重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液病原学分析及临床特点

目的了解苏州大学附属儿童医院重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液病原学分布及主要病原菌耐药性。方法选取2014年1月至2018年12月在苏州大学附属儿童医院行纤维支气管镜镜检的重症肺炎患儿177例作为研究对象,收集患儿肺泡灌洗液行病原体鉴定及病原菌培养、药敏分析,并采用直接免疫荧光定量PCR技术对其病原进行检测。结果 177例重症肺炎患儿中,有100例检出至少1种病原体,总检出阳性率为58.13%;其中肺炎支原体(MP)检出率最高(41/100例);前3位检出的细菌分别为肺炎链球菌9例(10.59%)、金黄色葡萄球菌8例(9.41%)、铜绿假单胞菌6例(7.06%);前3位检出的病毒分别为巨细胞病毒(CMV)14例(33.33%)、人博卡病毒(HBoV)10例(23.81%)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)8例(19.05%);药物敏感试验结果提示,主要的革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药率较低,主要的革兰阴性菌对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、碳青霉烯类、加酶的β内酰胺类耐药率较低。<5岁重症肺炎患儿病毒检出率约为30.00%,MP检出率约为20.00%,>5岁重症肺炎患儿MP检出率>30.00%;<2岁重症肺炎患儿细菌检出率>20.00%,>2岁重症肺炎患儿细菌检出率约为15.00%。重症肺炎患儿中,气道畸形比例较高,以气道软化、气道狭窄为主。结论苏州地区<5岁的重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液病原学检查以病毒最常见,<2岁者细菌检出率亦较高;常见革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感性高;铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、碳青霉烯类、加酶的β内酰胺类抗生素敏感性高。重症肺炎患儿,尤其是小年龄组婴儿需要重视气道畸形的可能。     

新生儿社区和院内获得性肺炎的病原学特点及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原分布和药敏情况。方法回顾性分析2010年1月—2014年12月因新生儿肺炎住院且痰培养阳性新生儿的临床资料。结果在3 564例CAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物4 383株,其中细菌3 584株、病毒771、真菌7株及非典型病原体21株。细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,3 045株(85.0%),细菌中排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌;病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主,693株(89.9%)。在344例HAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物424株,其中细菌402株,真菌17株,呼吸道合胞病毒5株。细菌均为革兰阴性菌,未发现革兰阳性菌,排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。CAP与HAP新生儿中革兰阴性菌产ESBLs菌分别为26.9%、46.8%,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。CAP、HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌均对阿米卡星、碳青霉烯类高度敏感。HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05);HAP的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。此外,还发现耐碳青霉烯类的肠杆菌。结论新生儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中CAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为主,HAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌为主。HAP致病菌的产酶率和耐药性均普遍高于CAP,且有多重耐药趋势。     

学龄前儿童中耳感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 研究引起学龄前儿童中耳感染的病原菌分布及耐药特征。方法 选取2012年1月—2015年12月就诊的中耳感染患儿,进行耳分泌物常规病原菌分离培养及药物敏感性试验。结果 分离出病原菌200株,包括革兰阳性球菌156株,占78.0%,主要包括肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等;革兰阴性杆菌38株,占19.0%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌;念珠菌6株,占3%。肺炎链球菌对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素、复方新诺明的耐药率高,对青霉素的耐药率低,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率高,未见对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、达托霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。在常规监测的12种抗菌药物中,铜绿假单胞菌总体耐药性低,各抗菌药物的耐药率均32%。结论 学龄前儿童中耳感染的常见病原菌为肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌,不同细菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药性不同,合理用药是控制感染的关键。     

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??Objective To investigate the application of bronchoalveolar lavage of flexible bronchoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia??MPP??. Methods Clinical data of 155 pneumonia patients ??57 cases of MPP and 98 cases of non-MPP????who had examination in flexible bronchoscopy, MP-DNA of bronchoalveolar larlavage fluid(BALF),and the traditional blood serological test of Mycoplasma pneumoniae??were retrospectively analyzed from Aug.2011 to Apr.2012 in Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital. Results Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia often occur red in children over the age of 5 or with lobar pneumonia or atelectasis in the left lung. The accuracy of MP-DNA in BALF was higher than that of the blood serological test. After alveolar wash and administration of medicines, 95.7?? of the atelectasis cases were cured. Conclusions Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage should be applied to MPP and atelectasis cases as soon as possible to promote lung recruitment and improve the outcome.     

2016~2018年儿童呼吸道感染病原菌谱与耐药监测

目的 了解儿童呼吸道感染的病原菌种类、分布特点和耐药情况，为临床提供病原学诊断及合理使用抗菌药物的依据。方法 选取2016年1月至2018年12月因呼吸道感染就诊的15 047例患儿为研究对象，采集患儿痰标本送检，通过Phoenix-100全自动微生物鉴定药敏系统对分离的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。结果 从17 174份送检的痰标本中检出阳性标本2 395份，阳性率为13.95%；共分离出2 584株病原菌，其中革兰阴性菌1 577株（61.03%），革兰阳性菌967株（37.42%），真菌40株（1.55%）。最常见的病原菌依次为流感嗜血杆菌（33.90%）、肺炎链球菌（33.55%）、卡他莫拉菌（19.20%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（3.64%）。2 331例感染阳性患儿中有251例混合感染，以流感嗜血杆菌合并肺炎链球菌感染发生率最高。病原菌检出率以冬春季较高，夏秋季较低（P < 0.05）。各年龄组患儿病原菌检出率比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05），其中1个月~ < 1岁组患儿病原菌检出率最高。肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁敏感率均为100%，流感嗜血杆菌除对氨苄西林、复方新诺明和头孢呋辛敏感率较低，对其他药物敏感率均较高。结论 儿童呼吸道感染病原菌以流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和卡他莫拉菌为主，且常见混合型感染。不同季节、不同年龄段病原菌检出率不同。不同病原菌耐药性有不同特点，临床应依据药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

肺泡灌洗液二代基因测序对儿童重症肺炎病原学诊断应用观察

目的　探讨肺泡灌洗液二代基因测序（mNGS）在儿童重症肺炎病原学诊断中的应用。方法　回顾性分析2018年9月至2019年3月于吉林大学第一医院小儿呼吸二科住院治疗的34例重症肺炎患儿临床资料,收集其肺泡灌洗液进行mNGS结果分析。结果　34例中检出病原32例（94.1%）。单一病原体检出结果：肺炎支原体19例（55.9%）,人类腺病毒7型6例（17.6%）,福赛斯坦纳菌1例（2.9%）,金黄色葡萄球菌1例（2.9%）,未检出1例（2.9%）。混合感染病原体检出结果：人类腺病毒7型+肺炎支原体2例（5.9%）,人类腺病毒7型+流感嗜血杆菌1例（2.9%）,人类腺病毒7型+烟曲霉3例（8.8%）。经抗感染及对症支持治疗后,33例好转出院,1例死亡。结论　mNGS可提高重症肺炎的病原诊断准确率,对临床治疗有指导作用。     

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??Objective??To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of flexible bronchoscopy in children with necrotizing pneumonia. Methods??Clinical data of children diagnosed with necrotizing pneumonia in the Department of Pediatrics of the First Hospital of Jilin University from December 2016 to December 2017 were collected. The general clinical manifestations??laboratory examination results??chest X-ray or lung CT??flexible bronchoscope and other examinations of all the children were analyzed retrospectively. Based on the characteristics??diagnosis??treatment and prognosis??the advantages of flexible bronchoscopy in this disease were analyzed. Results??All the 32 cases were diagnosed as necrotizing pneumonia by imaging examination??with an average diagnosis time of 14.1 d. All 32 cases of children with necrotizing pneumonia received flexible bronchoscopy and alveolar lavage. The alveolar lavage in 32 cases presented turbidity mitota-like changes??which had high sensitivity in the diagnosis of necrotizing pneumonia. The average time for mitota-like changes in alveolar lavage was 6.7 days. Conclusion??Flexible bronchoscopy is an important method in the diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing pneumonia??and the change of alveolar lavage fluid is a sensitive index for early prediction of necrotizing pneumonia.     

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??Objective??To investigate the clinical distribution characteristics and the resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates during the period from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2015 in Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University and to provide references for clinical control and therapy of infection. Methods??A total of 1566 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were collected in our hospital from 2011 to 2015. The bacteria were identified by vitek 2 compact instrument and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by K-B disk diffusion method. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results??A total of 1566 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were isolated from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2015. In five years??the Klebsiella pneumoniae-positive specimens were mostly derived from sputum??60.22%-73.63%????urine??7.53%-12.81%?? and blood??3.66%-5.45%????the rate of the ESBL-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae was 69.18%-76.02%??P??0.05????the rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated was 5.82%-31.50%??P??0.01????both the bacteria of the ESBL-producing strains and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were mainly distributed in neonate ward units and secondly comprehensive ward and intensive care unit. The drug resistance of the ESBL-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were significantly higher than the non- ESBL-producing strains??P??0.05??. The resistance rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has been high??and gradually increased from 2011 to 2015??P??0.05??. The isolated strains were resistant to all antimicrobial drugs except trimethoprim- sulfanilamide and amikacin. The 5-year resistance rate statistics were significantly increased??P??0.05??. Conclusion??Drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in pediatrics is becoming more and more serious. Multidrug resistant strains are becoming more and more common in Neonatal ward and ICU. The pressure of antibiotics used in the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae is increasing in clinical. The infection should be controlled effectively and the resistant strains should be reduced.     

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??Abstract?? Objective??To study variation of pathogens of bacterial diarrhea in children during recent 10 years?? and to analyze drug resistance of these bacterial strains. Methods??A total of 859 cases?? who were hospitalized in Beijing Children’s Hospital due to bacterial diarrhea from 1998 to 2007??with positive stool culture?? were included in our study. And their clinical data were also studied retrospectively. Statistics was analyzed by SPSS13.0. Results????1??Among 859 bacterial trains of positive stool culture?? there were 585 Shigella??89 Salmonella??56 E coli??92 Proteus?? and 37 Staphylococcus aureus. ??2??The ratio of Shigella decreased from 82.5% of 1998 to 52.9% of 2007.Detection of Staphylococcus aureus and E coli were began at 2001 and 2002?? respectively?? and their ratios gradually increased to 9.4% and 14.1% in 2007?? respectively. ??3??The peak onset??73.9%?? of bacterial diarrhea was in summer and autumn. Salmonella?? E coli?? and conditional pathogenic bacteria were found with high detection ratio in younger-aged group. ??4??The drug resistance ratio of enteric pathogenic bacteria to penicillin and sulfamethoxazole were both above 50%. Except E coli?? the enteric pathogens showed low drug resistance to quinolones?? third generation cephalosporins and imipenem?? with ratios of 13.0????24.2%??5.9????62.5% and 0??respectively. The resistance ratios of E coli to amikacin and imipenem were 7.5% and 0%??respectively?? and its ratios to other antibiotics were all above 50%. Conclusion??The structure of pathogens of bacterial diarrhea in children and their drug resistance pattern are changing continuously. It should be emphasized to monitor pathogens and drug resistance in order to select antibiotics reasonably.     

儿童呼吸道感染常见革兰阳性致病菌耐药性研究

目的 研究儿科患者呼吸道感染常见致病菌(肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及A族乙型溶血性链球菌)的耐药情况.方法 对2004年1月至2006年12月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院儿科呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物分离的55株金黄色葡萄球菌、49株肺炎链球菌、15株A族乙型溶血性链球菌采用K-B纸片法进行抗生素敏感性检测.结果 49株肺炎链球菌对红霉索的耐药率高达90%,青霉素不敏感株5株,占10%,多重耐药率高达90%;55株金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林耐药率为86%,对青霉素耐药率为82%,对苯唑西林耐药率为9%,且多重耐药问题很严重;15株A族乙型溶血性链球菌对红霉素的耐药率为80%,对青霉素和氨苄西林敏感.结论 儿童呼吸道感染常见致病菌的耐药情况不容乐观.肺炎链球菌及A族乙型溶血性链球菌对红霉素的耐药性很高;发现了耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌,且多重耐药问题很严重.儿童呼吸道细菌感染时,应尽量避免使用非β-内酰胺类抗生素.