨精细的三维模型,在三维空间上真实地再现了下颌骨、下颌牙的解剖形态,并准确地显示出下颌管的位置与走行。结论:通过数字人数据,采用应用软件重建方法获得下颌骨三维模型,为口腔解剖及外科教学、下颌骨的美容整形及正颌外科手术治疗、下颌牙齿种植等提供了解剖学依据。     

Statistical reconstruction for x-ray computed tomography using energy-integrating detectors

Statistical image reconstruction (SR) algorithms have the potential to significantly reduce x-ray CT image artefacts because they use a more accurate model than conventional filtered backprojection and can incorporate effects such as noise, incomplete data and nonlinear detector response. Most SR algorithms assume that the CT detectors are photon-counting devices and generate Poisson-distributed signals. However, actual CT detectors integrate energy from the x-ray beam and exhibit compound Poisson-distributed signal statistics. This study presents the first assessment of the impact on image quality of the resultant mismatch between the detector and signal statistics models assumed by the sinogram data model and the reconstruction algorithm. A 2D CT projection simulator was created to generate synthetic polyenergetic transmission data assuming (i) photon-counting with simple Poisson-distributed signals and (ii) energy-weighted detection with compound Poisson-distributed signals. An alternating minimization (AM) algorithm was used to reconstruct images from the data models (i) and (ii) for a typical abdominal scan protocol with incident particle fluence levels ranging from 10(5) to 1.6 x 10(6) photons/detector. The images reconstructed from data models (i) and (ii) were compared by visual inspection and image-quality figures of merit. The reconstructed image quality degraded significantly when the means were mismatched from the assumed model. However, if the signal means are appropriately modified, images from data models (i) and (ii) did not differ significantly even when SNR is very low. While data-mean mismatches characteristic of the difference between particle-fluence and energy-fluence transmission can cause significant streaking and cupping artefacts, the mismatch between the actual and assumed CT detector signal statistics did not significantly degrade image quality once systematic data means mismatches were corrected.     

骨科医学断层图像的三维重构应用及其纹理特征研究

目的在已有的骨科多源信息综合管理及特征分析系统基础上,设计开发嵌入式的、可辅助临床的医学断层图像三维可视化模块,研究医学断层图像重构后任意剖切面纹理特征的应用意义。方法在Visual Studio 6.0开发平台上开发图像三维重构模块;利用数字特征提取功能模块分别提取断层图像重构前和重构后的纹理信息,进行统计学分析。结果三维重构模块扩展原有数字特征提取模块的应用范围,可有效辅助临床医生观察疾病病灶三维体位,可对三维重构图像的任意切面进行数字化特征提取和研究。结论经实验研究验证重构图像新剖面的纹理特征有效保留断层图像纹理特征,可用于疾病辅助诊断的研究。     

Frequency-Following and Connectivity of Different Visual Areas in Response to Contrast-Reversal Stimulation

The sensitivity of visual areas to different temporal frequencies, as well as the functional connections between these areas, was examined using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Alternating circular sinusoids (0, 3.1, 8.7 and 14 Hz) were presented to foveal and peripheral locations in the visual field to target ventral and dorsal stream structures, respectively. It was hypothesized that higher temporal frequencies would preferentially activate dorsal stream structures. To determine the effect of frequency on the cortical response we analyzed the late time interval (220–770 ms) using a multi-dipole spatio-temporal analysis approach to provide source locations and timecourses for each condition. As an exploratory aspect, we performed cross-correlation analysis on the source timecourses to determine which sources responded similarly within conditions. Contrary to predictions, dorsal stream areas were not activated more frequently during high temporal frequency stimulation. However, across cortical sources the frequency-following response showed a difference, with significantly higher power at the second harmonic for the 3.1 and 8.7 Hz stimulation and at the first and second harmonics for the 14 Hz stimulation with this pattern seen robustly in area V1. Cross-correlations of the source timecourses showed that both low- and high-order visual areas, including dorsal and ventral stream areas, were significantly correlated in the late time interval. The results imply that frequency information is transferred to higher-order visual areas without translation. Despite the less complex waveforms seen in the late interval of time, the cross-correlation results show that visual, temporal and parietal cortical areas are intricately involved in late-interval visual processing.     

Effects of visual stimulation on LFPs, spikes, and LFP-spike relations in PRR

Local field potentials (LFPs) have shown diverse relations to the spikes across different brain areas and stimulus features, suggesting that LFP-spike relationships are highly specific to the underlying connectivity of a local network. If so, the LFP-spike relationship may vary even within one brain area under the same task condition if neurons have heterogeneous connectivity with the active input sources during the task. Here, we tested this hypothesis in the parietal reach region (PRR), which includes two distinct classes of motor goal planning neurons with different connectivity to the visual input, i.e., visuomotor neurons receive stronger visual input than motor neurons. We predicted that the visual stimulation would render both the spike response and the LFP-spike relationship different between the two neuronal subpopulations. Thus we examined how visual stimulations affect spikes, LFPs, and LFP-spike relationships in PRR by comparing their planning (delay) period activity between two conditions: with or without a visual stimulus at the reach target. Neurons were classified as visuomotor if the visual stimulation increased their firing rate, or as motor otherwise. We found that the visual stimulation increased LFP power in gamma bands >40 Hz for both classes. Moreover, confirming our prediction, the correlation between the LFP gamma power and the firing rate became higher for the visuomotor than motor neurons in the presence of visual stimulation. We conclude that LFPs vary with the stimulation condition and that the LFP-spike relationship depends on a given neuron's connectivity to the dominant input sources in a particular stimulation condition.     

膝关节关节软骨的三维构建

目的:构建膝关节关节软骨的三维模型,为开展膝关节数字医学研究进行模型构建的探索。方法:人体成年新鲜膝关节标本1例,行CT、MRI扫描,利用三维重建软件Mimics及逆向工程软件Geomagic对图像进行三维重建及图像配准,构建膝关节骨、关节软骨结构。结果:利用Mimics 10.01软件构建关节软骨的三维模型,并形成骨-关节软骨复合模型,导入Geomagic软件中与CT构建的骨三维模型相配准,再次导入CT影像中进行逐层微修饰,验证关节软骨分割效果。最终建立具有骨、关节软骨的三维膝关节模型。结论:三维图像重建技术与图像配准技术可将CT、MRI图像两者结合起来,发挥其各自优势,构建出形态较好的膝关节三维模型。     

Rapid feature selective neuronal synchronization through correlated latency shifting

Spontaneous brain activity could affect processing if it were structured. We show that neuron pairs in cat primary visual cortex exhibited correlated fluctuations in response latency, particularly when they had overlapping receptive fields or similar orientation preferences. Correlations occurred within and across hemispheres, but only when local field potentials (LFPs) oscillated in the gamma-frequency range (40-70 Hz). In this range, LFP fluctuations preceding response onset predicted response latencies; negative (positive) LFPs were associated with early (late) responses. Oscillations below 10 Hz caused covariations in response amplitude, but exhibited no columnar selectivity or coordinating effect on latencies. Thus, during high gamma activity, spontaneous activity exhibits distinct, column-specific correlation patterns. Consequently, cortical cells undergo coherent fluctuations in excitability that enhance temporal coherence of responses to contours that are spatially contiguous or have similar orientation. Because synchronized responses are more likely than dispersed responses to undergo rapid and joint processing, spontaneous activity may be important in early visual processes.     

Changes in BOLD transients with visual stimuli across 1-44 Hz

The dependency of positive BOLD (PBOLD) and post-stimulus undershoot (PSU) on the temporal frequency of visual stimulation was investigated using stimulation frequencies between 1 and 44 Hz. The PBOLD peak at 8 Hz in primary visual cortex was in line with previous neuroimaging studies. In addition to the 8 Hz peak, secondary peaks were observed for stimulation frequencies at 16 and 24 Hz. These additional local peaks were contrary to earlier fMRI studies which reported either a decrease or a plateau for frequencies above 8 Hz but in line with electrophysiological results obtained in animal local field potential (LFP) measurements and human steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) recordings. Our results also indicate that the dependency of PSU amplitude on stimulus frequency deviates from that of PBOLD. Although their amplitudes were correlated within the 1-13 Hz range, they changed independently at stimulation frequencies between 13 and 44 Hz. The different dependency profiles of PBOLD and PSU to stimulation frequency points to different underlying neurovascular mechanisms responsible for the generation of these BOLD transients with regard to their relation to inhibitory and excitatory neuronal activity.     

Efferent renal nerve stimulation inhibits the antihypertensive function of the rat renal medulla when studied in a cross-circulation model

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of renal nerve stimulation on the humoral renal antihypertensive system. An isolated kidney (IK) was perfused at normal or high arterial pressures from a normotensive assay rat by means of a perfusion pump. Perfusion pressure (PP) to the IK was 90 mmHg for a control period of 30 min. In three of five experimental groups PP was then increased to 175 mmHg. In two of the groups the renal nerves were stimulated at 2 (P-175_2Hz) or 5 Hz (P-175_5Hz) for 60 min. The remaining group served as a control (P-175_c). In two groups IK pressure was maintained at 90 mmHg with 5Hz nerve stimulation (P-90_5Hz) or without nerve stimulation (P-90_c). MAP of the assay rat decreased by 22 and 27% (P < 0.001) in the P-175_c and P175_2Hz groups, respectively during the 60 min period of nerve stimulation, but remained stable in P-175_5Hz. Renal blood flow increased in the IK when PP was increased in P-175_c, but did not change significantly in P-175_2Hz or P-175_5Hz. Blood pressure remained constant in the assay rat when the IK was perfused at 90 mmHg. The renal excretory functions of the IK decreased in a frequency dependent manner by 2 and 5 Hz renal nerve stimulation compared with P-175_c. We conclude that 5 Hz renal nerve stimulation inhibits the pressure dependent release of humoral depressor substances from an IK perfused at 175 mmHg, whereas this is not seen when stimulating at 2 Hz. It is suggested that the release of antihypertensive substances from the renal medulla requires an increased renomedullary blood flow.     

第2足趾重塑后再造拇指的临床研究

目的探讨重塑第2趾后再造拇指的新术式。方法对12例再造手指,利用第2跖背动脉或第2趾底总动脉在第3足趾发出的分支的血管,设计局部转移皮瓣,将其嵌入第2足趾中节的腓侧,以增加第2足趾的周径;利用趾背动脉之间、趾背与趾足底动脉之间、趾足底动脉之间存在的吻合,设计趾腹皮瓣,将其嵌入第2足趾跖侧,消除再造手指狭细的形态;将第2足趾整形后,再移植于手部,再造拇指。结果 12例18指,32个局部转移皮瓣全部成活,供区第3足趾血运无影响,再造手指外形非常满意。结论以第2、3足趾局部转移皮瓣将第2足趾整形,再进行拇指再造,此法是改善再造手指外形的良好方法 。