基于CT血管成像在体子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型构建的方法及意义

目的 探讨利用CT血管成像原始数据集构建在体子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型的方法及意义. 方法 采用双源CTA技术获取1例子宫肌瘤患者的CT-Dicom 3.0原始二维断层图像数据集.利用Mimics软件分别构建其骨盆、子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型并配准融合. 结果 构建的子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型可以...     

基于磁共振成像数据的孕晚期在体胎盘数字化三维模型构建研究

目的探讨利用磁共振成像(MRI)原始数据集构建孕晚期在体胎盘数字化三维模型的方法及意义。方法选取2014年6-9月因前置胎盘在南方医科大学南方医院行下腹盆腔MRI检查的孕晚期孕妇10例,用单次激发快速自旋回波T2加权序列进行扫描,采集其原始Dicom数据集并导入Mimics 10.01软件中进行胎盘数字化三维重建。结果成功构建出在体胎盘三维模型,该模型可以直观、立体地显示胎盘整体结构,可以从任意角度展示胎盘与子宫的相对位置关系,并可对胎盘边缘与宫颈内口及耻骨联合上缘的距离、胎盘植入范围等进行测量。结论基于MRI数据集可以构建在体胎盘数字化三维模型,具有立体感强、形态真、可多角度观察等优点,是一种研究在体胎盘的新方法,具有一定的应用前景。     

在体女性骶前静脉丛数字化三维模型构建方法及意义

目的探讨利用CT血管成像(CTA)原始数据集构建在体女性骶前静脉丛数字化三维模型的方法及意义。方法 2011年9月于南方医科大学南方医院获取1例宫颈癌患者的CTA原始数据集,利用Mimics10.01软件分别对骨盆、盆腔动脉血管网及静脉血管网进行三维重建并配准融合。结果构建出的盆腔静脉血管网数字化三维模型可清晰地显示下腔静脉、髂总静脉、髂内静脉、髂外静脉及其初级属支,骶前静脉丛亦清晰可见。与重建的骨盆、盆腔动脉血管网配准融合后,骶前静脉丛的解剖走形及引流区域变得更加清晰明了。尤为关键的是,骶前无血管区也可清晰显示。结论基于CTA的数字化三维重建技术是一种研究在体女性骶前静脉丛的好方法,可清晰显示骶前静脉丛及骶前的无血管区域,从而为阴道-骶骨固定术提供个体化的解剖学依据,并有效地降低手术并发症的发生率。     

基于增强CT连续扫描数据的胎盘植入患者产后盆腔结构三维模型的构建及意义

目的:探讨基于增强CT扫描数据重建产后女性在体盆腔结构三维模型的方法及意义。方法:选择1例阴道分娩后疑为胎盘植入产妇,经双源CT血管成像(CTA)技术扫描盆腔,将Dicom 3.0原始二维断层图像数据集导入Mimics软件,分别对骨盆、盆腔动静脉、输尿管进行三维重建并配准融合。结果:获取的在体胎盘植入患者产后盆腔结构数字化模型可以清楚显示骨盆、泌尿系统、髂总动静脉、髂外动静脉、髂内动静脉、子宫动脉及其分支,并可进行任意缩放和任意角度旋转,显示不同结构间的毗邻关系和空间构象,适于三维距离和角度测量。结论:利用CTA数据集,在Mimics软件下可方便快捷地建立理想的产后女性在体骨盆血管网的数字化三维模型,为妇产科医生更好地了解产后女性盆腔解剖结构、做好产后介入手术术前评估提供了理想的物理化模型平台。     

子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型构建与特点

目的 利用基于CT血管成像（CTA）三维重建技术构建的子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型，探讨子宫与子宫肌瘤的血管网特点。方法 连续采集2012年1月至9月于南方医科大学南方医院接受CTA检查的72例子宫肌瘤患者的原始数据集，构建子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型，通过逐步调整阈值以改变模型的血管显示密度，并予透明化处理后作分析。结果 成功构建了72例患者的子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型，该模型可清晰的显示子宫动脉及子宫肌层、子宫肌瘤的血管网，可见肌壁间、浆膜下、黏膜下子宫肌瘤的血管网轮廓与子宫血管网的相对位置不同，其中浆膜下肌瘤轮廓显示最为清晰。重建模型中存在特殊类型的肌瘤血管网。结论 利用CTA和重建软件构建出的子宫肌瘤动脉血管网数字化三维模型形态逼真，可准确识别子宫肌层与子宫肌瘤的血管网，为术前评估和临床教学提供参考。     

单个胎盘双胎妊娠胎盘血管系统结构分析

目的探讨单个胎盘双胎妊娠的胎盘血管系统结构。方法选择广州医学院第一附属医院2008年分娩的10例单个胎盘双胎妊娠的胎盘标本进行血管铸型,然后对其成功获得血管铸型的3例双绒毛膜双胎和1例单绒毛膜双胎的胎盘铸型标本进行128排CT扫描,最后利用图像重组工作站对胎盘铸型血管进行三维分析。结果双绒毛膜双胎两个胎儿间拥有各自的血管系统,单绒毛膜双胎两胎儿间存在各种类型的血管吻合支。结论进一步对单绒毛膜双胎进行胎盘血管结构分析对双胎输血综合征的诊断和治疗有指导价值。     

基于CT血管成像在体宫颈癌动脉血管网数字化三维模型的构建及意义

目的探讨利用CT血管成像(CTA)原始数据集构建在体宫颈癌动脉血管网数字化三维模型的方法及意义。方法 2010年5月在南方医科大学南方医院基于双源CTA技术,获取1例宫颈癌患者的CT-Dicom 3.0原始二维断层图像数据集。利用Mimics软件分别构建其骨盆、宫颈癌动脉血管网数字化三维模型并配准融合。结果构建的宫颈癌动脉血管网数字化三维模型不仅可以清楚地显示盆腔动脉血管网的各级分支,而且可多方位、多角度地观察各级动脉的管径、长度及分叉角度。此外,其还可进一步了解癌灶供血动脉及计算癌灶血容量。结论基于CTA数据集,应用计算机三维重建技术可构建出理想的宫颈癌动脉血管网数字化三维模型,为临床实现宫颈癌患者的个性化评估及治疗提供了平台。     

基于磁共振成像的女性盆底肌群数字化三维模型构建

目的探讨利用磁共振(MRI)原始数据集构建女性盆底肌群数字化三维模型的方法及意义。方法选取2010年10月至2011年9月在南方医科大学南方医院因各类妇科疾病行盆腔MRI检查的患者20例,对其行高分辨薄层轴位扫描。将采集的Dicom3.0原始数据集导入Mimics10.01软件中行女性盆底肌群的三维重建。结果成功构建了女性盆底肌群的数字化三维模型,该模型表面光滑、层次分明、形态逼真,可以进行任意角度旋转以便观察盆底肌群的形态及其空间毗邻结构。利用软件测量工具还能够对肌肉形态进行定量研究。结论女性盆底肌群数字化三维模型是研究女性盆底肌群的好方法,具有广阔的应用前景。     

CT扫描计算机三维重建女性骨盆的研究方法和应用

目的探讨利用CT原始数据进行女性骨盆三维重建的方法及应用。方法2006年12月至2009年11月在南方医科大学南方医院选取1例因宫颈癌行CT扫描患者的Dicom3.0原始二维断层图像数据,利用Mimics10.01软件行骨盆三维重建并测量临床常用的骨盆相关径线及角度。结果重建的三维女性骨盆模型形态规则、清晰逼真,其不仅可以进行任意角度的旋转,并且可以对其进行任意径线和角度的精确测量。结论利用CT数据进行计算机三维重建是一种研究女性骨盆的好方法,有较大的应用价值。     

在体女性主韧带及宫骶韧带数字化三维模型构建及其意义

目的 探讨利用磁共振（MRI）原始数据集构建在体女性主韧带及宫骶韧带数字化三维模型的方法及意义。方法 选取2013年2月南方医科大学南方医院的1例健康青年女性志愿者,对其行高分辨率薄层质子密度加权MRI扫描。将采集的Dicom 3.0原始数据集导入Mimics 10.01软件中进行主韧带及宫骶韧带的三维重建。结果 成功构建了主韧带及宫骶韧带、骨盆和盆腔器官的数字化三维模型,该模型具有表面光滑、形态逼真的特点,可以进行任意角度旋转以便清楚地观察主韧带及宫骶韧带的形态及其空间毗邻关系。结论 利用薄层MRI扫描技术及计算机三维重建技术可以成功构建出在体女性主韧带及宫骶韧带的数字化三维模型,获得的数字模型可为解剖教学、定量分析提供教字化平台。     

构建在体胎盘植入数字化三维模型在介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨构建数字化三维模型在胎盘植入患者行子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)中的应用方法及意义。方法 2010年9月至2010年12月在南方医科大学南方医院将4例胎盘植入患者在UAE术前行双源CTA扫描,获取原始图像后利用Mimics10.01软件对其骨盆和动脉系统进行三维重建。将构建的胎盘植入数字化三维模型用于指导UAE操作并与数字减影血管造影(DSA)进行对比。结果胎盘植入数字化三维模型中1例患者的子宫动脉(2条)起源于髂内动脉,3例(6条)起源于臀下动脉,并可精确测量子宫动脉的起源角度、开口类型。胎盘的血供来源:3例来自双侧子宫动脉和卵巢动脉共同供血,1例仅由双侧子宫动脉供血,但该患者存在明显的子宫动脉卵巢支;血供的分布情况为3例双侧血供分布不均,以左侧为主,1例双侧供血均衡。除1例患者要求保守治疗外,其他3例均行UAE治疗并在术后顺利排出胎盘,术中DSA与重建结果对比,子宫动脉的起源和双侧血管的血供分布等均相同。结论构建的在体数字化三维模型对胎盘植入的介入治疗具有较大的术前和术中指导意义,可使手术过程更加精确化。     

改良CT三维重建女性骨盆测量方法及其应用

目的联合Mimics软件、Geomagic软件及UG软件,对基于CT三维重建的女性骨盆测量方法进行改良,以提高骨盆测量径线的数量及精确性。方法选取2010年11月因各种疾病在南方医科大学南方医院行CT检查的患者20例,获取其CT平扫期原始数据,然后将数据导入Mimics软件中,构建出骨盆的数字化三维模型。利用Geomagic软件中的分割功能,分割出右半骨盆的数字化三维模型。基于全骨盆及右半骨盆的数字化三维模型,应用UG软件对相关径线及角度进行测量。结果成功地测量出了所有的径线,对耻骨弓角度的测量进行了改进,同时对Mimics软件不能测量的骨盆入口后矢状径、中骨盆后矢状径及出口后矢状径进行了准确的测量。结论改良CT三维重建女性骨盆测量方法能更好地对女性骨盆进行全方位、无障碍的测量,对女性骨盆研究具有较大的实用价值。     

Quantitative 3D micro-CT imaging of the human feto-placental vasculature in intrauterine growth restriction

OBJECTIVE: Placental vascular development matches fetal growth and development. Quantification of the feto-placental vasculature in placentas from pregnancies is complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) revealed confounding results. Therefore, the feto-placental vascular volume in IUGR placentas was assessed by 3D micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Placental probes from IUGR (n=24) and healthy control placentas (n=40) were perfused in situ with Microfil or BaSO(4) and randomly chosen samples were scanned by micro-CT. Using 3D images, we quantitated the feto-placental vascular volume fraction (VVF). A subanalysis was performed at three different levels, reaching from the chorionic plate artery (level A), to intermediate arteries (level B) and capillary system (level C). Results were complemented by histology. The significance of differences in vascular volume measurements was tested with analysis of variance [ANOVA]. RESULTS: Microfil perfused placentas showed a total vascular volume fraction of 20.5+/-0.9% in healthy controls. In contrast, the VVF decreased to 7.9+/-0.9% (p<0.001) in IUGR placentas. Significant differences were found between Microfil and BaSO(4) perfused placentas in the vascular volume fraction using micro-CT and histology. Micro-CT demonstrated localized concentric luminal encroachments in the intermediate arteries in placentas complicated by IUGR. CONCLUSION: Micro-CT imaging is feasible for quantitative analysis of the feto-placental vascular tree in healthy controls and pregnancies complicated by IUGR.     

Neither normal nor diseased placentas contain lymphatic vessels

Background

Scant data on placental lymphatic vessels have pointed to the absence of lymphatic circulation. A recent study on mesenchymal dysplasia (MD), however, has identified pathologic lymphangiogenesis using the D2-40 lymphatic marker. These conflicting data have prompted us to investigate whether lymphatic vessels are present in normal developing placentas and in placental disorders characterized by cistern formation.

Design

Seventeen human placentas without significant pathological abnormality ranging from 12 to 39 weeks of gestational age were studied. Cisternal placental disorders were represented by mesenchymal dysplasia (n = 1), partial hydatitiform mole (n = 2), spontaneous abortion (n = 3) and complete hydatiform mole (n = 2). To identify lymphatic vessels, we used lymphatic endothelial markers Prox-1 and D2-40. The pan-endothelial marker CD31 was used to highlight overall placental vasculature and to determine if the lining cells of cisterns were of endothelial origin. Lymphatic marker positivity was assessed in maternal (decidual) as well as in fetal (chorionic villous) vasculature.

Results

No staining with Prox-1 or D2-40 was identified in fetal vessels in developing or term placentas, or in selected cisternal placental disorders, although both markers highlighted a number of thin-walled decidual vessels. Cistern lining cells were negative for Prox-1, D2-40 and CD31. D2-40 consistently marked stromal cells in chorionic villi and highlighted perivascular/pericellular extracellular matrix.

Conclusion

We established that no lymphatic vasculature is present in the chorionic villi during development, at term or in selected edematous placental disorders. The cisternal lining cells are not endothelial cells; most likely they are of stromal cell origin. Lymphangiogenesis is a part of decidual vascular remodeling during gestation.     

Vasoreactivity of chorionic plate arteries in response to vasoconstrictors produced by preeclamptic placentas

Inadequate blood flow and increased vasoconstriction of the placenta contribute to pregnancy associated disorders such as preeclampsia (PE). Because placental vessels lack autonomic innervation, humoral effects of the placenta must play critical roles in regulation of fetal-placental vascular contractility. In this study, we examined the nature of humoral factors produced by PE trophoblasts on placental vessel contractility using an organ bath perfusion model. Vasomotor responses were studied in vitro using placental chorionic plate arteries. Vessel rings from third branch chorionic plate arteries were dissected from human placentas following normal or PE delivery. The arterial rings were equilibrated in Krebs Henseleit buffer and exposed to placental conditioned medium, which was prepared by culture of villous tissue from PE placentas. Receptor antagonists for angiotensin II (ANG II), thromboxane (TX), and endothelin (ET) were used to determine which humoral factor produced by placental tissue (trophoblasts) was more effective in promoting vasoconstriction. The role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and non-ACE ANG II generating enzymes in regulation of placental vasomotor tone were also investigated. A total of 80 arterial rings from 48 placentas were studied. Our results showed: 1) enhanced vasomotor tone in arteries from PE placentas compared to those from normal placentas; 2) PE-CM induced vaso-constrictive activity could be partially attenuated by receptor antagonists for TX, ANG II and ET, respectively; and 3) chymostatin (a chymase inhibitor) produced a stronger inhibitory effect than captopril (ACE inhibitor) on PE conditioned medium induced vasoconstriction. Our data demonstrate increased vasocontractility in PE placentas and suggest that the non-ACE pathway is probably a major source of ANG II produced in the human placenta.