基于样本熵与小波包能量特征提取和Real AdaBoost算法的正常期、癫痫间歇与发作期的脑电自动检测

脑电图(EEG)分析已被广泛应用于疾病的诊断,针对癫痫患者的脑电检测可及时对患者的发病情况作出判断,具有很强的实用价值,因此急需癫痫脑电自动检测、诊断分类技术。为实现患者正常期、癫痫发作间期和发作期各时段脑电的快速、高精度自动检测分类,本文提出一种基于样本熵(SampEn)与小波包能量特征提取结合纠错编码(ECOC)Real AdaBoost算法的脑电自动分类识别方法。将输入信号的样本熵值和4层小波包分解后的部分频段能量作为特征,并用纠错编码和Real AdaBoost算法相结合的方式对其进行分类。本文采用德国波恩大学癫痫数据库实验数据(含正常人清醒、睁眼与清醒、闭眼,癫痫患者间歇期致痫灶外与致痫灶内及癫痫发作期5组脑电信号)进行了方法有效性检验。研究结果表明,该方法有较强的脑电特征分类识别能力,尤其对癫痫间歇期脑电信号识别率提升显著,上述5组3个时期不同特征脑电信号的平均识别率可达96.78%,优于文献已报道的多种算法且有较好稳定性与运算速度及实时应用潜力,可在临床上对癫痫疾病的预报及检测起到良好的辅助决策作用。     

EMD和SVM结合的脑电信号分类方法

脑电(EEG)癫痫波的自动检测与分类在临床医学上具有重要意义。针对EEG信号的非平稳特点,本文提出了一种基于经验模式分解(EMD)和支持向量机(SVM)的EEG分类方法。首先利用EMD将EEG信号分成多个经验模式分量,然后提取有效特征,最后用SVM对EEG信号进行分类。结果表明,该方法对癫痫发作间歇期和发作期EEG的分类效果比较理想,识别率达到99%。     

脑电信号的分形截距特征分析及在癫痫检测中的应用

脑电信号的非线性特征会随癫痫发作而改变,脑电信号的特征分析和检测对癫痫的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。提出对癫痫脑电信号进行毯子维和分形截距的特征分析,并将分形截距应用于癫痫脑电信号的检测。首先提取脑电信号的分形截距和毯子维特征,并对两种特征的均值和方差进行比较,最后使用支持向量机分类器,实现脑电信号的分类检测。发现癫痫发作时脑电信号的分形截距显著高于发作间期,而脑电信号的毯子维在发作前后变化规律则不明显。将分形截距作为分类特征,能有效地区分癫痫脑电与间歇期脑电,具有较强的癫痫脑电检测性能,分类检测的准确率达到96%以上。     

基于自适应多尺度脑功能连接的局灶性癫痫发作检测方法研究

利用长时程脑电图检测癫痫发作是临床中较为广泛的应用,然而这项工作乏味、耗时,且很大程度上依赖于临床医生的自身经验和主观判断,准确性和可重复性也较低。针对长时程脑电图检测癫痫中存在的问题,提出一种基于自适应多尺度脑功能连接的癫痫发作检测方法(AMBFC),并选取10例局灶性癫痫患者的发作期和非发作期的样本作为研究对象。首先在一个滑动时间窗内,通过多元经验模态分解(MEMD)提取19通道脑电信号的7个本征模函数(IMF)分量及残差;然后建立多变量自回归(MVAR)模型,利用有向传递函数(DTF)提取流出信息强度,进行特征组合,并通过主成分分析(PCA)降维保留原始特征数目的85%;最后经代价敏感支持向量机(CSVM)分类区分发作期和非发作期脑电,并通过五重交叉验证进行癫痫发作检测算法的效果评价。结果表明,AMBFC算法检测脑电癫痫发作得到的平均准确率为98.6%,精确率为81.9%,召回率为81.4%,F2值为0.80。与各IMF分量、DTF-CSVM算法等检测结果相比,AMBFC算法更具有优越性。有望应用于长时程脑电的实时监测。     

基于共空间模式算法和支持向量机二重分类的癫痫发病预测

目前癫痫患者的发病预测手段十分耗时且易受主观因素干扰,因此文中提出了一种基于共空间模式算法(CSP)和支持向量机(SVM)二重分类的癫痫发病自动预测方法。此方法将提取空域特征的共空间模式算法应用到癫痫脑电信号检测中,但是该算法未考虑信号的非线性动力学特征且忽略了其时频信息,所以在特征提取阶段选取了标准差、熵和小波包能量这几种互补特征来进行组合。分类过程采取一种基于支持向量机的全新二重分类模式,即将癫痫患者正常期、发作间期和发作期三个阶段分成正常期和准发病期(包括发作间期和发作期)两类进行支持向量机识别,然后对属于准发病期的样本进行发作间期和发作期的分类,最终实现三个时期的分类识别。实验数据来自德国波恩大学的癫痫研究数据库。实验结果显示,第一重分类平均识别率为98.73%,第二重分类平均识别率可达99.90%。结果表明,引入空域特征和二重分类模式能够有效解决众多文献中发作间期和发作期识别率不高的问题,提升各个时期的识别效率,为癫痫患者的发病预测提供有效的检测手段。     

基于迁移学习和空洞卷积的癫痫状态识别方法

癫痫患者脑电信号的自动检测和发作诊断对临床治疗癫痫具有重要意义。针对训练数据有限及训练与测试数据分布不一致的难点,采用领域间联合知识迁移学习方法,实现小训练数据量下的癫痫状态识别。首先对脑电信号进行4层小波包分解,提取小波包分解系数作为特征,通过边缘分布和联合分布迭代调整,完成源域和目标域特征之间的知识迁移,训练空洞卷积神经网络作为分类器,完成目标域癫痫状态识别。分别在波士顿儿童医院CHB-MIT脑电数据集(22 例被试,共计790 h)和波恩大学癫痫脑电数据集(5 组,每组100 个片段,每段23.6 s)上进行算法验证,实验结果表明,所提出的方法对复杂癫痫状态的平均识别准确度、敏感性、特异性在CHB-MIT数据集上达到96.8％、96.1％、96.4％;在波恩数据集上,平均识别准确率为96.9%,有效提高了癫痫状态识别综合性能,实现了癫痫发作稳定可靠检测。     

基于Hurst指数和SVM的癫痫脑电检测方法

癫痫脑电波的自动检测对于患者诊断和减轻医生工作强度都具有重要的意义。提出一种基于Hurst指数和SVM的癫痫脑电检测算法。首先提取脑电信号的Hurst指数,然后对脑电进行3 Hz～8.5 Hz、8.5 Hz～16.5 Hz、16.5 Hz～29 Hz带通滤波并分别计算波幅的相对均值,最后使用SVM分类器实现癫痫脑电波的自动检测。对临床脑电信号的实验表明,该方法具有较强的检测性能和良好的实时性,准确率达到98.75%。所提出的Hurst指数和波幅相对均值作为特征,采用SVM的分类方法能有效实现癫痫脑电的检测,值得更深入的研究。     

近似熵与SVM在自动分类癫痫脑电信号中的应用

采用近似熵(ApEn)与支持向量机(SVM)相结合的方法对癫痫发作间歇期EEG和发作期EEG进行自动识别分类,通过分类结果来检验非线性动力学指标是否可有效运用于脑电癫痫波的自动实时探测中并验证由非线性动力学指标训练的分类器的泛化能力。研究使用参考患者的脑电数据构建SVM分类器,在此分类器的基础上,对其他患者的脑电数据进行分类得到结果。结果表明利用非线性动力学指标训练的分类器具有良好的泛化能力,对不同患者的脑电数据的平均分类准确率达到较高水平。     

癫痫发作脑电信号的相位幅度调制研究

脑电图是癫痫诊治中一种最为重要的工具,而大数据量的脑电记录给人工分析带来困难,计算机分类则可减轻此负担。从相位幅度调制角度研究癫痫脑电低频节律相位与高频节律幅度间的耦合关系,利用归一化后的调制指数(MI)来量化各频段间的耦合强度。基于波恩癫痫发作间期和发作期脑电的200个样本数据集,提出依据高低频节律范围对MI图进行分区,再利用分区后的耦合系数对不同状态下的脑电进行分类。结果显示,发作期Gamma节律与Delta(2～4 Hz)节律的MI值(0.009 9±0.009 6)相比发作间期(0.003 6±0.008 7)显著增加(P<0.01)。Gamma节律与Theta(4～8 Hz)节律的发作期MI值(0.008 7±0.006 2)相比发作间期(0.001 4±0.003 2)也有显著增加(P<0.01);Theta Beta节律间耦合强度在发作期(0.002 2±0.001 3)与发作间期(0.000 5±0.000 7)也存在显著差异。利用支持向量机在五折交叉验证下,波恩癫痫脑电数据MI特征对发作期和间期数据分类准确率达到97%;采用随机森林分类方法,同样得到一致结果。所提出方法的应用可有效提高对临床视频脑电图分析的效率。     

基于经验模态分解和极限学习机的癫痫脑电提取分类研究

癫痫疾病发作时,脑电(electroencephalogram,EEG)信号中含有大量的癫痫特征信息,癫痫EEG信号的提取识别和分类研究,对癫痫的预防和治疗具有重大的意义。我们采用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)算法对发作期、发作间期的EEG进行分解,计算分解后的主要本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF)分量的波动指数、均值和样本熵值,并组成一组特征向量输入到极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)内进行识别分类。实验结果表明,在需要较少训练样本下,ELM识别分类的准确率达到97%以上。     

Detection of seizures in EEG using subband nonlinear parameters and genetic algorithm

Detection of seizures in EEG can be challenging because of myogenic artifacts and might be time-consuming. In this study, we propose a method using subband nonlinear parameters and genetic algorithm for automatic seizure detection in EEG. In the experiment, the discrete wavelet transform was used to decompose EEG into five subband components. Nonlinear parameters were extracted and employed as the features to train the support vector machine with linear kernel function (SVML) and radial basis function kernel function (SVMRBF) classifiers. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used for selecting the effective feature subset. The seizure detection sensitivities of the SVML and the SVMRBF with GA are 90.8% and 94.0%, respectively. The sensitivity of SVMRBF increases to 95.8% by using GA for weight adjustment. Moreover, the proposed method is capable of discriminating the interictal EEG of epileptic subjects from the normal EEG, which is considered difficult, yet crucial, in clinical services.     

利用整体经验模态分解和随机森林的脑电信号分类研究

癫痫脑电信号的自动监测与分类在临床医学上具有重要意义。针对脑电信号的非平稳特点,提出一种基于整体经验模态分解和随机森林相结合的脑电信号分类方法。选取波恩大学脑电信号数据集中癫痫发作间期和发作期的200个单通道信号,共819 400个数据作为样本。首先利用整体模态分解将癫痫脑电信号分解成多个固有模态函数,然后对各阶固有模态函数提取有效特征,最后分别用随机森林和最小二乘支持向量机对脑电信号的特征进行分类。将随机森林与最小二乘支持向量机分类正确识别率对比,结果表明,随机森林分类方法对发作期和发作间期的癫痫脑电信号的分类效果比较理想,识别精度为99.60％,高于最小二乘支持向量机的准确性。该方法的提出能有效提高临床癫痫脑电信号分析的效率。     

Epileptic seizure prediction based on EEG spikes detection of ictal-preictal states

Epileptic seizures are known for their unpredictable nature. However, recent research provides that the transition to seizure event is not random but the result of evidence accumulations. Therefore, a reliable method capable to detect these indications can predict seizures and improve the life quality of epileptic patients. Seizures periods are generally characterized by epileptiform discharges with different changes including spike rate variation according to the shapes, spikes, and the amplitude. In this study, spike rate is used as the indicator to anticipate seizures in electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Spikes detection step is used in EEG signal during interictal, preictal, and ictal periods followed by a mean filter to smooth the spike number. The maximum spike rate in interictal periods is used as an indicator to predict seizures. When the spike number in the preictal period exceeds the threshold, an alarm is triggered. Using the CHB-MIT database, the proposed approach has ensured 92% accuracy in seizure prediction for all patients.     

On the discrimination of patho-physiological states in epilepsy by means of dynamical measures

In the present paper a number of techniques were applied to determine the effects of epileptic seizure on spontaneous ongoing EEG. The idea is that seizure represents transitions of an epileptic brain from its normal (chaotic) state to an abnormal (more ordered) state. Some nonlinear measures including correlation dimension, maximum Lyapunov exponent and wavelet entropy and a graphical tool, named recurrence plot, as well as a novel technique that collects some statistics of the state space organization were used to characterize interictal, preictal and ictal states and derivate a phase transition. The novelty of this work includes of introducing new types of indicators base upon some nonlinear features besides of proposing a new feature of point distribution in phase space. Our results show that (1) these three states are separable in 3-D feature space of nonlinear measures with a gradual decrease of their quantity in seizure evolution, (2) strong rhythmicity, which manifests in recurrence plots and recurrence quantification analysis measures, appears in dynamic while having entered into seizure and (3) different volumes of state space are occupied during each phase of epileptic disorder.The significance of the work is that this information is a step into the detection of a preictal state and consequently is helpful in the prediction and control of epileptic seizures.     

癫痫研究中的动力系统模型及方法

我们综述了国内外采用非线性动力学的理论和方法对神经科癫痫研究的进展,包括发病机理的动力学解释,发作间期和发作期脑电图（EEG）信号的动力学特征量的分析,以及预报机制的建立等;同时介绍了最近本课题组采用建模分析的方法研究癫痫脑电的主要结果,以及对癫痫发作过程的动力学性态变化规律的若干新发现;据此提出了研究中的一些问题和设想。     

癫痫脑电信号符号动力学分析

癫痫是大脑神经元异常放电所引起的常见神经系统疾病,其发作具有突然性和反复性特点,因此,提前预测发作以便对患者及时采取措施具有重要意义。本文引入符号动力学方法分析癫痫大鼠失神性发作时脑电(EEG)信号的特性,并对影响符号统计量的关键参数的选取进行讨论,计算癫痫发作不同时期EEG信号的符号熵和时间不可逆转性。研究发现正常发作间隙期,符号熵和时间不可逆转性指标值较大;从发作间隙期向发作期的转化阶段,即发作前期,二者明显减小;发作时维持较低水平。研究结果表明符号动力学方法能够揭示癫痫EEG动力学特征变化,符号熵和时间不可逆转性两个指标是表征癫痫发作不同阶段的敏感特征量,具有重要的潜在临床应用价值。     

An automatic patient-specific seizure onset detection method in intracranial EEG based on incremental nonlinear dimensionality reduction

Epileptic seizure features always include the morphology and spatial distribution of nonlinear waveforms in the electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. In this study, we propose a novel incremental learning scheme based on nonlinear dimensionality reduction for automatic patient-specific seizure onset detection. The method allows for identification of seizure onset times in long-term EEG signals acquired from epileptic patients. Firstly, a nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NDR) method called local tangent space alignment (LTSA) is used to reduce the dimensionality of available initial feature sets extracted with continuous wavelet transform (CWT). One-dimensional manifold which reflects the intrinsic dynamics of seizure onset is obtained. For each patient, IEEG recordings containing one seizure onset is sufficient to train the initial one-dimensional manifold. Secondly, an unsupervised incremental learning scheme is proposed to update the initial manifold when the unlabelled EEG segments flow in sequentially. The incremental learning scheme can cluster the new coming samples into the trained patterns (containing or not containing seizure onsets). Intracranial EEG recordings from 21 patients with duration of 193.8h and 82 seizures are used for the evaluation of the method. Average sensitivity of 98.8%, average uninteresting false positive rate of 0.24/h, average interesting false positives rate of 0.25/h, and average detection delay of 10.8s are obtained. Our method offers simple, accurate training with less human intervening and can be well used in off-line seizure detection. The unsupervised incremental learning scheme has the potential in identifying novel IEEG classes (different onset patterns) within the data.     

Hidden Markov model based epileptic seizure detection using tunable Q wavelet transform

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting 70 million people worldwide. The present work is focused on designing an efficient algorithm for automatic seizure detection by using electroencephalogram (EEG) as a noninvasive procedure to record neuronal activities in the brain. EEG signals' underlying dynamics are extracted to differentiate healthy and seizure EEG signals. Shannon entropy, collision entropy, transfer entropy, conditional probability, and Hjorth parameter features are extracted from subbands of tunable Q wavelet transform. Efficient decomposition level for different feature vector is selected using the Kruskal-Wallis test to achieve good classification. Different features are combined using the discriminant correlation analysis fusion technique to form a single fused feature vector. The accuracy of the proposed approach is higher for Q=2 and J=10. Transfer entropy is observed to be significant for different class combinations. Proposed approach achieved 100% accuracy in classifying healthy-seizure EEG signal using simple and robust features and hidden Markov model with less computation time. The proposed approach efficiency is evaluated in classifying seizure and non-seizure surface EEG signals. The system has achieved 96.87% accuracy in classifying surface seizure and nonseizure EEG segments using efficient features extracted from different J level.     

Deep learning approach to detect seizure using reconstructed phase space images

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the function of the brain in people of all ages. It manifests in the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal which records the electrical activity of the brain. Various image processing, signal processing, and machine-learning based techniques are employed to analyze epilepsy, using spatial and temporal features. The nervous system that generates the EEG signal is considered nonlinear and the EEG signals exhibit chaotic behavior. In order to capture these nonlinear dynamics, we use reconstructed phase space (RPS) representation of the signal. Earlier studies have primarily addressed seizure detection as a binary classification (normal vs. ictal) problem and rarely as a ternary class (normal vs. interictal vs. ictal) problem. We employ transfer learning on a pre-trained deep neural network model and retrain it using RPS images of the EEG signal. The classification accuracy of the model for the binary classes is (98.5±1.5)% and (95±2)% for the ternary classes. The performance of the convolution neural network (CNN) model is better than the other existing statistical approach for all performance indicators such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The result of the proposed approach shows the prospect of employing RPS images with CNN for predicting epileptic seizures.