新型植入生物材料Ti—5Al—2.5Fe的生物相容性

本文通过Ti-5Al-2.5Fe、Ti-6Al-4V和纯钒的体外实验以及前两者的体内实验评价了Ti-5Al-2.5Fe的生物相容性。细胞培养结果表明Ti-5Al-2.5Fe对二种细胞形态、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、巨噬细胞葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PD)和吞噬功能无明显影响。Ti-6Al-4V对巨噬细胞亚微结构线粒体有一定影响,并使G-6-PD和吞噬功能明显降低。纯钒使巨噬细胞溶解死亡。动物体内植入结果表明二种钛合金膜厚在三个月时已达美国材料测试学会(ASTM-Fe)的标准。六个月Ti-5Al-2.5Fe膜厚明显小于Ti-6Al-4V。实验结果表明纯钒有强细胞毒作用。新型钛合金Ti-5Al-2.5Fe具有良好的体内外生物相容性,是更理想的外科植入材料。     

钛植入体表面钽功能涂层制备及性能表征北大核心

背景:钛合金因其良好的生物相容性被广泛应用于临床骨科,但其作为生物惰性材料缺乏骨诱导活性,易导致植入假体松动,因此有必要对钛植入体表面进行改性来增强其成骨活性。目的:利用溶胶凝胶法在钛表面制备钽功能涂层,并对涂层的理化性质及成骨性能进行表征。方法:利用溶胶凝胶法在医用钛片表面制备钽功能涂层,采用扫描电镜及能谱分析对涂层的表面形貌及元素组成进行表征,通过接触角测试评估钛片、钽片、钽涂层的表面亲水性。将兔骨髓间充质干细胞分别接种于钛片、钽片、钽涂层上,利用扫描电镜观察材料表面细胞黏附形态,荧光染色观察材料表面细胞黏附及存活,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性,碱性磷酸酯酶显色及茜素红S染色评估材料表面细胞的成骨分化能力。结果与结论:(1)扫描电镜显示,涂层表面均匀分布着大小一致的纳米级颗粒,且表面涂层均一,未见裂纹产生;元素分析结果显示,钽涂层表面的元素主要为Ta、O、Ti元素;钽涂层表面的亲水性优于钛片、钽片;(2)接种12 h后的扫描电镜显示,细胞在钛片和钽片表面的黏附形态相似,呈长梭形,向周边伸出少量丝状伪足;细胞在钽涂层表面呈铺展态黏附生长,向远处伸出大量丝状伪足并与相邻细胞连接;(3)接种72 h后的荧光染色显示,细胞在钽涂层表面几乎均呈铺展态黏附生长,黏附细胞的数量多于钛片、钽片,并且钽涂层表面的活细胞数量多于钛片、钽片(P <0.05);(4)CCK-8法检测结果显示,钽涂层表面的细胞增殖速率快于钛片、钽片(P <0.05);(5)钽涂层表面细胞的碱性磷酸酶含量和钙结节形成数量均多于钛片、钽片;(6)结果表明,钽涂层修饰后的钛表面更利于骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附及成骨分化。     

钛合金和钴铬合金表面白色念珠菌粘附的研究

目的比较钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V)和钴铬合金(Chromium-Cobalt alloy)表面白色念珠菌粘附能力的大小,研究表面粗糙度与细菌粘附的关系.方法将不同表面粗糙度的钛合金和钴铬合金试件进行白色念珠菌体外粘附试验,采用菌落形成计数法测定试件表面的细菌粘附量.结果各钛合金试件组的细菌粘附量均少于相同表面粗糙度的钴铬合金试件组,两种金属试件表面的细菌粘附量均随表面粗糙度的增大而增加.结论钛合金较钴铬合金更能减少由白色念珠菌引起的义齿性口炎等并发症,同时修复体表面严格的研磨抛光也能有效减少这些并发症.     

新型无镍ZrCuFeAlAg非晶态合金的体外细胞毒性

通过检测一种新型无镍Zr-基非晶态合金Zr60.14Cu22.31Fe4.85Al9.7Ag3的体外细胞毒性,并与常用生物医用合金Ti6Al4V的细胞毒性进行比较,以评价该材料的生物相容性。按照ISO 10993-5:1999及GB/T 16886.5-1997标准,将Zr60.14Cu22.31Fe4.85Al9.7Ag3、纯Zr及Ti6Al4V材料按试件表面积与培养液体积比为1cm2/mL和0.5cm2/mL分别提取浸提液,再用Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)试剂分别检测以浸提液培养的人骨肉瘤MG-63细胞1、3、5d后的光密度(OD)值并计算细胞相对增殖率(RGR)以评价其细胞毒性。将人骨肉瘤MG-63细胞培养于合金样本表面3d后固定并分别采用激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)及扫描电镜(SEM)观察各组材料表面细胞生长形态。间接细胞毒性试验CCK-8结果提示,Zr60.14Cu22.31Fe4.85Al9.7Ag3组及纯Zr组与Ti6Al4V组相同,其1、3、5d的细胞相对增殖率均大于85%,经细胞毒性分级均为0或1级,符合国家医用材料合格标准;直接细胞毒性试验LSCM观察人骨肉瘤MG-63细胞在各组材料样本表面生长形态相似,并且各组与阴性对照组细胞数量之间无明显差别;SEM观察到人骨肉瘤MG-63细胞于各组材料表面贴壁生长及细胞形态均良好,基本符合医用材料标准,表明该材料具有良好的细胞生物相容性。因此,我们初步认为它可成为潜在的生物医用替代材料,尤其用于骨科植入材料。     

表面处理对钛基移植材料分解的影响

钛及其合金因具有卓越的抗腐蚀性而被广泛用作移植材料。有证据表明,商品化的纯钛(CPTi)能表现出极好的生物相容性,Ti-6Al-4V为髋部修复承载负荷应用提供了优良的结合机械特性。但是,人们却担心在钛修复物周围的软组织中潜在的有害金属离子的缓慢积累。亦有证据显示在Ti-6Al-4V合金附近的组织反应与CPTi附近的组织反应相比不太一致。认为金属离子的释放是通过表面氧化膜的化学分解进行的。分解受钝化处理及TiN表面涂层的影响,这些影响可能与表面氧化物的结构改变有关。本文的结果显示,从钦合金释放出的钛是CPTi的两倍,而TiN     

Ti-6Al-4V化学镀Ni-P-PTFE工艺及性能

钛合金作为一种生物材料 ,其临床应用受到了普遍的重视。本文运用化学复合镀技术对 Ti-6Al- 4 V合金进行表面改性。通过在化学镀镍溶液中加入 PTFE微粒 ,成功获得了 Ni- P- PTFE复合镀层。运用扫描电镜 SEM对镀层的形貌进行了观察 ,并对镀层的耐磨减磨性能进行了分析。     

改性3D打印钛支架对脂肪间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

背景:3D打印钛支架克服了传统钛支架内部结构可控性差及外形不匹配等缺陷,但由于钛的生物惰性较大,使其在植入体内后难以与周围组织快速稳定地结合。目的:采用喷砂酸蚀和阳极氧化方法改性3D打印钛支架表面,观察其对脂肪间充质干细胞黏附、增殖和成骨分化能力的影响。方法:采用喷砂酸蚀联合阳极氧化方法在3D打印钛支架表面构建微纳米多孔结构,扫描电镜观察其表面特征。将第3代大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞分别接种于3D打印钛支架组(A组)、3D打印钛支架+成骨诱导液(B组)、改性3D打印钛支架(C组)上,通过细胞骨架与CCK-8实验检测细胞的黏附和增殖能力,碱性磷酸酶与茜素红染色观察细胞的成骨分化能力,实时定量PCR分析细胞成骨相关基因的表达,免疫荧光染色观察细胞骨钙素与骨桥蛋白的表达。结果与结论:(1)扫描电镜下可见,改性后的3D打印钛支架表面出现微米及亚微米级凹坑和沟槽,内部有直径为70-100 nm的纳米级孔隙,孔隙之间相互连通;(2)共聚焦显微镜下可见,A、B组细胞伪足及触角较少,尚未铺展;C组细胞完全铺展在材料表面,可见大量明显的细胞伪足和触角,紧密附着于材料表面;CCK-8实验显示,改性3D打印钛支架...     

医用钛合金Ti-6Al-4V基体/羟基磷灰石涂层复合材料的生物安全性评价

评价新型医用钛合金Ti-6Al-4V基体/羟基磷灰石涂层复合材料的生物安全性。通过遗传毒性试验、细胞毒性试验、骨植入实验和迟发型超敏试验,对Ti-6Al-4V基体/HA涂层复合材料进行安全性研究。该复合物试样在Ames实验中无诱变性,对体外CHL细胞不诱发染色体畸变,不引起体外V79细胞的基因突变,无体外细胞毒性。该检品在骨植入试验中,对局部组织无刺激。最大剂量试验法迟发型超敏试验显示,该检品无致敏性。该复合材料有良好的生物安全性。     

钛合金表面介孔二氧化钛涂层的制备及表征**◆

背景：介孔结构的二氧化钛涂层除了具有一般介孔材料的优点外,还具有很好的生物相容性和独特的抗菌性,并且在钛及钛合金表面很易形成。 目的：对介孔诱导型二氧化钛涂层和普通的二氧化钛涂层进行形貌结构分析和比较,为钛合金表面介孔结构二氧化钛涂层在生物医学领域的应用提供实验和理论基础。 方法：在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面采用模板法和非模板法制备介孔诱导型二氧化钛涂层和普通二氧化钛涂层,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜、快速比表面积/孔隙分析仪和X射线衍射仪对两种二氧化钛涂层的表面形貌结构进行比较分析。 结果与结论：在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备的稳定介孔二氧化钛涂层,其平均介孔孔径、比表面积和孔容分别为6.668 0 nm、124.190 6 m2/g和0.256 470 cm3/g,具有介孔结构大比表面积和孔容的特点,适合对医用钛及钛合金改性。     

类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜修饰钛合金表面成骨细胞的增殖

背景：钛合金表面沉积类金刚石薄膜可提高其摩擦和抗腐蚀性能,但缺乏生物活性,在其表面接枝生物蛋白分子是一种新的生物化学改性途径。 目的：观察成骨细胞在类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜修饰钛合金表面的增殖与黏附。 方法：采用非平衡磁控溅射和多步组装方法在钛合金表面制备类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜。将对数生长期的成骨细胞悬液接种于类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜修饰的钛合金与纯钛合金试件上。 结果与结论：类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜修饰钛合金组细胞增殖率和黏附数量高于纯钛合金组(P < 0.05)。扫描电镜显示,类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜修饰钛合金组成骨细胞胞体显著增大,表面粗糙,边界模糊不清,细胞呈充分的铺展状态;纯钛合金组成骨细胞胞体光滑,边界线条锐利清晰,伸展不良。表明类金刚石/酪蛋白磷酸肽复合薄膜可促进钛合金表面成骨细胞的增殖与黏附。     

Wear resistance of experimental Ti-Cu alloys

After using cast titanium prostheses in clinical dental practice, severe wear of titanium teeth has been observed. This in vitro study evaluated the wear behavior of teeth made with several cast titanium alloys containing copper (CP Ti+3.0 wt% Cu; CP Ti+5.0 wt% Cu; Ti-6Al-4V +1.0 wt% Cu; Ti-6Al-4V+4.0 wt% Cu) and compared the results with those for commercially pure (CP) titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and gold alloy. Wear testing was performed by repeatedly grinding upper and lower teeth under flowing water in an experimental testing apparatus. Wear resistance was assessed as volume loss (mm(3)) at 5kgf (grinding force) after 50,000 strokes. Greater wear was found for the six types of titanium than for the gold alloy. The wear resistance of the experimental CP Ti+Cu and Ti-6Al-4V+Cu alloys was better than that of CP titanium and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. Although the gold alloy had the best wear property, the 4% Cu in Ti-6Al-4V alloy exhibited the best results among the titanium metals. Alloying with copper, which introduced the alpha Ti/Ti(2)Cu eutectoid, seemed to improve the wear resistance.     

The effect of post-sintering heat treatments on the fatigue properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy implant systems provide a biocompatible interface between implant and bone, resulting in firm fixation and potential long-term retention via bony ingrowth. In order to achieve an acceptable porous coating structure, the sintering protocol for Ti-6Al-4V alloy systems often requires that the material be heat treated above the beta transus. This transforms the as-received equiaxed microstructure, recommended for surgical implants, to a lamellar alpha-beta distribution, which has been shown to have the worst fatigue properties of the most common structures attainable in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. However, post-sintering heat treatments may be used to improve these properties by producing microstructures more resistant to crack initiation and propagation. This study investigated the influence of microstructural variations on the fatigue properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy material. Nonporous coated and porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy fatigue specimens were subjected to a standard sintering heat treatment to produce a lamellar microstructure. In addition, two post-sintering heat treatments were used to produce coarse and fine acicular microstructures. Rotating beam (reversed bending) fatigue testing was performed and the endurance limits determined for the noncoated and porous coated microstructures. The values determined were 668 MPa (noncoated as-received equiaxed), 394 MPa (noncoated lamellar), 488 MPa (non-coated coarse acicular), 494 MPa (noncoated fine acicular), 140 MPa (porous coated lamellar), 161 MPa (porous coated coarse acicular), and 162 MPa (porous coated fine acicular). The noncoated coarse and fine acicular specimens displayed an approximate 25% increase over the noncoated lamellar specimens. The porous coated coarse and fine acicular specimens showed an approximate 15% improvement over the porous coated lamellar specimens.     

The bone tissue compatibility of a new Ti-Nb-Sn alloy with a low Young's modulus

A Ti-Nb-Sn alloy was developed as a new β-type titanium alloy which had a low Young's modulus and high strength. The Young's modulus of the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy was reduced to about 45 GPa by cold rolling, much closer to human cortical bone (10-30 GPa) than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy (110 GPa) and other β-type titanium alloys developed for biomedical applications. The tensile strength of the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy was increased to a level greater than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by heat treatment after severe cold rolling. In this study the cytotoxicity of Ti-25Nb-11Sn alloy was evaluated in direct contact cell culture tests using metal disks and the bone tissue compatibility - examined using metal rods inserted into the medullary canal of rabbit femurs. The remarkable findings were that: (1) there were no significant differences in the relative growth ratio and relative absorbance ratio between cells grown with the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and CP-Ti in direct contact cell culture tests; (2) there were no significant differences in the load at failure between the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in pull-out metal rods tests; (3) there were no significant differences in new bone formation around metal rods between the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in histological evaluations. The new Ti-Nb-Sn alloy with an elasticity closer to that of human bone is thus considered to be bioinert while also having a high degree of bone compatibility similar to that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Mold filling of titanium alloys in two different wedge-shaped molds

Pure titanium and titanium alloys are potential materials for the fabrication of cast dental appliances. One important factor in producing sound castings is the capacity of the metal to fill the mold. This study used a wedge-shaped mold to compare the mold filling of titanium with that of conventional dental casting alloys. The metals used were CP Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb, Ti-6Al-4V, Ti with 1 and 4wt% Cu and ADA Type III gold alloy and an Ni-Cr alloy. The castings were cut into four pieces parallel to the triangular surface. Mold filling was evaluated as the distance between the tip of the cast wedge and theoretical tip of the triangle. The mold filling of the gold alloy was superior compared to all the metals tested, while the mold filling of the Ni-Cr alloy was the worst. There were no statistical differences at the 30 degrees marginal angle for all the cast titanium metals. At the sharper 15 degrees angle, CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb was superior to both the Ti-Cu alloys. Although the mold filling of titanium was inferior compared to the gold alloy, the data justify the use of titanium for the production of dental appliances.     

Titanium substrata composition influences osteoblastic phenotype: In vitro study.

In spite of observed differences at the interface between boon and either commercially pure titanium [Ti(cpi)] or titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), the mechanism of such a response is ill understood. This prompted further investigation of the influence of similar metals on human bone-derived cells (HBDCs). This study investigated the influence of Ti(cpi) and its alloy on osteoblastic proteins formed by HBDCs grown for 5, 7, 10, and 14 days on these metals and compared them to cells grown on tissue culture polystyrene plates. Messenger RNA and translated proteins that form an array of osteogenic parameters were determined: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), thrombospondin, osteopontin, osteocalcin (OC), osteonectin (ON/SPARC), type I collagen (Col I) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). At the four predetermined time points, cells grown on either Ti(cpi) or Ti-6Al-4V generally expressed similar mRNA levels, while levels of their respective proteins differed. Cells on Ti(cpi) had peak levels for most proteins at day 7, whereas those on Ti-6Al-4V peaked at either day 5 and/or day 7. At day 5 cells grown on Ti-6Al-4V had higher levels of ALP, Col I, ON/SPARC, OC, and BSP than those in Ti(cpi); this difference was not maintained at later time points in culture. The differential regulation of proteins occurring between cells from the same patient grown on titanium and its alloy implies that HBDCs respond to small differences in the surface chemistry and/or microcrystallinity.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma sprayed HA/YSZ/Ti-6Al-4V composite coatings

Plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on titanium alloy substrate have been used extensively due to their excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, the erratic bond strength between HA and Ti alloy has raised concern over the long-term reliability of the implant. In this paper, HA/yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Ti-6Al-4V composite coatings that possess superior mechanical properties to conventional plasma sprayed HA coatings were developed. Ti-6Al-4V powders coated with fine YSZ and HA particles were prepared through a unique ceramic slurry mixing method. The so-formed composite powder was employed as feedstock for plasma spraying of the HA/YSZ/Ti-6Al-4V coatings. The influence of net plasma energy, plasma spray standoff distance, and post-spray heat treatment on microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed that coatings prepared with the optimum plasma sprayed condition showed a well-defined splat structure. HA/YSZ/Ti-6Al-4V solid solution was formed during plasma spraying which was beneficial for the improvement of mechanical properties. There was no evidence of Ti oxidation from the successful processing of YSZ and HA coated Ti-6Al-4V composite powders. Small amount of CaO apart from HA, ZrO(2) and Ti was present in the composite coatings. The microhardness, Young's modulus, fracture toughness, and bond strength increased significantly with the addition of YSZ. Post-spray heat treatment at 600 degrees C and 700 degrees C for up to 12h was found to further improve the mechanical properties of coatings. After the post-spray heat treatment, 17.6% increment in Young's modulus (E) and 16.3% increment in Vicker's hardness were achieved. The strengthening mechanisms of HA/YSZ/Ti-6Al-4V composite coatings were related to the dispersion strengthening by homogeneous distribution of YSZ particles in the matrix, the good mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V and the formation of solid solution among HA, Ti alloy and YSZ components.     

Structural, mechanical and in vitro characterization of individually structured Ti-6Al-4V produced by direct laser forming

Direct laser forming (DLF) is a rapid prototyping technique which enables prompt modelling of metal parts with high bulk density on the base of individual three-dimensional data, including computer tomography models of anatomical structures. In our project, we tested DLF-produced material on the basis of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V for its applicability as hard tissue biomaterial. To this end, we investigated mechanical and structural properties of DLF-Ti-6Al-4V. While the tensile and yield strengths of untreated DLF alloy ranged beyond 1000 MPa, a breaking elongation of 6.5+/-0.6% was determined for this material. After an additional post-DLF annealing treatment, this parameter was increased two-fold to 13.0+/-0.6%, while tensile and yield strengths were reduced by approx. 8%. A Young's modulus of 118.000+/-2.300 MPa was determined for post-DLF annealed Ti-6Al-4V. All data gained from tensile testing of post-DLF annealed Ti-6Al-4V matched American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications for the usage of this alloy as medical material. Rotating bending tests revealed that the fatigue profile of post-DLF annealed Ti-6Al-4V was comparable to casted/hot isostatic pressed alloy. We characterized the structure of non-finished DLF-Ti-6Al-4V by scanning electron microscopy and observed a surface-associated layer of particles, which was removable by sandblasting as a finishing step. We manufactured porous specimens with nominal pore diameters of 500, 700 and 1000 microm. The diameters were reduced by the used DLF processing by approx. 300 microm. In an in vitro investigation, we cultured human osteoblasts on non-porous and porous blasted DLF-Ti-6Al-4V specimens to study morphology, vitality, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. The cells spreaded and proliferated on DLF-Ti-6Al-4V over a culture time of 14 days. On porous specimens, osteoblasts grew along the rims of the pores and formed circle-shaped structures, as visualized by live/dead staining as well as scanning electron microscopy. Overall, the DLF-Ti-6Al-4V approach proved to be efficient and could be further advanced in the field of hard tissue biomaterials.     

Effect of ion modification of commonly used orthopedic materials on the attachment of human bone-derived cells.

Biomaterials which combine optimum properties of strength and biocompatibility are desirable in improving the long-term performance of implantable medical devices. Our study is aimed at developing technology designed to alter the outer atomic layers of a material to give the desired compatibility with the tissue while retaining the properties of the bulk substratum. Materials used in this study were titanium vanadium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and cobalt chromium molybdenum alloy (Co-Cr). Soda lime glass discs and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) acted as controls. A cathode of either Ti-6Al-4V or Co-Cr was used to simultaneously deposit and implant identified substrata. The attachment of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) to various materials was determined using radiolabeling or colorimetric assays. Results show that HBDC adhere preferentially to the unmodified surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4V on glass compared to the unmodified Co-Cr surfaces and to that of the Co-Cr on glass. Depositing Ti-6Al-4V on Co-Cr gives significantly better attachment of HBDC than when depositing Co-Cr onto Ti-6Al-4V. While cellular attachment to the created surfaces reflects that of the cathodic materials, it is not identical to these materials. Ion deposition/implantation is capable of creating permanent surfaces which reflect the adhesion of source materials not bulk substrata.     

Differentiation of human bone-derived cells grown on GRGDSP-peptide bound titanium surfaces

Various surface modifications have been applied to titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) implants, in an attempt to enhance osseointegration; crucial for ideal prosthetic fixation. Despite the numerous studies demonstrating that peptide-modified surfaces influence in vitro cellular behavior, there is relatively little data reporting their effects on bone remodeling. The objective of this article was to examine the effects of chemically modifying Ti-6Al-4V surfaces with a common RGD sequence, a 15-residue peptide containing GRGDSP (glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartate-serine-proline), on the modulation of bone remodeling. The expression of proteins known to be associated with osseous matrix and bone resorption were studied during the growth of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) on these peptide-modified surfaces. HBDC grown for 7 days on RGD surfaces displayed significantly increased levels of osteocalcin, and pro-collagen Ialpha1 mRNAs, compared with the production by HBDC grown on the native Ti-6Al-4V. A pattern that was also reflected at the protein levels for osteocalcin, type I collagen, and bone sialoprotein. Moreover, HBDC grown for 7 and 14 days on RGD-modified Ti-6Al-4V expressed significantly higher level of osteoclast differentiation factors and lower levels of osteoprotegerin and IL-6 proteins compared with other surfaces tested. These results suggest that different chemical treatments of implant material (Ti-6Al-4V) surface result in differential bone responses, not only their ability to form bone but also to stimulate osteoclastic formation.