下咽及颈段食管癌的外科治疗

目的探讨下咽及颈段食管癌的外科治疗途径。方法分析１９８０年以来７６例下咽及颈段食管癌的外科治疗,其中位于下咽者３１例,颈段食管者４５例。结果下咽癌的切除率为９８６％（３０／３１）,食管重建包括口底食管吻合３例;咽、喉及颈段食管切除后用颈阔肌皮瓣重建１２例、游离空肠间插３例,全咽、全喉、全食管切除后用胃重建１２例。颈段食管癌的切除率为９１％（４１／４５）,除１例外均采用非开胸食管切除后用胃重建食管。术后并发症的发生率在用胃重建的５２例为３６５％（包括１例术后死于心力衰竭）,游离空肠者３３３％,颈阔肌皮瓣重建者为１６７％。随访２～１０８个月（平均５６５个月）,下咽癌的１、３、５年生存率分别为７９３％、６０％和３１６％,颈段食管分别为６８３％、９５％和０。结论下咽及颈段食管癌的切除率甚高,但下咽癌的远期疗效明显优于颈段食管癌。咽、喉及颈段食管切除后采用颈阔肌皮瓣重建是一种安全、有效的手术方法,并发症少,远期效果优良。     

颈阔肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损

目的解决下咽癌浸及颈段食管手术后食管缺损的修补。方法采用双侧颈阔肌肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损１１例。肿瘤均已侵及喉和颈段食管，行全咽、全喉及颈段食管切除，永久性气管造口，于颈部两侧分别切取３．５～４ｃｍ×７～１０ｃｍ大小的颈阔肌肌皮瓣，形成管状，与口底及食管吻合。结果术后肌皮瓣全部成活，无１例死亡，２例发生瘘，均治愈，能正常经口进食。结论用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修补下咽癌切除后造成的食管缺损是一个可取的方法，解决了临床一大难题。     

颈阔肌皮瓣在修复颈部食管狭窄及重建颈段食管的应用

目的 了解颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈部食管狭窄及重建颈段食管的治疗结果。方法 19例颈部食管长约3.5cm-4.5cm狭窄病人，纵行切开狭窄，切取约（4－5）cm×（6－7）cm大小的颈阔肌皮瓣内翻缝合于狭窄切开边缘。14你下咽癌已侵及喉及颈段食管患，行全咽、全喉及颈段食管切除，永久性气管造口。于颈部两侧分别切取（3.5-4)cm×（7－10)cm大小的颈阔肌皮瓣，形成皮管，与口底及食物吻合。结果 颈阔肌皮瓣全部成活，无术后死亡，发生瘘5例，更换敷料愈合，均能正常经口进食。结论 用颈阔皮瓣修复颈部食管狭窄及重建颈段食管缺损方法简单、安全、效果满意，是颈部食管狭窄修复及重建的较为理想方法。     

胃大部切除术后食管癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨胃大部切除术后食管癌的手术治疗方式和效果。方法 对1972年至1998年间20例胃切除术后食管癌的手术治疗进行分析。结果 左、右后外开胸、上腹正中开腹及左颈3切口,食管癌切除、移植结肠至颈部与食管吻合,腹腔结肠与残胃吻合7例;胸腹联合切口,食管癌切除,将残胃、脾、胰体尾移入左胸内,行食管残胃弓上吻合,空肠Roux-en-Y重建消化道3例;食管残胃弓上吻合,空肠Roux-en-Y重建消化道4例;食管空肠Roux-en-Y重建消化道4例;探查并行小肠造瘘术2例。本组食管癌切除率为90．0％（18／20）。总并发症为30．0％（6／20）。1、3、5年生存率分别为90．0％、64．3％和36．4％。结论 胃大部切除术后食管癌的手术治疗需根据病变部位和病情选择手术方式。胸上段癌采用移植结肠代食管术,胸中、下段癌采用残胃及小肠代食管术,胸下段癌采用选择性小肠代食管术,其方法较为合理。残胃、脾、胰体尾移植入左胸内、食管癌切除、食管残胃吻合、空肠Roux-en-Y重建消化道可供临床作为一种新术式,值得推荐。     

非开胸胃肠组织重建食管手术的麻醉特点

对１９８３～１９９４年１３９例因下咽癌或颈段食管癌行全喉全下咽切除、食管内翻剥脱、食管重建手术病例的麻醉特点进行了总结。作者认为：（１）下咽癌、颈段食管癌存在着潜在的呼吸困难，正确选择麻醉插管方式，可提高麻醉插管的成功率。（２）本组非开胸纵隔操作时，６６例（４７．５％）患者血压下降＞３ｋＰａ，２７例（１９．４％）发生心律失常。术前、术中的妥善处理，可控制其变化程度。（３）分离食管时，本组２例发生气管膜样部撕裂，对此应予以重视。（４）保证有效的呼吸，维持稳定的循环是手术麻醉的关键。     

颈段食管癌外科治疗

目的：探讨颈段食管癌的外科手术方式。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年12月间137例颈段食管癌手术患者的临床资料。102例患者行保喉手术,其中颈、腹二切口食管拔脱加胃食管吻合术64例,标准三切口手术26例,病灶局部切除加食管端端吻合术12例;35例患者行不保喉手术,其中行喉、全食管切除加胃下咽吻合术21例,咽、颈食管黏膜瓣成形术9例,喉、全食管切除加结肠代食管术2例,空肠间置术4例。所有病例均行单侧或双侧颈部淋巴结清扫。术后行单纯放疗42例,单纯化疗36例,放化疗31例。结果全组无围手术期死亡病例,术后吻合口瘘20例（14．6％）,吻合口狭窄9例（6．6％）,乳糜胸1例（0．7％）,重度返流6例（4．4％）。102例保喉手术患者中,术后出现一过性声嘶者27例（26．5％）,永久性声嘶18例（17．6％）,严重吸入性肺炎2例（2．0％）。85例食管拔脱患者（64例保喉,21例不保喉）膜部损伤3例（3．5％）,拔脱后大出血3例（3．5％）。术后1、3和5年生存率分别为73．7％、43．4％和26．8％。结论手术方式的合理选择是保证颈段食管癌治疗效果的关键。     

下咽癌及近端食管癌外科治疗价值的探讨

目的探讨下咽癌及近端食管癌外科治疗的价值。方法回顾性分析1987年以来14例下咽癌及近端食管癌的外科治疗结果,其中下咽癌6例,近端食管癌8例。结果全组均行下咽、全喉、全食管切除,咽胃吻合术,其中3例并行双侧功能性颈清扫术。患者出院后全部随访。术后1例双肺感染,1例医院内死亡,1例吻合口狭窄;患者均能经口进食,日常生活自理;2例应用电子喉可进行交流。13例已死亡,中位生存期20个月。结论下咽、全喉、全食管切除,胃咽吻合术治疗下咽癌及近端食管癌方法可行,但预后差,生活质量欠满意,应探索更加有效的治疗方法。     

挽救性手术对于放疗效果不佳的颈段食管癌的治疗效果

目的探讨放疗效果不佳的颈段食管癌行手术治疗的临床效果。方法回顾性分析放疗效果不佳的10例颈段食管癌患者手术治疗的临床资料。结果7例患者接受全食管拨脱、全喉切除胃咽吻合术：3例患者行胸颈腹三切口全食管全喉切除胃咽吻合术。术后病理证实均为鳞状细胞癌,其中高分化7例,中分化2例。低分化1例。术后发生吻合口瘘1例,肺部感染2例,切口感染1例。无围手术期死亡病例。经6-56个月的随访．死亡6例．生活质量较为满意。结论全食管全喉切除胃咽吻合术可用以治疗放疗效果不佳的颈段食管癌。     

显微外科技术在下咽及颈段食管重建中的应用

从１９８４年４月～１９９０年５月间应用显微外科技术和非列胸食管内翻拔脱咽胃吻合术（咽胃吻合）治疗下咽及颈段食管癌３０例，其中应用游离空肠６例，前臂游离皮瓣５例，咽胃吻合１９例，总的成功率９０％（２７／３０）。经１～５年随访及钡餐检查均通畅无狭窄表现。１年生存率８８．９％（２４／２７），３年生存率４３．５％（１０／２３），５年生存率３３．３％（４／１２）应用游离空肠及前臂游离皮瓣和咽胃吻合，对下咽及     

游离空肠修复下咽及颈段食管肿瘤切除后组织缺损的临床分析

目的探讨游离空肠修复下咽及颈段食管肿瘤切除术后组织缺损的方法和疗效。方法对1984年9月至2004年8月收治的51例下咽、颈段食管癌及喉癌复发患者以游离空肠修复肿瘤切除术后下咽及颈段食管组织缺损的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果51例患者中,5例游离空肠修复术后出现游离空肠坏死,46例（90％）成功修复组织缺损。修复术后1年生存率为62％,3年生存率为48％。影响预后的因素有：（1）肿瘤切除切口边缘（切缘）情况：阴性切缘患者1年生存率为75％,3年生存率为58％;阳性切缘患者的1年生存率为34％,3年生存率为0。两者比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。（2）肿瘤外侵情况：无甲状腺、皮肤、椎前组织、颈总动脉受侵（包括喉、气管、口咽受侵）34例,1年生存率为70％,3年生存率为42％;有甲状腺和（或）皮肤和（或）椎前组织和（或）颈总动脉受侵17例,1年生存率为44％,3年生存率为29％,两者比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。放疗与否、肿瘤细胞分化类型对预后的影响,差异无统计学意义。5例术后出现游离空肠坏死的患者中,1例感染死亡,其余无严重并发症。结论以游离空肠修复下咽及颈段食管部位肿瘤切除术所致缺损,并发症较少,切缘阴性及无甲状腺、皮肤、椎前组织、颈总动脉受侵患者的1年、3年生存率较高;改善了患者的进食状况;对能保证切缘阴性、肿瘤切除局部及颈部淋巴结无明显外侵的患者,可应用游离空肠修复。     

Surgical management of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: analysis of 209 cases

BACKGROUND: Free jejunal transfer has become the standard technique for reconstruction of the pharynx and hypopharynx, especially with proximal neoplastic lesions, whereas gastric tube interposition is the technique of choice for reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus when resection extends below the thoracic inlet. HYPOTHESIS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition a safe and preferred method of reconstruction. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University hospital that is a regional referral institution for esophageal cancer treatment and complex digestive reconstructions after esophagectomy. PATIENTS: We reviewed the records of 209 patients who underwent total pharyngolaryngectomy between May 1982 and July 1999. The majority of patients had advanced cancer: hypopharyngeal in 131 cases and cervical esophageal in 78 cases. INTERVENTIONS: Pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngogastric anastomoses (n = 127); pharyngolaryngectomy, cervical esophagectomy, and reconstruction with free jejunal transplant (n = 77); and pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngocolic anastomoses (n = 5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative mortality and morbidity, long-term survival, and prognostic factors influencing survival. RESULTS: The postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 4.8% (10 patients), with a postoperative morbidity rate of 38.3%. Alimentary continuity was achieved using the stomach (127 patients), colon (5 patients), or free jejunal autograft (77 patients). The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 62% and 24%, respectively. There was no significant difference with regard to the survival between gastric transposition and free jejunal autograft, but there were fewer complications in the gastric pull-up group (33% vs 47%, P<.05). The significant adverse factors affecting survival were tumor cervical localization, postoperative complications, disease stages pT3 and pT4 for the cervical esophageal tumors, microscopic pharyngeal penetration, or incomplete resection. The significant beneficial factors were tumor hypopharyngeal localization and postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition the preferred method of reconstruction. Although the prognosis is poor, satisfactory short-term palliation can be achieved. The significant adverse factors affecting survival should be taken into account to select the candidates for surgery.     

Cancer of the upper cervico-thoracic esophagus

Between 1984 and 1990, 90 operations were performed for carcinoma of cervical and cervicothoracic esophagus. All tumors were squamous cell carcinoma. Of these patients, 78 underwent esophagectomy, and 12 had had a gastric by pass. Visceral remplacements employed the whole stomach. Only one cervicothoraco-laparotomy was performed. The operative mortality was 6.6% (no difference between mortality rate associated with pharyngogastric anastomosis (5.3%) and that with cervical esogastric anastomosis (7.1%). The 78 resections included 55 esophagectomies for cure (70.5%) and palliative procedure for the 23 other patients. Post operative complication rate was 38% and 5-year survival rate was 12%. One study suggested that resectability and immediate post operative results of cervical or cervicothoracic esophagus cancer are not different from these of intrathoracic esophageal cancer. These results encouraged an aggressive surgical approach; whole gastric pull up seems to be the safest and most reliable method for cervical anastomosis as well as for pharyngeal anastomosis, difficulty of correct lymphadenectomy, low 5-year survival, advocated adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.     

Free Jejunal Graft for Reconstruction of Defects in the Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus Following the Cancer Resections

Objectives  The reconstruction of esophagus defects after hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal carcinoma resection is an ongoing problem. The objective of this article was to investigate the techniques of the free jejunal graft for the reconstruction of hypopharyngeal and cervical esophagus and discuss the outcome related to the procedures. Subjects and methods  From July of 2005 to December 2007, seven patients with hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal cancer underwent free jejunal graft reconstruction of the hypopharyngeal and cervical esophagus. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received postoperative radiotherapy and were followed up for 7–24 months. Results  Despite the multistep and time-consuming procedure, free jejunal graft survival was 100%. Operation-induced complications did not occur in six patients. One patient developed pharyngeal fistula. Conclusion  The present experience supports the use of free jejunal grafts in reconstruction of the hypopharyngeal and cervical esophagus defects after exenteration of the central compartment of the neck. A high successful rate with low incidence of complications in reconstruction of the hypopharyngeal and cervical esophagus was obtained in this study.     

Total esophagectomy without thoracotomy for cancer

Total extrathoracic esophagectomy was performed in 16 patients with neoplasms arising in the thoracic and cervical esophagus and the hypopharynx. The procedure was combined with posterior mediastinal gastric pull up in all but two patients who had previous gastrectomy and were managed with colon interposition. Splenectomy was avoided in all patients. Although, in the presence of TNM stage III and IV disease, the procedure was performed mostly for palliation, it resulted in only two deaths and it led to rapid initiation of oral alimentation. Extrathoracic esophagectomy constitutes a safe and simple alternative to other ablative or palliative procedures in the treatment of hypopharyngeal and esophageal malignancies.     

食管癌和贲门癌的外科治疗

目的阐述1965-1998年外科治疗食管癌和贲门癌的进展情况。并总结其经验。方法 将1965-1998年外科治疗的12970例食管癌和贲门癌患得分3个阶段进行分析比较。1965-1979年手术患者3155例为A组,1980-1990年5952例为B组,1990-1998年3863例为C组,早期癌（Tis,T1)单列计算。结果 本组患者肿瘤总的切除率为91.3%,食管癌和贲门癌的切除率分别为94.0%和84.6%,其中食管癌患者A、B、C组及早期癌组切除率分别为86.6%、93.2%、95.8%和100.0%,贲门癌患者分别为82.1%、85.1%、90.2%和100.0%;总的手术病死率为1.8%,A、C组手术病死率分别为4.4%、1.6%和0.5%;总5年生存率为31.6%,A、B、C及早期癌组生存率分别为27.0%、29.1%、32.0%及92.6%。A、B、C3组患者的病期、病变位置、病变大小、手术方法、综合治疗以及手术并发症均有显著不同。结论 （1）早期癌外科治疗效果最好,肿瘤手术切除率和患者5年生存率分别为100.0%和92.6%;(2)随着肿瘤诊治技术的不断提高,手术适应证逐渐扩大,手术切除率和患者5年生存率不断提高;(3)食管癌患者均应作食管次全切除颈部吻合术,这样可能减少肿瘤复发;(4)Ⅲ期以上病例行综合治疗可以取得较好的效果.     

Strategy in the treatment of hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal carcinoma

In the period between January 1st, 1978 and January 1st, 2003, 82 unselected patients with hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal squamocellular carcinoma were treated at the Department of Esophagogastric Surgery, First University Surgical Hospital, Clinical Center of Serbia. In 43 (52.4%) patients operated with curative intent, radical surgical en-block resection and functional neck dissection has been performed. In 26 (60.5%) patient reconstruction was performed with stomach, in 11 (25.6%) left colon, and 6 (14%) free jejunal transfer. The overall 2-year and 5-year survival rate were 55.88% (19 patients) and 26.47% (9 patients), respectively. No patient undergoing nutritive gastrostomy and radiotherapy was alive after two years. At present surgery looks like the treatment of choice for hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal carcinoma, providing a definitive palliation of dysphagia and better long-term survival. Free jejunal transfer has become the standard technique for reconstruction of the pharynx and hypopharynx especially with proximal lesions, whereas, gastric tube interposition is the technique of choice for reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus when the resection extends below the thoracic inlet or when there is a presence of synchronous carcinoma of theesophageal.     

Esophageal cancer surgery in heart transplant patients

We herein report about 2 heart transplant patients undergoing surgical resection for esophageal cancer. Both were long-term survivors after orthotopic heart transplantation for dilated cardiomyopathy. One patient underwent a transthoracic esophagectomy and gastric pull-up for an early squamous cell carcinoma of the infracarinal esophagus. The second patient underwent a resection of the cervical esophagus and interposition of a free jejunal segment after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for a locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma in the cervical esophagus.     

Free jejunal graft for hypopharyngeal and esophageal reconstruction

Aims This study assessed the techniques of the free jejunal graft for the reconstruction of hypopharynx or cervical esophagus and discussed the main aspects related to those procedures.Methods and results By using free jejunal grafts, we reconstructed 54 hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal cancers. In this study, 23 out of 54 patients had a malignant tumor located in the hypopharynx and 31 in the cervical esophagus (27 primary cases and four secondary cases). Despite the multi-step and time-consuming procedure, we did not incur any trans-operative complication. Furthermore, we undertook the larynx preserving cervical esophagectomy and free jejunal graft reconstruction in six patients with cervical esophageal cancer, and those patients acquired a good quality of life.Conclusion For the reconstruction of hypopharynx or cervical esophagus, the free jejunal graft is a very useful technique and improves the patients quality of life.     

Challenges in reversing esophageal discontinuity operations

BACKGROUND: After catastrophic esophageal or gastric disruption results in esophageal discontinuity, operations to restore swallowing are surgical challenges. METHODS: A retrospective review and assessment of functional results was performed in 40 patients (average age 59.9 years) who had 42 operations to reverse esophageal discontinuity between 1973 and 2002. RESULTS: Esophageal discontinuity resulted from gastric necrosis after esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy (n = 10) or hiatal hernia repair (n = 4), esophageal perforation complicating dilatation (n = 5), failed colonic or jejunal interpositions (n = 5), caustic ingestion (n = 4), Boerhaave syndrome (n = 4), esophagogastric anastomotic leak (n = 3), and other causes (n = 6). Eighteen patients (43.9%) required prolonged mechanical ventilation. Thirty-one (75.6%) had an end cervical esophagostomy; 6, an anterior thoracic esophagostomy; 2, lateral esophagostomy and in situ native esophagus stapled and divided distally; and 1 each, a stapled, divided esophagus without esophagostomy and a stapled undivided esophagus without esophagostomy. Twenty-six patients (63.4%) had undergone partial or total gastrectomy. Ten (24.4%) had vocal cord paralysis. Operations reestablishing continuity included colonic interposition in 23 (56.1%), substernal gastric interposition in 7 (17.1%), esophagectomy and cervical anastomosis in 6, esophageal reanastomosis in 3, staged jejunal interposition in 1, and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy in 1. There were no hospital deaths. Twenty-eight patients (68.3%) had postoperative complications. Length of stay averaged 20.6 days. Follow-up for 40 patients averaged 54.5 months. Functional results (39 patients) were excellent in 12 (30.8%), good in 15 (38.5%), fair in 10 (25.6%), and poor in 2 (5.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Successful reversal of esophageal discontinuity requires individualized assessment and ingenuity. Despite appreciable morbidity, the ultimate result is generally gratifying.