药品行政保护品种介绍:抗感染药(一)(待续)

头孢地尼 通用名：头孢地尼（cefdinir）。化学名：（-）-（6R，7R）-7-[（Z）-2-（2-氨基-4-噻唑基）-2-肟乙酰氨基]-8-氧代-3-乙烯基-5-硫代-1-氮杂双环[4，2，0]辛-2-烯-2-羧酸。结构式见图1。     

头孢吡肟──一种新的肠外给药头孢菌素

头孢吡肟（Ｃｅｆｅｐｉｍｅ）又名头孢伯姆（Ｍａｘｉｐｉｍｅ），化学名为７－［ａ－（２－氨基噻唑基－４）－α－Ｚ－甲氧亚胺乙胺乙酰氨基（甲基吡咯烷基）］甲基－３－头孢烯羧酸盐。其分子量为Ｃ１９Ｈ２４Ｎ５Ｏ５Ｓ２＝４８０．５５６，ｍｐ１５０℃（分解），Ｂ·Ｈ２ＳＯ４ｍｐ２１０℃（分解）；化学结构式为：美国ＦＤＡ最近已批准该药作为临床用肠外给药，以治疗对头孢菌素敏感病菌所致的感染。现将其主要的药理作用，药代动力学特点及临床应用作一介绍。１药代动力学正常人肌注头孢吡肟１ｇ后，药物吸收迅速，血药浓度达峰时…     

α—乙酰氨基—β—[4—（1,2—二氢—2—氧代喹啉）]丙酸乙酯的选择？…

分别以五硫化二磷和对甲氧苯基硫代硫化磷为硫化试剂与α－乙酰氨基－β－〔４－（１，２－二氢－２－氧代喹啉）〕丙酸乙酯进行选择性硫代反应，均得到了目标产物α－乙酰氨基－β〔４－（１，２－二氢－２－硫代喹啉）〕丙酸乙酯，现进一下水解得－α－乙酰氨基－β〔４－（２－二氢－２－硫代喹啉）〕丙酸，这两个化合物尚未见文献报道，并对酰胺的硫代反应机制进行了探讨。     

头孢三嗪合成研究

以７－氨基头孢烷酸（７－ＡＣＡ）为原料，先经３－位三嗪环取代得７－氨基头孢三嗪（７－ＡＣＴ）。将氨噻胎杂环与二苯并噻唑二硫化物（ＤＭ）反应制成琉基杂环活性酯，与７－ＡＣＴ一步缩合成头孢三嗪二钠盐。方法的优点是不需要事先保护氨噻肟杂环上的氨基。产品收卒高，总收率可达５０％左右，质量符合卫生部制定的相应质量标准。     

头孢噻呋的合成

头孢噻呋可以7－ACA为原料,先与2－呋喃甲硫羟酸缩合得到7－氨基－3[(2-呋喃基羰基）硫甲基]-3－头孢烯－4－羧酸,再以活性硫酯（5）取代需用三苯甲基保护氨基的2－氨基噻唑－4－羧酸的1H－苯并三唑－1－基活性酯,进行7－位酰胺化反应制得。5为反应剂可缩短反应时间（3h）,简化操作,收率可由34％提高至64．6％。产品质量较好,成本较低,易于工业化生产。     

盐酸头孢吡肟的合成

以7－ACA为原料，经“一勺烩”得到关键中间体7－氨基－3－[（1－甲基－1－吡咯烷）甲基]头孢－3－烯－4羧酸盐酸盐（Ⅶ），Ⅶ与苯并噻唑硫醇活性酯（Ⅷ）综合得到第四代头孢菌素类抗生素盐酸头孢吡肟，总收率为24.7%。     

7β-氨基-3-氯甲基-7α-甲氧基-1-氧代-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯的合成路线图解

7β-氨基-3-氯甲基-7α-甲氧基-1-氧代-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸二苯甲酯（1）是合成拉氧头孢（1atamoxef）和氟氧头孢（flomoxef）等注射用头孢菌素的母核。从6-氨基青霉烷酸（6-APA，2）制取1的合成路线可归纳如下（图1）。     

头霉素关键中间体7-MAC的合成方法改进

目的改进头霉素关键中间体7α-甲氧基-7β-氨基-3-[（1-甲基-1H-四氮唑-5-基）硫甲基]头孢-3-烯4-羧酸二苯甲酯（7-MAC）的合成方法。方法以7-氨基-3-乙酰氧甲基头孢烯酸（7-ACA）为原料,经亲核取代反应合成3-（1-甲基-1胁四氮唑-5-基）硫甲基-7-氨基头孢烯酸（2）,2经取代．消除反应、酯化反应制得7-甲硫亚胺-3-[（1-甲基-1H-四氮唑-5-基）硫甲基]头孢-3-烯4-羧酸二苯甲酯（5）,在中间体5的7α位引入甲氧基制得目标化合物7-MAC。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证,总收率为60％以上,纯度为99．1％,透光率高于75％。该方法反应条件温和,得到的产品质量好,有利于工业化生产。     

盐酸头孢唑兰合成路线图解

本文综述了盐酸头孢唑兰的合成路线,主要包括以7β-氨基-3-（3-氧代丁酰氧甲基）-2-头孢烯-2-羧酸（7-AACA）、7β-（5-氨基-5-羧基戊酰胺基）3-羟甲基-2头孢烯-2-羧酸（DCPC）或7B-氨基-3-乙酰氧甲基-2-头孢烯一2-羧酸（7-ACA）为起始原料的多条合成路线。因原料7-AACA和DCPC在国内不易获得,故以7-ACA为起始原料合成盐酸头孢唑兰为宜。     

抗肿瘤药物neratinib的合成

目的合成抗癌药neratinib。方法以2-氯-4-硝基苯酚和2-氯甲基吡啶为起始原料,经醚化、硝基还原得到3-氯-4-（吡啶-2-甲氧基）苯胺,3-氯-4-（吡啶-2-甲氧基）苯胺与3-氰基-6-乙酰氨基-7-乙氧基-4-氯喹啉反应得到3-氰基-6-乙酰氨基-4-[3-氯-4-（吡啶-2-甲氧基）苯氨基]-7-乙氧基喹啉,3-氰基-6-乙酰氨基-4-[3-氯-4-（吡啶-2-甲氧基）苯氨基]-7-乙氧基喹啉去乙酰保护基后,与（E）-4-二甲氨基-2-丁烯酰氯经酰化反应得到ner-atinib。结果与结论目标物neratinib的总收率为56.0%,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证。     

Disposition of 3H-enisoprost, a gastric antisecretory prostaglandin, in healthy humans

1. After oral administration of 3H-enisoprost (450 micrograms) to five healthy men, as a solution in capsules, peak 3H levels of 5624 +/- 566 pg equiv./ml (mean +/- S.E.M.) were reached within one hour. No unchanged drug was detected in plasma. 2. Enisoprost was rapidly de-esterified to SC-36067 [(+/-)11 alpha, 16 zeta-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-4Z, 13E-dien-1-oic acid], a pharmacologically active analogue, which reached peak concentrations of 651 +/- 200 pg/ml within 20 min of dosing. SC-36067 was eliminated metabolically, with a half-life of 1.61 h, by a combination of beta-oxidation, omega-oxidation and 9-keto-reduction. 3. After nine days 59.0 +/- 2.98% and 17.4 +/- 1.57% of the dose was excreted in urine and faeces respectively. The majority of this excretion was complete in two days. 4. Five urinary metabolites were identified by GC-MS. These were (+/-)3-[2 beta-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1E-octenyl)-3 alpha-hydroxy-5-oxo-1 alpha-cyclopentanyl]propanoic acid (SC-41411; 3.6% dose), (+/-)3-[3 alpha,5-dihydroxy-2 beta-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1E-octenyl)-1 alpha-cyclopentanyl]propanoic acid (SC-41411 PGF analogue; 4.8% dose), (+/-)3-[2 beta-(8-carboxy-4-hydroxy- 4-methyl-1E-octenyl)-3 alpha-hydroxy-5-oxo-1 alpha-cyclopentanyl] propanoic acid (SC-41411-16-carboxylic acid; 22% dose), (+/-)3-[2 beta-(8-carboxy-4- hydroxy-4-methyl-1E-octenyl)-3 alpha,5-dihydroxy-1 alpha-cyclopentanyl] propanoic acid (SC-41411 PGF analogue-16-carboxylic acid; 8.5% dose) and its gamma lactone (2.6% dose). 5. These metabolites were also identified chromatographically in plasma, as were SC-36067, (+/-)3-[2 beta-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1E-octenyl)-5-oxo-1 alpha- cyclopent-3-enyl]propanoic acid and (+/-)3-[2 beta-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1E-octenyl)-5-oxo-cyclopent-1- propanoic acid. 6. Some 5-10% of the dose was excreted in urine as tritiated water, indicating that oxidation of the 11 alpha-hydroxy group in SC-36067 or its metabolites also occurred.     

NMDA antagonist activity of (+/-)-(2SR,4RS)-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid resides with the (-)-2R,4S-isomer.

The tetrazole-substituted amino acid (+/-)-(2SR,4RS)-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)pip eri dine-2-carboxylic acid (LY233053, (+/-)-1) was resolved into its constituent enantiomers by treatment of a key intermediate in the synthesis of the racemic amino acid, ethyl (+/-)-cis-4-(cyanomethyl)-N-allylpiperidine-2-carboxylate, with either 2S,3S- or 2R,3R-di-p-toluoyltartaric acid. These resolved amines were then converted as for the racemate to the amino acids (-)-1 and (+)-1. The activity of this potent and selective NMDA antagonist was found to reside with the (-)-isomer of 1 (LY235723). X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 2S,3S-di-p-toluoyltartaric acid salt of ethyl cis-4-(cyanomethyl)-N-allylpiperidine-2-carboxylate showed that the resolved amine, and thus (-)-1, possessed the 2R,4S absolute stereochemistry. Affinity for the NMDA receptor was determined using the specific radioligand [3H]-(2SR,4RS)-4-(phosphonomethyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid ([3H]CGS 19755; IC50 = 67 +/- 6 nM), and selective NMDA antagonist activity was determined using a cortical slice preparation (IC50 versus 40 microM NMDA = 1.9 +/- 0.24 microM). This compound also demonstrated potent NMDA antagonist activity in vivo following systemic administration through its ability to block NMDA-induced convulsions in neonatal rats, NMDA-induced lethality in mice, and NMDA-induced striatal neuronal degeneration in rats.     

Studies on the synthesis of antiulcer agents. VI. Synthesis and antiulcer activity of dihydrobenzofuranone derivatives

The derivatives (2) of 3-(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-5-benzofuranyl) acrylic acid (2b) were synthesized. The compounds (3a-g) in which bromo, methoxy, nitro, amino or acetamido group was introduced on the benzene ring of the derivatives (2) and the compounds (3h-k) in which acryloyl moiety was introduced on the 6- or 7-position of the benzofuranone skeleton also synthesized. Furthermore, propionic acid derivatives (4a-c), acetic acid derivatives (4d-g), formic acid derivatives (4h-k) and oxyacetic acid derivatives (5) were prepared by converting the acryloyl moiety of the derivatives (2) into propionyl, acetyl, formyl and oxyacetyl groups. These compounds were tested for antiulcer activities. Among these compounds, 1-[3-(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-5-benzofuranyl)acryloyl]piperidine (2d) and 4-[3-(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-5-benzofuranyl)acryloyl] morpholine (2g) were found to have stronger antiulcer activities.     

trans-4-Amino-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid (2-MeTACA) and (+/-)-trans-2-aminomethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid ((+/-)-TAMP) can differentiate rat rho3 from human rho1 and rho2 recombinant GABA(C) receptors

1. This study investigated the effects of a number of GABA analogues on rat rho3 GABA(C) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes using 2-electrode voltage clamp methods. 2. The potency order of agonists was muscimol (EC(50)=1.9 +/- 0.1 microM) (+)-trans-3-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acids ((+)-TACP; EC(50)=2.7 +/- 0.9 microM) trans-4-aminocrotonic acid (TACA; EC(50)=3.8 +/-0.3 microM) GABA (EC(50)=4.0 +/- 0.3 microM) > thiomuscimol (EC(50)=24.8 +/- 2.6 microM) > (+/-)-cis-2-aminomethylcyclopropane-carboxylic acid ((+/-)-CAMP; EC(50)=52.6 +/-8.7 microM) > cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA; EC(50)=139.4 +/- 5.2 microM). 3. The potency order of antagonists was (+/-)-trans-2-aminomethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid ((+/-)-TAMP; K(B)=4.8+/-1.8 microM) (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA; K(B)=4.8 +/-0.8 microM) > (piperidin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (P4MPA; K(B)=10.2+/-2.3 microM) 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP; K(B)=10.2+/-0.3 microM) imidazole-4-acetic acid (I4AA; K(B)=12.6+/-2.7 microM) > 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid (3-APA; K(B)=35.8+/-13.5 microM). 4. trans-4-Amino-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid (2-MeTACA; 300 microM) had no effect as an agonist or an antagonist indicating that the C2 methyl substituent is sterically interacting with the ligand-binding site of rat rho3 GABA(C) receptors. 5. 2-MeTACA affects rho1 and rho2 but not rho3 GABA(C) receptors. In contrast, (plus minus)-TAMP is a partial agonist at rho1 and rho2 GABA(C) receptors, while at rat rho3 GABA(C) receptors it is an antagonist. Thus, 2-MeTACA and (+/-)-TAMP could be important pharmacological tools because they may functionally differentiate between rho1, rho2 and rho3 GABA(C) receptors in vitro.     

An adamantyl-substituted retinoid-derived molecule that inhibits cancer cell growth and angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis and binds to small heterodimer partner nuclear receptor: effects of modifying its carboxylate group on apoptosis, proliferation, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity

Apoptotic and antiproliferative activities of small heterodimer partner (SHP) nuclear receptor ligand (E)-4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3-Cl-AHPC), which was derived from 6-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN), and several carboxyl isosteric or hydrogen bond-accepting analogues were examined. 3-Cl-AHPC continued to be the most effective apoptotic agent, whereas tetrazole, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, methyldinitrile, hydroxamic acid, boronic acid, 2-oxoaldehyde, and ethyl phosphonic acid hydrogen bond-acceptor analogues were inactive or less efficient inducers of KG-1 acute myeloid leukemia and MDA-MB-231 breast, H292 lung, and DU-145 prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Similarly, 3-Cl-AHPC was the most potent inhibitor of cell proliferation. 4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorophenyltetrazole, (2E)-5-{2-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-2-chloro-4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl]ethenyl}-1H-tetrazole, 5-{4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorobenzylidene}thiazolidine-2,4-dione, and (3E)-4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-2-chloro-4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl]-2-oxobut-3-enal were very modest inhibitors of KG-1 proliferation. The other analogues were minimal inhibitors. Fragment-based QSAR analyses relating the polar termini with cancer cell growth inhibition revealed that length and van der Waals electrostatic surface potential were the most influential features on activity. 3-Cl-AHPC and the 3-chlorophenyltetrazole and 3-chlorobenzylidenethiazolidine-2,4-dione analogues were also able to inhibit SHP-2 protein-tyrosine phosphatase, which is elevated in some leukemias. 3-Cl-AHPC at 1.0 microM induced human microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis but did not inhibit cell migration or tube formation.     

Stereo-specific synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylcephalosporin derivative by microbial acylase.

Cephalosporin acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) obtained from Kluyvera citrophila ATCC 21285 was found to catalyze synthesis of 7-[2-(2-thienyl)acetamido]-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid from methyl thienylacetate and dl-7-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid. The enzymatically-synthesized compound showed [alpha]25 D + 42.7 degrees (c 0.058, MeOH) and its biological activity was about twice as much as that of racemic 7-[2-(2-thienyl)acetamidol]-3-trifluoromethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid chemicall synthesized. As a result, N-acylation by this enzyme was demonstrated to be asymmetric synthesis.     

Binding and functional affinity of some newly synthesized phenethylamine and phenoxypropanolamine derivatives for their agonistic activity at recombinant human beta3-adrenoceptor

Beta(3)-adrenoceptor is the predominant beta-adrenoceptor in adipocytes and has drawn much attention during the investigation for anti-obesity and antidiabetes therapeutics. Thirteen new compounds have been evaluated for their potencies and efficacies as beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists on human beta(3)-adrenoceptor expressed in COS-7 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using radioligand binding assay and cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation assay. Phenoxypropanolamine derivatives, SWR-0334NA (([E)-[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-2-pentene-3-yl] phenoxy]acetic acid sodium salt), SWR-0335SA ((E)-[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-2-pentene-3-yl] phenoxy] acetic acid ethanedioic acid), SWR-0342SA (S-(Z)-[4-[[1-[2-[(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)]amino] ethyl]-1-propenyl]phenoxy] acetic acid ethanedioic acid), SWR-0348SA-SITA ((E)-[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-2-hexene-3-yl] phenoxy]acetic acid ethanedioic acid) and SWR-0361SA ((E)-N-methyl[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-2-pentene-3-yl]phenoxy]acetoamide ethanedioic acid) showed higher agonistic activity for the beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Among the compounds tested, SWR0334NA exhibited full agonist activity (%E(max) = 100.26) despite its lower binding affinity (pK(I) = 6.11). Compounds SWR-0338SA ((E)-[4-[5-[(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-pentene-3-yl] phenoxy]acetic acid ethanedioic acid), SWR-0339SA (S-(E)-[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-2-pentene-3-yl] phenoxy] acetic acid ethanedioic acid), SWR-0345HA ((E)-2-methyl-3-[4-[2-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl-amino)ethoxy] phenyl]-2-propenoic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride), SWR-0358SA ((E)-(2-methoxyethyl)-[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl) amino]-2-pentene-3-yl]phenoxy]acetoamide ethanedioic acid) and SWR-0362SA ((E)-1-[[[4-[5-[(3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-2-pentene-3-yl]phenoxy]acetyl]carbonyl]piperidine ethanedioic acid) had moderate agonistic activity and were phenethylamine and phenoxypropanolamine derivatives. Compounds SWR-0065HA ([4-[2-[3-[[(3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-[1,2,4]-triazino(4,5-a)indol)-lyl]oxy]-2-hydroxypropylamino]ethoxy]phenyl]acetic acid methyl ester hydrochloride), SWR-0098NA ((E)-[4-[3-[(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1-butenyl] phenoxy]acetic acid sodium salt) and SWR-0302HA ([4-[[4-[2-(3-chlorophenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-E-2-butenyl]oxy]phenoxy]acetic acid hydrochloride) had very low binding affinity towards beta(3)-adrenoceptors and they did not induce cAMP accumulation. We concluded that compounds SWR-0334NA, SWR-0335SA, SWR-0342SA, SWR-0348SA-SITA and SWR-0361SA were potential agonists of human beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Further investigation on their selectivity towards beta(3)-adrenoceptor could be useful for the exploration of the physiological properties of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor.     

Isolation of (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine, the characteristic structural element of cyclosporins, from a blocked mutant of Tolypocladium inflatum

By mutagenic treatment of a strain of Tolypocladium inflatum, a cyclosporin non-producing mutant was obtained which accumulated the characteristic building unit of cyclosporins, (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine (abbreviation Bmt; systematic name: (2S,3R,4R,6E)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-octenoic acid) in free form. The isolation from a culture filtrate was performed by extraction, chromatographic separation and final crystallization from methanol - water. The structure and stereochemistry of this amino acid was determined by chemical transformation and correlation to dihydro-MeBmt, with known chirality [(2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-methylamino-octanoic acid], obtained by hydrolysis of dihydrocyclosporin A.     

多靶点叶酸拮抗剂—培美曲唑的合成

目的改进多靶点叶酸拮抗剂-培美曲唑的合成工艺。方法以4-溴苯甲酸乙酯和3-丁炔-1-醇为起始原料,经钯（0）催化偶联、氧化、溴代,再同2,4-二氨基吡啶环合,得到4-[2-（2-氨基-4,7-二氢-4-氧代-1H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-5-基）乙基]苯甲酸甲酯（4）。4经皂化、酸化,同L-谷氨酸二乙酯部分缩合,得到N-[4-[2-（2-氨基-4,7-二氢-4-氧代-1H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-5-基）乙基]苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸二甲酯（2）。2和对甲苯磺酸成盐,再经皂化、酸化,得到培美曲唑（pemetrexed,1）。培美曲唑经中和,冷冻干燥,得到临床应用的培美曲唑二钠盐。结果与结论改进了培美曲唑的合成工艺,产物经^1H-NMR、MS确证结构,总收率为39.2%（文献收率36.8%）。     

1-Aryl-3-(2-chloroethyl) ureas: synthesis and in vitro assay as potential anticancer agents

1-Aryl-3-(2-chloroethyl) ureas and 1-aryl-3-nitroso-3-(2-chloroethyl) ureas, derived from 4-phenylbutyric acid and alkylanilines, were synthesized and their cytotoxicity was evaluated on human adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Methyl 4-[p-[3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido]-phenyl]butyrate, 4-methyl [3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido]benzene, and 4-butyl[3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido]benzene were found to be at least as cytotoxic as 4-[p-[bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyric acid (chlorambucil), while their N-nitroso derivatives were inactive.