临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌全胸腔镜与开胸纵隔淋巴结清扫的对比研究

目的评价临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌患者全胸腔镜纵隔淋巴结清扫的效果。方法回顾性研究2003年1月～2009年7月间连续282例临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌的资料,152例接受全胸腔镜手术,另130例为开胸手术,对比2组清扫纵隔淋巴结组数、枚数、各区域淋巴结枚数和淋巴结清扫相关并发症。结果胸腔镜组与开胸组纵隔淋巴结清扫组数[中位数4组（3～6组）vs4组（3～7组）,Z=0.603,P=0.544）和枚数[（13.7±6.1）vs（14.6±7.2）,t=-1.136,P=0.257）差异无显著性,各区域（右侧上纵隔、中下纵隔,左侧主动脉弓周围、中下纵隔）两组间淋巴结清扫枚数差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。淋巴结清扫相关并发症（胸腔镜组乳糜胸2例,开胸组乳糜胸2例、喉返神经损伤1例,χ2=0.031,P=0.860）和胸腔引流时间[（8.1±3.9）dvs（8.6±4.1）d,t=-1.048,P=0.296]也未到达统计学差异。结论全胸腔镜纵隔淋巴结清扫可以达到等同传统开胸手术的效果,且不增加并发症。     

肺癌手术中淋巴结清扫的现状与进展

淋巴结转移是肺癌主要而常见的转移途径,也是术后癌残留而导致复发和转移的主要因素,肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫至关重要。但目前淋巴结的清扫方式尚不统一,有系统淋巴结清扫术（CMLND）、根治性淋巴结清扫术、淋巴结采样、系统淋巴结采样以及前哨淋巴结技术导航切除,并且随着微创外科的发展,胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫也日趋成熟。而寻求一个更规范、更完善的淋巴结清扫方式甚有必要。现就目前肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫的临床意义、清扫方式、清扫范围以及胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫的现状以及展望进行综述。     

胸、腹腔镜联合手术治疗食管癌

目的探讨胸、腹腔镜联合下食管癌根治术技术上的可行性和安全性。方法对23例食管癌行电视胸腔镜联合腹腔镜下食管癌根治术：先左侧卧位行胸腔镜胸段食管的游离及淋巴结清扫;胸部手术完成后改平卧膀胱截石位行腹腔镜胃的游离及淋巴结清扫;胃游离后剑突下小切口完成管状胃的制作,再将管状胃从食管床拉至颈部与颈段食管间断吻合。结果中转开腹1例,无中转开胸。总手术时间：240～330min,平均270min;腹腔镜手术时间38～90min,平均65min;胸腔镜手术时间50～100min,平均70min。术中无大出血,总出血量100～300ml,平均225ml,其中腹腔出血10～50ml,平均20.4ml。共清扫纵隔淋巴结225枚,平均每例9.8枚;清扫胃左动脉旁、贲门左右淋巴结65枚,平均每例2.8枚。术后住院8～12d,平均9.2d。住院期间病人无死亡。术后并发症：肺部感染3例,颈部吻合口漏1例（术后第8天）,乳糜胸1例（开胸行乳糜管结扎后治愈）,声音嘶哑3例。23例随访1～11个月,平均7.7月,死亡1例,1例纵隔淋巴结广泛转移。结论胸、腹腔镜联合、颈部吻合的食管癌切除技术上是可行的,并且是安全的。     

单孔胸腔镜下肺叶解剖性切除的手术方法及体会

目的探讨、总结单孔胸腔镜下进行肺叶解剖性切除的手术方法和体会。方法回顾性分析6例接受单孔全胸腔镜下肺叶解剖性切除术患者的临床资料。结果 6例患者均顺利完成手术,左胸清扫淋巴结(10±1.3)个,右胸清扫淋巴结为(12.5±1.2)个。手术时间(180±20)min,术中出血量(180±50)m L,术后胸腔引流管留置时间(4.5±1.5)d,术后住院时间(9.5±2.5)d。结论单孔全胸腔镜下肺叶解剖性切除及纵隔淋巴结清扫手术,效果好,但需严格把握手术适应证及对手术细节进行充分改进。     

腹腔镜食管胃结合部腺癌手术下纵隔淋巴结清扫范围与技巧

食管胃结合部腺癌（AEG）是一种特殊类型的肿瘤，其发病位置特殊，区别于胃癌和食管癌，具有独特的生物学行为。淋巴结转移是AEG最常见的转移途径之一，淋巴结转移可向口侧的下纵隔淋巴结及肛侧的腹腔淋巴结发生转移，因此，AEG病人行根治性手术时除了常规清扫腹腔淋巴结外，下纵隔淋巴结也应该被列入清扫范围，但是对于下纵隔淋巴结清扫的适用人群、清扫范围和手术入路目前仍缺乏高级别的证据支持。由于目前仍然存在争议，加之下纵隔淋巴结位置较高，清扫难度较大，一般只在部分有经验的中心开展。     

胸腔镜与开放食管癌根治术中纵隔淋巴结清扫情况的比较

目的：比较胸腔镜食管癌根治术与开放手术的纵隔淋巴结清扫情况,探讨胸腔镜手术的根治性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2011年6月间四川省肿瘤医院胸外科经左颈右胸上腹食管癌根治术治疗304例患者的临床资料。其中199例行传统开放三切口食管癌根治术（开放组）,105例行胸腹腔镜三切口食管癌根治术（腔镜组）,比较两组患者术中淋巴结清扫情况及围手术期并发症发生情况。结果腔镜组清扫纵隔淋巴结数目为（10．1±5．5）枚,明显少于开放组的（13．3±7．5）枚（P＜0．01）;但匹配术后病理分期后,各期腔镜组和开放组的胸内淋巴结清扫数目差异并无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。开放组和腔镜组左喉返神经旁淋巴结平均清扫数分别为（2．7±0．2）枚和（1．4±0．2）枚,下段食管旁分别为（1．0±0．1）枚和（0．6±0．1）枚,病灶旁分别为（1．7±0．2）枚和（0．7±0．1）枚,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0．01）;其他区域两组淋巴结清扫数目差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。腔镜组围手术期并发症发生率为28．6％（30/105）,低于开放组的41．2％（82/199）（P＜0．05）,但喉返神经麻痹发生率[12．4％（13/105）]明显高于开放组[2．5％（5/199）,P＜0．01）。结论胸腔镜食管癌根治术安全可行。但在行胸腔镜纵隔淋巴结清扫时,应加强对喉返神经旁、下段食管旁和病灶旁淋巴结的清扫,并注意喉返神经的保护。     

单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜胸部肿瘤切除的早期经验

目的探讨利用单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜下肿瘤切除术的可行性,初步总结其手术方法。 方法2015年10月至12月,广西医科大学第一附属医院心胸外科利用单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜下胸部肿瘤切除术7例(男性4例,女性3例;肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫3例,纵隔肿瘤切除2例,双侧肺楔形切除2例),均采用单关节器械单孔胸腔镜完成手术。 结果7例均无中转开胸及改多孔胸腔镜手术,均无手术相关并发症。手术时间：肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫98～142 min(平均126 min),纵隔肿瘤切除48～74 min(平均62 min),双侧肺楔形切除术42 min;术中出血量30～350 ml(平均120 ml)。术后病理：肺腺癌3例,纵隔畸胎瘤及胸腺瘤各1例,双肺结核瘤1,肺鳞状细胞癌合并肺软骨瘤错构瘤1例。 结论利用单关节器械开展单孔胸腔镜肿瘤切除术是安全可行的,尤其适合在缺乏双关节胸腔镜器械的医院推广。     

电视胸腔镜手术在肺部孤立性结节诊治中的应用

目的评价电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）在肺部孤立性结节（SPN）诊治中的应用。方法回顾性分析55例SPN患者行VATS手术的临床资料,术中对SPN进行探查定位,然后行肺叶楔形切除并送快速冰冻病理检查。若为良性,则缝闭结束手术,若为恶性,则VATS辅助小切口行肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果全组55例SPN患者中31例为良性病变,24例为恶性病变;30例行VATS下肺楔形切除,25例行VATS辅助小切口肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫。全组患者无围手术期死亡,无严重手术并发症发生。结论 VATS对SPN患者具有诊断准确和治疗规范的突出优势,应做为SPN主要或标准的诊治手段加以明确。     

甲状腺乳头状癌前上纵隔淋巴结转移与临床病理因素相关性分析

目的：为探讨临床病理学因素与前上纵隔淋巴结转移的相关性,从而进一步探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫手术中同期前上纵隔淋巴结清扫的临床意义。 方法：纳入54例甲状腺乳头状癌患者,在做颈淋巴结清扫的过程中,同时行前上纵隔淋巴结清扫取样进行临床研究,比较其与性别、年龄、肿瘤的大小、多灶性、有无甲状腺外侵犯、有无淋巴血管侵犯,第6区淋巴结转移情况等临床病理因素的相关性。 结果：甲状腺乳头状癌患者的甲状腺肿瘤直径>4 cm、肿瘤有血管淋巴侵犯、6区淋巴结转移>3个,与前上纵隔淋巴结转移有关（P<0.05）,而与性别、年龄、多灶性、有无甲状腺外侵犯无关（P>0.05）。 结论：临床病理学因素与前上纵隔淋巴结转移具有关,甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫手术中同期前上纵隔淋巴结清扫对治疗甲状腺乳头状癌具有一定的临床意义。     

胸腔镜手术治疗成人纵隔淋巴结结核27例临床分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术治疗纵隔淋巴结结核的适应证及手术方法。方法回顾性分析武汉市医疗救治中心2010年1月至2013年3月间收集的27例胸腔镜手术治疗纵隔淋巴结结核的临床资料,男16例、女11例,年龄18~67(30.23±10.72)岁,均行胸腔镜下纵隔淋巴结结核病灶清除术。结果无手术死亡病例,术后并发喉返神经损伤、伤口愈合不良、气胸各1例。术后继续行抗结核治疗,随访6个月,全组27例均能从事正常体力活动。结论电视胸腔镜手术治疗纵隔淋巴结结核安全、可靠,手术前后均应注意抗结核治疗。     

James Alison Glover (1874-963), OBE (1919) CBE (1941) MD (1905) DPH (1905) FRCP (1933)

James Allison Glover served in the Boer War and World War I. In 1917 he was appointed to the Cerebro-spinal Laboratory in London. There, his work on cerebrospinal fever resulted in the "spacing out" of beds in huts and earned him the name of "good friend of the private soldier". In 1919 he proceeded OBE for his work during the war. In 1920 he was appointed medical officer to the new Ministry of Health. He made significant contributions to rheumatology and the understanding and treatment of tonsillitis, and to public health more widely.     

Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid carcinoma (ATC)

BACKGROUND: Old age, reduced general condition and far advanced tumor stage associated with poor prognosis induced the belief that, apart from verifying the diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) by biopsy, no additional surgery would be justified. However, in some cases, an ultraradical approach was recommended in order to improve the quality of life and survival. METHODS: These are the results of a retrospective analysis involving 120 patients subjected to restricted radical surgery (excising as much as possible of the tumor and local metastases, foregoing ultraradical removal of vital organs such as esophagus, larynx and trachea). RESULTS: Irrespective of the surgical approach used, 6+/-2% of the patients were alive after 5 years (median survival time: 3.1 months). Patients without tumor residues (R0-resections; extending to soft tissue only; Kaplan-Meier estimate - cumulative survival 15+/-5%) had a significantly better prognosis than patients with tumor residues (R1/R2-resections; no patient survived 5 years; P<0.001). Tumor morphology (spindle cells, giant cells, mixed cells) or differentiated parts of the tumor as well as lymph-node involvement had no statistically significant impact on the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In ATC, the objective should be to remove as much of the carcinoma as possible (in the ideal case, a thyroidectomy); if lymph nodes are affected, neck dissection should be the goal, if possible (restricted radical approach, improving quality of life). Ultraradical surgery to include segmental resection of larynx, trachea or esophagus do not seem to be indicated, as prolonged survival is questionable and quality of life is certainly diminished.     

热毒清对家兔内毒素性DIC急性肺损伤的保护作用

采用间隔２４小时两次注射大肠杆菌内毒素方法复制家兔急性肺损伤模型，检测血浆、肺组织及支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）中白细胞介素８（ＩＬ－８）、硝酸盐／亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ２／ＮＯ３）水平及有关指标改变，观察中药制剂热毒清（ＲＤＱ）对家兔内毒素性肺损伤的保护作用。发现ＲＤＱ可降低肺系数及通透指数，减少ＢＡＬＦ中白细胞计数；ＩＬ－８、ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－水平、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）活性亦显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），肺组织学损伤减轻。证实ＲＤＱ对内毒素所致的家兔急性肺损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Endotoxin (LPS) increases mesenteric vascular resistance (MVR) and bacterial translocation (BT)

Endotoxemia is responsible for many of the pathophysiologic alterations that occur with Gram-negative sepsis. We utilized a chronic ovine model to determine the hemodynamic disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract during endotoxemia. Sheep with indwelling arterial, venous, and pulmonary arterial catheters were used. An ultrasonic flow probe was placed on the cephalic mesenteric artery. The animals were subjected to: 1) Ringer's lactate infusion (sham n = 6); or 2) 1.5 mcg/kg E. coli endotoxin (n = 6) over over a period of one half hour and were monitored for 48 hours. They were then sacrificed and specimens of mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney, and lung obtained for bacteriologic cultures and histologic analysis. Sheep receiving endotoxin showed more than 50% reduction in the mesenteric blood flow. Mesenteric vascular resistance increased while non-mesenteric systemic vascular resistance decreased. The increase in the total systemic vascular resistance, noted during endotoxemia, was thus likely due to the increase in the mesenteric vascular resistance. At autopsy there were positive cultures for microorganism in the mesenteric lymph nodes in six out of six sheep with endotoxemia as compared to one out of six of control. Thus the vasoconstriction in the mesenteric areas may have resulted in bacterial translocation from the GI tract.