超声造影在经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤评价价值的实验研究

目的研究超声造影对闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗的评价。方法采用撞击器撞击16只猪肝区,建立闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型。将动物模型随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。采用超声造影引导射频针刺入肝实质损伤区进行射频治疗。射频治疗后即刻及1h后进行超声造影检查。对照组不进行治疗,撞击后即刻及1h后进行超声造影检查。将超声造影结果与病理结果进行对照研究。结果撞击后即刻,所有猪肝超声造影均可见活动性出血信号。射频针在超声造影下均准确刺入肝实质损伤病灶。射频治疗后即刻,超声造影检查,7例未见肝活动性出血信号,1例仍见肝活动性出血信号,经再次射频凝固治疗后,超声造影未见肝活动性出血信号。射频治疗后1h,治疗组超声造影未见肝活动性出血。对照组在撞击后即刻及撞击后1h,超声造影均可见肝活动性出血信号。结论超声造影术前能准确评估闭合性肝外伤的情况,术中能精确引导射频针刺入肝实质损伤病灶,术后能及时、准确评估疗效,在闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗中具有重要的价值。     

比较超声造影与腹腔镜在经皮射频凝固治疗猪闭合性肝外伤中的应用价值

目的比较超声造影和腹腔镜在经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤中的应用价值。方法采用自制小型撞击器撞击猪肝区,建立24只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型,随机平均分为超声造影组和腹腔镜组。分别采用超声造影和腹腔镜检查诊断猪肝部被撞击情况,引导经皮射频凝固止血治疗并进行疗效评估。将治疗结果与病理结果进行对照分析。结果24只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型成功建立,超声造影和腹腔镜检查对闭合性肝外伤的诊断符合率均为100％,两组损伤区热凝固治疗射频电极置入准确性均为100％,两组间治疗时间及凝固范围比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗后超声造影和腹腔镜检查,肝活动性出血均被成功控制。结论超声造影和腹腔镜均可快速、准确诊断闭合性肝外伤,并引导经皮射频凝固治疗及治疗后对疗效的准确评估。     

对比超声造影与增强CT评价射频凝固闭合性肝外伤疗效的实验研究

目的 对比研究超声造影与增强CT评估射频凝固闭合性肝外伤的疗效.方法 采用自制小型撞击器撞击8头健康家猪肝区,建立闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模,分为治疗组(6头)和对照组(2头).治疗组在超声造影引导下进行射频凝固治疗,射频治疗前、后进行超声造影和增强CT检查.对照组撞击后行超声造影和增强CT检查,不进行任何治疗.实验结束后,剖腹验证疗效并将检查结果与病理进行对照.结果 治疗前超声造影和增强CT均检出治疗组和对照组全部动物模型的肝实质损伤病灶,超声造影检出全部猪肝活动性出血信号,增强CT检出6头猪肝活动性出血.射频治疗后,治疗组超声造影及增强CT均末检出肝活动性出血.对照组1头在撞击后30分钟内因失血过多死亡,另1头在撞击后1 h超声造影及增强CT均可见肝活动性出血.结论 超声造影与增强CT均能准确诊断闭合性肝外伤并对射频凝固止血疗效准确评估.     

腹腔镜直视下经皮射频凝固治疗猪闭合性肝外伤的可行性研究

目的研究腹腔镜直视下经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤的可行性。方法采用自制小型撞击器撞击16头猪肝区,建立闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型,损伤程度为Ⅱ~Ⅳ级。将动物模型分为两组：治疗组（12头）和对照组（4头）。采用超声及腹腔镜确定损伤程度和部位,在腹腔镜直视下经皮穿刺将射频针置入治疗组肝损伤区进行凝固止血治疗。对照组不作任何治疗。病理检查验证。结果腹腔镜直视下引导穿刺治疗,8头动物模型1次性射频凝固治疗后,成功控制肝活动性出血。4头一次凝固治疗后仍有肝活动性出血,重新布针经再次射频凝固治疗后成功止血。对照组肝包膜及肝实质呈不同程度的破裂,均可见血液自破裂口持续外溢。治疗1h后,治疗组动脉收缩压平稳,对照组动脉收缩压不稳并继续缓慢下降,治疗组失血量明显少于对照组。结论腹腔镜直视下经皮射频凝固能快速、安全、有效地控制猪闭合性肝外伤的活动性出血,有望成为一种微创治疗闭合性肝外伤的新方法。     

超声造影与腹腔镜引导射频经皮凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤比较的实验研究

目的 比较超声造影(CEUS)与腹腔镜引导射频经皮凝固治疗闭合性肝外伤的价值.方法 采用自制小型撞击器撞击全身麻醉和肝素化状态的24只猪肝区,建立闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型,并随机平均分为两组.两组均采用冷循环式多极射频进行经皮微创凝固治疗.其中一组采用CEUS引导射频针刺入肝实质损伤病灶,另一组采用腹腔镜进行引导.治疗结束后1 h,剖腹探查止血效果并剖切新鲜离体肝.比较两组凝固病灶的范围及凝固特征.结果 24只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血模型均成功建立.射频治疗后,所有猪肝活动性出血均被成功控制.两组治疗时间及凝固范围均无统计学差别(P>0.05).两组凝固灶特点有所不同:CEUS引导组肝内实质病灶凝固较完全,肝表面裂伤部分凝固不全,2例肝表面裂口未完全凝同.腹腔镜组肝表面裂伤凝固较全面,肝实质内病灶凝崮不全,3例在肝内局部形成小血肿.结论 CEUS和腹腔镜均能准确将射频针引导刺人肝实质损伤病灶,两组凝固灶特点有所不同,临床实践中应根据不同的情况进行选择,以便提高经皮射频凝固止血的效果.     

超声造影在闭合性肝外伤经皮射频凝固治疗的实验研究

目的研究超声造影(CEUS)在经皮射频(PRFA)治疗闭合性肝外伤的价值。方法建立16只猪闭合性肝外伤伴活动性出血动物模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各8只。采用二维灰阶超声和CEUS对肝损伤程度进行评估,并在CEUS引导下将射频针植入治疗组肝损伤部位。PRFA治疗后,进行CEUS检查,将检查结果与相关的病理结果进行对照研究。结果治疗前,16例经CEUS均清晰显示肝实质损伤的部位和范围并均检出肝活动性出血信号。CEUS准确将射频针引导刺入肝实质损伤区。治疗后,CEUS检出1例仍存在肝活动性出血信号,该例经再次射频凝固治疗后,CEUS检查未见出肝活动性出血信号。病理结果与CEUS结果相关性好。结论CEUS在PRFA治疗闭合性肝外伤方面具有精确引导射频针植入和准确评估疗效的作用。     

经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性脾外伤的实验研究

目的研究经皮射频凝固治疗闭合性脾外伤的可行性。方法采用自制小型撞击器撞击猪脾区,建立12只猪闭合性脾外伤模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各6只,超声造影引导下对损伤的脾进行经皮射频凝固治疗。对照组不作治疗。病理检查进行疗效评估。结果3例1次性经皮射频凝固止血成功,2例经2次射频凝固止血成功,1例经2次射频凝固治疗失败。对照组脾周积血增多,脾包膜及脾实质呈不同程度的破裂,剖腹探查时均可见血液自破裂口外溢。结论经皮射频凝固闭合性脾外伤的脾活动性出血有较好的疗效,有望成为一种保脾治疗闭合性脾外伤的新方法。     

超声造影引导微波凝固治疗Ⅰ～ Ⅲ级肝外伤的实验研究

目的探讨超声造影引导微波凝固治疗Ⅰ~Ⅲ级肝外伤伴活动性出血的应用价值。方法全麻开腹状态下10只肝素化小型猪共建立Ⅰ~Ⅲ级肝外伤伴活动性出血模型40处,超声造影引导下将微波电极植入肝内活动性出血部位进行微波凝固治疗。治疗后2h观察治疗区有无再出血和血肿,并行超声造影检查及组织病理学检查判断疗效。结果40处肝外伤伴活动性出血微波治疗后均成功控制出血,Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级肝外伤局部出血时间[(192.0±108.0)s和(443.4±63.5)s]均长于Ⅰ级肝外伤[(48.3±33.3)s](P<0.01),出血量[(24.8±6.5)g和(47.8±10.5)g]均大于Ⅰ级肝外伤[(6.6±4.3)g](P<0.01)。微波治疗后2小时局部肝被膜均未见活动性出血和血肿。灰阶超声造影显示9处Ⅱ级和5处Ⅲ级肝外伤治疗区仅周边部见少许走行规则的线状增强,余治疗区均未见增强,呈负性显影。组织病理学显示,Ⅰ~Ⅲ级肝外伤微波治疗区内肝细胞变性明显,肝小叶内见多个大小不等的腔隙;血管壁的退变以近针道区明显,而远离针道区变化不明显。结论超声造影引导微波凝固治疗对Ⅰ~Ⅲ级肝外伤伴活动性出血较好的治疗作用,有望成为临床上外科治疗的一种重要辅助方法。     

微波凝固治疗Ⅲ级以下肝外伤的实验研究

目的探讨微波凝固治疗级以下肝外伤伴活动性出血的应用价值。方法8只小型猪共建立级肝外伤伴活动性出血模型40处,超声造影引导下将微波电极置入肝内活动性出血部位进行微波凝固治疗,分为70、80W治疗组和对照组。观察损伤区出血持续时间和超声造影改变。结果微波凝固治疗中,损伤区出血逐渐停止,局部肝被膜皱缩。70、80W治疗组出血持续时间分别为(2.63±2.11)min和(2.51±1.99)min,均小于对照组(8.08±2.02)min(P<0.01),70W5min、80W5min两组之间差异无显著性意义。超声造影显示两组治疗区中心部均未见增强,而56.2%的70W治疗区和37.5%的80W治疗区周边部可见少许线状增强区。病理学显示,微波治疗区中心部汇管区的血管和肝细胞呈不同程度的退变坏死。结论微波凝固治疗对级以下肝外伤伴活动性出血有一定的治疗作用,有望成为一种非手术治疗肝外伤的方法。     

轻型肝外伤冷循环式多极射频凝固止血的实验研究

,横径相当,分别为(2.6±0.2) cm、(2.5±0.3) cm.射频凝固时间及凝固灶纵径在I、Ⅱ级间差异具有显著性 ( P<0.05).射频1 h后治疗组各切口均未发生再出血.伤后1 h,对照组各切口仍发生活动性出血.结论 冷循环式多极射频能有效控制轻型肝外伤的活动性出血,损伤级别越高射频凝固时间越长.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。