尿瘘的病因诊治及预防

尿瘘是指生殖器与泌尿系统之间形成的异常通道。按解剖部位可分为:(1)尿道阴道瘘:尿道有瘘孔通向阴道,也包括尿道完全缺损,尿道纵裂伤,尿道横断。(2)膀胱阴道瘘:指膀胱有瘘管与阴道相通。(3)膀胱尿道阴道瘘:指膀胱颈与尿道连接处有瘘管与阴道相通,瘘管累及膀胱与尿道,尿道短于3cm。(4)膀胱宫颈阴道瘘:瘘管累及宫颈及阴道,宫颈前唇呈严重撕裂或缺损。(5)输尿管阴道瘘:瘘管沟通输尿管与阴道。(6)尿粪联合瘘:尿瘘合并直肠阴道瘘。(7)多发性尿瘘。1　病因1.1　盆腔手术　通常是由于手术时误伤输尿管或输尿管游离过度导致输尿管阴道瘘,或误伤…     

女性医源性泌尿生殖道瘘诊治专家指导意见（2022年版）

医源性泌尿生殖道瘘 （iatrogenic genitourinary fistula，IGF） 是指与医疗操作相关的泌尿系统与生殖系统之间的异常通道，表现为阴道不自主漏尿或急腹症，严重影响患者术后身心健康，诱发医患矛盾［1］。根据瘘发生的部位可分为：膀胱阴道瘘、尿道阴道瘘、膀胱尿道阴道瘘、输尿管阴道瘘、膀胱输尿管阴道瘘、膀胱子宫瘘，输尿管子宫瘘等，其中以膀胱阴道瘘和输尿管阴道瘘最为常见。     

膀胱阴道瘘34例病因及处理

目的探讨膀胱阴道瘘的病因及治疗方式。方法回顾性分析1964-2005第三军医大学大坪医院34例膀胱阴道瘘患者的临床表现、治疗措施及效果。结果本资料显示1990年前膀胱阴道瘘患者病因主要为产科因素，占83．3％，而1990年后妇科手术则成为主要病因，占70．0％。手术治疗30例，一次修补成功23例，其中经阴道修补9例，腹膜内经膀胱修补5例，腹膜外经膀胱修补9例，二次修补成功7例，1例均经阴道进行，6例先后经膀胱或阴道修补成功。结论目前妇科手术为膀胱阴道瘘的主要病因，且瘘口相对简单，其治疗措施仍以手术为主；提高产科质量及妇科操作技能是预防本病的关键。     

膀胱阴道瘘阴道修补术适应证及手术要点

膀胱阴道瘘经阴道自然腔隙修补术,是具微创意义的手术方式。大多数膀胱阴道瘘均可经阴道修补成功。文章通过复习文献同时结合作者经验,总结了膀胱阴道瘘经阴道修补手术的适应证及手术要点。     

膀胱阴道瘘47例手术治疗临床分析

目的探讨妇科手术并发膀胱阴道瘘的病因、治疗及预防措施。方法回顾分析中国人民解放军总医院2000年1月至2009年12月间收治的47例妇科手术、放疗后等并发膀胱阴道瘘患者的临床资料,经美兰试验和膀胱镜检查确诊。妇科手术引起膀胱阴道瘘42例,4例行双侧输尿管经皮造瘘术,43例行修补术,其中25例(58.1%)经膀胱修补,18例(41.9%)经阴道修补。结果本文43例修补术患者中,37例1次修补成功,3例2次修补后成功。术后随访1～6个月无复发。结论妇科子宫切除手术所致膀胱阴道瘘为最多见,术前充分准备及术后严格管理大大提高手术成功率。     

复杂膀胱阴道瘘阴道修补手术要点及预后

复杂膀胱阴道瘘因瘘孔修复失败率高成为妇科及泌尿外科共同的难题,如何提高手术成功率是医务人员关心的问题。该文从手术时机和手术策略的选择、术中手术要点、影响预后的因素四方面总结经阴道途径的复杂膀胱阴道瘘的治疗经验,为临床工作者提供参考。     

阴道癌的分子诊断与靶向治疗

<正>女性泌尿生殖道瘘是指女性生殖系统空腔器官或生殖道与膀胱、输尿管或尿道之间的异常通道,以膀胱阴道瘘和输尿管阴道瘘最为常见[1]。主要临床症状为阴道不自主漏尿以及相关不适,患者的生活质量受到严重影响。其病因包括先天畸形、分娩、创伤、感染,以及医源性损伤如妇产科手术和放射治疗等。在发达国家,大部分泌尿生殖道瘘由医源性损伤导致;在我国,近年来医源性泌尿生殖道瘘的发病也呈明显上升趋势[1,2]。由于该病患者的异质性较大,临床上处理方法较多,     

208例女性尿瘘的临床分析

<正>女性尿瘘又称泌尿生殖道瘘,是指生殖道与泌尿道之间有异常通道,尿液不自主地自阴道流出[1]。近期发现,每年至少有十万多新发尿瘘患者[2]。在发展中国家,泌尿生殖道瘘是育龄妇女的主要健康问题之一[3]。尿瘘患者长期阴道漏尿,可导致尿失禁、感染、肾功能损害的发生,影响了患者     

尿瘘的病因及预防

女性尿瘘(urinary fistula)又称泌尿生殖道瘘(urogenital fistula),是指生殖道与泌尿道之间有异常通道,尿液自阴道流出,不能控制。现将女性尿瘘病因及预防措施的研究进展作一综述,为预防尿瘘的发生提供参考。     

重视膀胱阴道瘘诊治

生殖道与泌尿道之间的任何部位异常通道均构成了尿瘘,尿液自阴道排出,不能控制。尿瘘可发生在生殖道与泌尿道之间的任何部位,除外少数因为恶性肿瘤和结核等疾病所致尿瘘外,更多地与妇科手术与产科操作有关,也是妇产科医生容易面对医疗纠纷的疾病。因临床所遇病例不多,妇产科医生普遍存在尿瘘知识更新不够等问题。在该领域的专业机构为国际尿控学会（ International Continence Society, ICS）下属的瘘委员会（Fistula Committee）和国际产科瘘学会(International Society of Obstetric Fistula Surgeons, ISOFS),对瘘的诊治进行专科培训和知识进展更新。现将在尿瘘诊治方面国际更新的内容分述如下。     

先天性泌尿生殖道畸形合并泌尿生殖道瘘

先天性泌尿生殖道畸形合并泌尿生殖道瘘是一类少见的、复杂的先天性畸形,易误诊误治,需要对其有全面的认识和评估,并制定正确的治疗方案。     

Extensive genitourinary tuberculosis presenting as spontaneous vesico-vaginal fistula

We report a case of extensive genitourinary tuberculosis presenting as spontaneous vesico-vaginal fistula.     

剖宫产手术子宫瘘的诊治

剖宫产手术子宫瘘主要发生于发展中国家,随着社会经济的发展,其在我国的发病率逐渐降低,但是近年来凶险性前置胎盘的发病率升高,术中损伤增加。因此,剖宫产后的子宫瘘仍需引起大家的重视。文章对剖宫产手术最常见的子宫瘘进行阐述,以期为其诊治提供参考和依据。     

Urinary incontinence following obstetric fistula repair

Prolonged and/or obstructed labour is the most common cause of genital tract fistula world-wide, in particular, sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia where emergency obstetric services are unavailable or suboptimal to afford timely delivery of the baby. This results in pressure necrosis by the fetal presenting part at the level of the obstruction in the maternal pelvis. Other reasons for obstetric fistula include trauma from vaginal deliveries (spontaneous or instrumental) and iatrogenic from cesarean section/hysterectomy. The majority of women develop the fistula during their first labour and most babies are stillborn. Women with a fistula suffer from leakage of urine and/or faeces from the vagina and surgery is the treatment for an established fistula. Long-term complications of fistulas include recurrent fistula, urinary incontinence, reproductive dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, mental health dysfunction, social isolation and orthopaedic complications such as footdrop. Ongoing urinary symptoms are not uncommon after successful fistula closure. There are various reasons for residual urinary incontinence following obstetric fistula repair including urinary stress incontinence, overactive bladder, mixed urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction. Urinary incontinence after fistula repair requires careful evaluation prior to further surgery, as in some diagnoses, continence surgery is unlikely to treat and may worsen the condition. Initial results from educational and physiotherapy programs demonstrated a positive impact on post-fistula incontinence.     

Jejunouterine fistula: a case report

Jejunouterine fistula is a rare type of fistulous communication between the small intestine and the genital tract. This fistula may result from pelvic tumours, obstetric or surgical intervention and inflammatory disease. Cross-sectional imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), are useful investigations which may demonstrate the site and track of the fistula. Traditional contrast investigations, including hysterosalpingography, are also helpful. Surgical resection of the fistula with primary anastomosis is curative in the majority of cases.     

The obstetric vesicovaginal fistula: characteristics of 899 patients from Jos, Nigeria

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of women with obstetric vesicovaginal fistulas at a hospital in north central Nigeria. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective record review was conducted of all women who were seen with vesicovaginal fistulas at Evangel Hospital in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, between January 1992 and June 1999. RESULTS: A total of 932 fistula cases were identified, of which 899 cases (96.5%) were associated temporally with labor and delivery. The "typical patient" was small and short (44 kg and <150 cm); had been married early (15.5 years) but was now divorced or separated; was uneducated, poor, and from a rural area; had developed her fistula as a primigravida during a labor that lasted at least 2 days and which resulted in a stillborn fetus. CONCLUSION: Obstetric vesicovaginal fistula is extremely common in north central Nigeria. A complex interaction that involves multiple biologic and socioeconomic factors appears to predispose young women to this devastating childbirth injury.     

Minimally Invasive Management of Concomitant Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistulas After Transabdominal Hysterectomy: Laparoscopic Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair With Ureteroneocystostomy Using a Boari Flap

Study Objective

To demonstrate a laparoscopic approach for repair of concomitant vesicovaginal and ureterovaginal fistulas as a troublesome complication of transabdominal hysterectomy (TAH).

Obstetric fistulae: a study of women managed at the Monze Mission Hospital, Zambia

Objective  The objective of this study was to describe and compare characteristics of women with obstetric fistula.
Design  Retrospective cross-sectional study.
Setting  Zambia's primary fistula repair centre, Monze Mission Hospital.
Sample  All women, August 2003 to December 2005.
Method  Review of case notes to obtain data on socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, causative pregnancy, clinical details, and treatment. Comparison of characteristics with national data was undertaken.
Results  Of 259 women, 239 had socio-demographic and obstetric records and 254 had surgical records. Educational status and height of women were significantly below the national averages, while antenatal care uptake (97.5%) and proportion from the Northern Province were significantly above. Most women (77.9%) weighed ≤50 kg. Median age at marriage was 18 and at development of fistula was 22 years. 15.1% of women were divorced, 49.0% were primiparous, and 27.6% were parity four +. 67.5% of women had spent 2 days or longer in labour. Delays in receiving emergency obstetric care (EmOC) were experienced at home (67.5%) and at clinics (49.4%), usually due to transport difficulties. 89.1% delivered in a health facility, 50.2% of deliveries were by caesarean section, and 78.1% of babies were stillborn. 72.9% of repairs were successful, 17.3% resulted in residual stress incontinence, and 9.8% failed. Failure was significantly associated with previous repair.
Conclusion  More obstetric fistulae occur in areas where early marriage and pregnancy before pelvic maturity is attained is common and where obstetric care is inaccessible. In this study, age at marriage and fistula development was older than usually found, which may indicate that poor access to EmOC contributes more to this problem within Zambia.     

医源性尿瘘预防与新的尿瘘治疗方法

分娩损伤及妇科手术损伤是医源性尿瘘的主要病因,针对病因的预防措施是降低医源性尿瘘的根本所在。随着现代医学的进步和科学技术的日新月异,机器人辅助内镜手术将成为未来治疗的趋势。